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Y10 English > Y10 English Exam Preparation > Flashcards

Y10 English Exam Preparation Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Abstract Noun

A

A noun that names a non-material object, such as an idea, emotion or quality.

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2
Q

Act

part

  • Defined by…
A

An act is a part of a play defined by elements such as rising action, climax, and resolution. In all of Shakspeare’s plays, there are five acts.

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3
Q

Alliteration

A

A repetition of initial consonant sounds in a series of words.

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

A character in a narrative who actively opposes the protagonist, often as a rival or enemy.

A person / something who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary

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5
Q

Antithesis

literary device

A

Antithesis is the juxtaposition of two contrasting or opposing words, phrases, clauses, or sentences within a sentence or phrase. Some examples of antithetical pairs include peace and war, strong and weak, and life and death

Antithesis is a literary device that places opposite words, ideas, or qualities parallel to each other. The contrast between them creates greater emphasis and clarity.

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6
Q

Antonyms

A

Words with the opposite meaning.

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7
Q

Aside

remark or passage

A

A remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play.

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8
Q

Assonance

A

A repetition of vowel sounds within a series of words.

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9
Q

Audience expectation

A

The beliefs, values and preconceptions that an audience or reader brings to their interaction with a text. These can be upheld or defeated by a writer for effect.

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10
Q

Author intentionality

A

The effect an author intends to be received from a text. This could be an emotion or a message about themes. Often, we assume author intentionality based on our understanding of the author’s contexts and crafting.

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11
Q

Auxiliary Verbs

A

A type of verb that provides additional information to support the meaning of a verb.

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12
Q

Bad

A

horrible
awful
rotten
naughty
mean
dreadful
nasty
wicked
lousy
terrible
unpleasant
disagreeable
wretched

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13
Q

Big

A

huge
giant
gigantic
enormous
large
massive
colossal
immense
bulky
hefty
tremendous
jumbo

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14
Q

Blank Verse

form of poetic expression

  • Uses…
  • Spoken by
A

A form of poetic expression that uses unrhymed but metered lines. In Shakespeare’s plays, it is usually spoken by nobles, members of the upper class, or characters whose emotions are in check.

Blank verse is poetic in that it is rhythmic but it does not rhyme. Usually, characters who speak in blank verse are nobles or members of the upper class.

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15
Q

Capital letters

A

Capital letters (as opposed to lower case letters) are an element of accuracy in written English. They are used in certain circumstances, including:
● at the start of a sentence
● at the start of a quote that follows a signal verb
● for the first letter of a proper noun
● with the personal pronoun ‘I’

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16
Q

Character

A

In fiction, a character is a person or other being in a narrative that speaks, acts and/or influences the narrative events.

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17
Q

Character Type

A

A method of categorising characters based on the perception of conventions and/or commonalities.

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18
Q

Comma Splice

A

The incorrect use of a comma to connect two independent clauses.

The book belongs to Ben, the bike belongs to Marcia.

Note: this is incorrect and should be avoided.

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19
Q

Commas in Lists

a punctuation mark

  • Used in
A

A punctuation mark (,) used in lists to separate list items, including nouns and/or pronouns, or clauses.
● I am going to buy a pen, a ruler, an eraser, a water bottle and a backpack.
● They will need to pick it up, put it on the table, stand back and then press play.

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20
Q

Comparative Adjective

A

An adjective that invites comparison of the traits of two nouns or pronouns.

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21
Q

Compassion

A

Having concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others and the desire to help them.

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22
Q

Complex Sentence

A

A complex sentence is made up of two clauses. One clause is independent, meaning it could stand on its own; the other is dependent and could not stand as a grammatically complete sentence. The dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction for example: while, therefore, whereas, because, however. The independent and dependent clauses can go in any order.

Since Aria was so protective of her books, Emily did not like to borrow them.

subordinating conjunction + dependent clause, independent clause

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23
Q

Compound Noun

A

A noun made up of two or more existing nouns, and which can be open, closed or hyphenated.

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24
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Two independent clauses, connected by a coordinating conjunction and punctuated as a sentence.

The book belongs to Ben and the bike belongs to Marcia.

Independent clause; coordinating conjunction; independent clause.

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25
Q

Concrete Noun

A

A noun that names a material object (i.e., one that can be physically seen, felt, smelt, heard or tasted).

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26
Q

Connotation

A

The implicit emotion or associated concepts attached to a word or phrase.

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27
Q

Coordinating Conjunction

A

A class of words that connect two elements of equal grammatical ranking within a sentence. In English, there are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

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28
Q

Countable Nouns

  • Have…
A

Nouns that have both a singular and plural form, and can therefore be counted.

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29
Q

Declarative Sentence Type

A

A simple statement that is used to provide information about something or state a fact.
● The sun is shining today.
● We must not forget the mistakes made in World War I.
● Reading poetry is a rewarding experience.

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30
Q

Dependent Clause

A

A clause that includes a subordinating conjunction but which does not express a complete thought.
● Since Aria was so protective of her books
● Unless the rain stops

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31
Q

Deuteragonist

A

The deuteragonist is the secondary character, right behind the protagonist in importance.

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32
Q

Disillusionment

A

A feeling of deep disappointment resulting from learning that something or someone isn’t as good as you thought.

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33
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

This is a literary or theatrical situation in which an audience knows something that the characters do not know, often used to increase a sense of tension for comedic effect.

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34
Q

Etymology

A

The history of a word or phrase, its development and origin.

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35
Q

Exclamation Mark

A

A punctuation mark (!) that indicates the end of a sentence, giving a sense of emphasis through heightened volume or emotion.

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36
Q

Exclamative Sentence Type

A

A sentence which conveys a sense of surprise or another strong emotion, often but not always ending in an exclamation mark.
● Oh!
● Wow!
● Huh?

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37
Q

FANBOYS

A

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

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38
Q

Fatalism

A

Accepting all things and events as inevitable, unavoidable; submitting to ‘Fate’.

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39
Q

Figurative Language

A

The intentional use of language to draw non-factual comparisons between words or phrases

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40
Q

French/Norman words

  • Language
  • Associated with…
A

Words in English that have been inherited from the language spoken in France (Norman comes from the region of France called Normandy), which are often associated with the upper class or the highly educated.

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41
Q

Full stop

punctuation mark

  • Used to…
A

A full stop is a sentence-ending punctuation mark used to indicate the end of a sentence. Similar to an exclamation mark (!) and a question mark (?), full stops (.) must be followed by a capital letter.

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42
Q

Germanic words

  • Language
  • Associated with…
A

Words in English that have been inherited from Anglo-Saxon or Old Norse, which are often associated with simplicity or strength.

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43
Q

Good

A

excellent
amazing
wonderful
pleasant
marvelous
exceptional
fantastic
super
outstanding
terrific
splendid
stupendous

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44
Q

Greek words

  • Language
  • Associated with…
A

Words in English that have been inherited from the language of ancient Greece, which are often associated with scientific contexts.

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45
Q

Happy

A

cheerful
delighted
pleased
glad
joyful
ecstatic
content
jovial
amused
merry
thrilled
elated

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46
Q

Hero / Heroine

A

A main character in a story whose special abilities, characteristics and achievements make him/her appear noble and ideal.

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47
Q

Iambic pentameter

A

A metered line of ten syllables in which every second syllable is stressed, the rhythm of which mimics a heartbeat when read.

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48
Q

Idealism

A

Having an unrealistic belief in perfection; often characterised by understanding and representing ideas or events in ver-simplified terms. Often seen as the opposite to realism.

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49
Q

Imagery

A

Visually descriptive language which adds to the understanding of the reader or audience by creating a strong image in our minds.

50
Q

Imperative Sentence Type

A

A sentence which conveys an instruction or a command, usually beginning with a verb.
● Pick up that book.
● Listen to me for a minute, please.
● Stop right there!

51
Q

Independent Clause

A

The combination of a subject and a verb to express a complete thought.

52
Q

Interrogative Sentence Type

A

A sentence which seeks information in the form of a question, ending in a question mark.
● Is the sun shining today?
● Will we forget the mistakes made in World War I?
● Is there a more rewarding experience than reading poetry?

53
Q

Language Analyse Techniques

A

Sound devices, structural devices, diction (figurative language/word choice, phrasing)

54
Q

Latinate words

  • Language
  • Associated with…
A

Words in English that have been inherited from the language of ancient Rome, which are often associated with medical, scientific or legal contexts.

55
Q

Laughed

A

giggled
chuckled
roared
howled
whooped
snickered
shrieked

56
Q

Like

A

admire
enjoy
approve
adore
treasure
fancy
appreciate
respect
cherish
desire

57
Q

Line

A

A group of words arranged into a row; the lines spoken by a character.

58
Q

Literal Language

A

The use of language that is plain, actual or factual in meaning.

59
Q

Little

A

small
tiny
petite
mini
miniature
microscopic

60
Q

Looked

A

gazed
examined
glanced
viewed
observed
peeked
stared
watched
inspected
spied
studied
noticed

61
Q

Macron

A

A horizontal line printed above a vowel to express an elongated sound (a feature of accurate writing in te reo Māori).

62
Q

Metaphor

comparison

A

A non-literal comparison of two things whereby one thing is said to be the other.

63
Q

Modal Verbs

  • Expresses…
A

A type of auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.

64
Q

Morpheme

unit

A

A unit of linguistic meaning forming part of a word, which cannot be divided further.

The smallest unit of meaning within a word.

65
Q

Morphology

study

A

The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

66
Q

Motif

A

A recurrent symbolic element in a text, such as a sound, action, word or event, used to enrich or embed ideas or themes.

67
Q

Narrative arc

framework

A

A framework that gives chronological structure to a story, often by guiding the plot from an inciting incident, through rising tensions, a climactic moment, falling tensions and some form of clear resolution.

68
Q

New Zealand English

  • Variation of English
  • Shaped by..
A

A variation of English spoken in Aotearoa New Zealand which has been shaped by post-colonial shifts in expression and by the adoption of reo Māori words.

69
Q

Nice

A

enjoyable
pleasurable
thoughtful
lovely
likeable
pleasing
pleasant
admirable

70
Q

Nouns

A

Nouns are a class of words that function as a name, often of a person, place, object or idea.

71
Q

Onomatopoeia

device

A

A device whereby the sound of a word imitates its sense.

72
Q

Parallel structure / parallelism

repitition of

A

The successive repetition of a sentence form or grammatical form in close proximity

73
Q

Parenthetical Elements

A

A word or phrase, included within a sentence and demarcated by commas, that allows for the addition of meaning, opportunities for authorial voice, and/or clarifying details.

My sister, who is older than me, let me borrow her shoes.

The movie I saw, Moana, was better than the movie you saw.

Have you seen Boxer, my dog, around here?

74
Q

Patriotism

A

Having a deep devotion to and support of your own country.

75
Q

Personification

A

The application of human characteristics to
something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

76
Q

Prefix

morpheme

  • Where
  • Function
A

A morpheme affixed to the beginning of a root word, altering its meaning.

77
Q

Pretty

A

beautiful
gorgeous
appealing
cute
lovely
attractive
elegant
handsome
stunning

78
Q

Pronouns

class of words

A

Pronouns are a class of words that take the place of a noun or noun phrase within a sentence.

79
Q

Proper Noun

A

A noun that names a specific person, place, or thing, and is always capitalised.

80
Q

Prose

A

A form of expression that follows the natural syntax and grammatical rules of spoken language, and which does not consciously follow a metre or rhyme scheme. In Shakespeare’s plays, it is usually spoken by servants, members of the lower class, or characters whose emotions are unstable or excessive.

81
Q

Protagonist

A

The principal character in a literary work.

82
Q

Question Mark

A

A punctuation mark (?) that indicates the end of a question.

83
Q

Quotation conventions for woven quotations

A

A woven quotation is used in academic writing when the quote is fully integrated into the structure of the sentence rather than being offset using a signal verb. The following punctuation conventions apply:
● The quote does not have to start with a capital letter (unless the usual capitalisation conventions apply, e.g., for a proper noun, etc.)
● The quote is not preceded by a signal verb and so will not have a comma before it
● Punctuation at the end is placed inside the quotation marks

84
Q

Quotation conventions using signal verbs

A

When including a quotation in written English that uses a signal verb, certain conventions must be followed.
1) A comma is placed after the signal verb and the quote.
2) Double inverted quotation marks are placed around the quote (“….”)
3) The first letter of the first word must be capitalised.
4) Punctuation like commas or full stops at the end of the quote are included inside the quotation marks.
5) If the quote comes at the end of the sentence, then sentence ending punctuation must be used inside the quotation marks. For example: . ! ?

85
Q

Ran

A

bolted
sped
hurried
sprinted
jogged
rushed
galloped
hustled
skipped
raced
dashed
fled

86
Q

Realism

A

Attempting to understand or represent things and events as they believe they actually are. Often seen as the opposite to idealism.

87
Q

Renaissance

A

The word Renaissance, means ‘rebirth’ in French, and refers to the cultural shift that occurred from the 14th Century when some of the following ideas became popularised:Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. References to the Greek and Roman worlds are spread throughout Shakespeare’s works.

88
Q

Rhyme

A

The repetition of similar-sounding syllables, often at the end of a line, used to produce an ‘echo’ effect.

89
Q

Rhyme scheme

A

A recognisable pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem (or song).

90
Q

Rhyming couplet

A

This is poetry made up of a pair of lines that rhyme. Shakespeare used this at times to signal the end of a scene or act. It also indicates high emotion, and is used for the purposes of magic

91
Q

Rhyming couplet

A

A pair of successive lines that rhyme, often used in Shakespeare’s plays to signal the end of a scene or act, to indicate high emotion, or in speeches of magic.

92
Q

Root Word

A

A word in its most basic form, and in its own right (i.e., without any prefixes or suffixes attached).

93
Q

Sad

A

unhappy
upset
tearful
depressed
miserable

94
Q

Said

A

commented
replied
remarked
declared
stated
exclaimed
shouted
whispered
announced
responded
boasted
explained

95
Q

Satire

  • The use of…
  • To…
  • In context of…
A

The use of humour, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticise a person’s ignorance or vices, particularly in the context of politics or social issues.

96
Q

Scene

A

One of the subdivisions of a play. Each act contains several scenes. A scene takes place in a single location.

97
Q

Sentence Fragment

A

A sentence fragment is a sentence that is missing either its subject or its main verb.

98
Q

Sentence Type

A

A way of classifying the purpose or effect of a sentence.

99
Q

Sentimentalism

A

Emphasising feelings and emotions
In poetry, usually representing things as better than they are or de-emphasizing negatives.

100
Q

Setting

A

The location and time frame in which the action of a story takes place.

101
Q

Sibliance

A

The repetition of fricative consonant sound to create a hissing sound, often through ‘s’ and ‘sh’.

102
Q

Signal Verb

A

A verb used to indicate the manner in which dialogue is expressed.

Signal verbs are verbs that can be used to introduce quotes

Examples: tells, argues, asks, comments, declares, emphasizes, explains, mentions, points out, observes, proposes, reveals, states, draws attention to, acknowledges, reasons, confirms, contends, complains

103
Q

Simile

A

A non-literal comparison of two things whereby one thing is said to be alike to another.

104
Q

Simple Sentence

A

A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. It must contain a subject and at least one verb, and it must make a complete thought.

The book belongs to Ben.

subject ; verb; object

105
Q

Soliloquy

A

An extended speech made while a character is alone or unheard on stage, representing the inner thoughts of a character voiced aloud for the benefit of the audience.

106
Q

Subject

A

In a sentence, the person or thing performing an action or being described.

107
Q

Subordinating Conjunction

A

A class of words used to introduce a dependent clause and connect it to an independent clause.

Subordinating conjunctions not only link parts of a sentence, but have meanings, sometimes very precise meanings of their own, introducing subordinate clauses, usually subordinate adverbial clauses:

● Time: after, before, since, when, as, whenever,
● Place: where
● Manner: as
● Reason: because, as, since
● Possibility: if (positive), unless (negative)
● Contrast/concession: though, although
● Purpose/ result: in order/ so that (positive), lest (negative)

108
Q

Suffix

A

A morpheme affixed to the end of a root word, altering its meaning.

109
Q

Superlative Adjective

A

An adjective that positions (one of) the traits of two nouns or pronouns at the highest point when compared to the other.

110
Q

Symbol

A

When an object, animal, place, person, etc. represents or stands for an idea.

111
Q

Synonyms

A

Words with the same, or nearly the same, meaning.

112
Q

The Fool

A

A common character type in Shakespeare’s plays who is funny and irreverent, and whose use of humour allows him to speak truths where others cannot.

113
Q

The Outsider

A

A character who does not belong to a particular circle, community, or group because s/he is in some way different, but who gains insights from standing on the edge of belonging.

114
Q

Theme

A

A ‘big idea’ or underlying message of a text.

115
Q

Tone

A

The overall feeling of a text, affected by the author’s attitude and conveyed through diction.

116
Q

Tragedy

genre

A

Tragedy is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a main character.

117
Q

Uncountable Nouns

A

Nouns that have only a singular form, but which refer to concepts or items that cannot be counted.

118
Q

Verbs

A

A verb is a class of words that indicate a state or an action.
● Some common verbs of state are: is, to be, am.
● Some common verbs of action are: walk, run, think, eat.

119
Q

Walked

A

tiptoed
marched
glided
shuffled
crept
treaded
hiked
paraded

120
Q

What poets do

A

● alludes to ideas
● argues for a point
● develops images and ideas
● contrasts images and techniques
● contends ideas
● constructs patterns and images
● establishes a point
● forms a perspective or image
● illustrates an image or view
● implies an understanding
● opposes a viewpoint
● positions a reader to think or feel
● writes back against

121
Q

Writing back

A

A process by which an author in a colonised space opposes the literary canon in their writing by challenging its traditional conceptions, conventions and/or ideas.

122
Q

The Fool

A

A common character type in Shakespeare’s plays who is funny and irreverent, and whose use of humour allows him to speak truths where others cannot.

Y10 English (1 decks)

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