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Question 1

climate

Answer 1

mainly influences inputs and outputs
amount/type of precipitation
amount of evaporation
vegetation type

Question 2

soil

Answer 2

influences importance of flows within syste
indirectly influences vegatation type
influences amount of infiltration and throughflow

Question 3

geology

Answer 3

influences importance of flows within system
indirectly, geology influences vegatation type
determines sub surface processes e.g. infiltration/groundwater flow

Question 4

slope

Answer 4

influences importance of flows within system
slope determines amount of precipitation
slope determines amount of runoff

Question 5

vegetation

Answer 5

influences importance of flows within system.
influences rates of:
infilitration
interception
transpiration
overland flow

Question 6

impact of human changes

Answer 6

it is often human changes to:
rivers and their drainage
ground surface (texture, shape, covering)
that influences the drainage basin and accelerates its processes

Question 7

river management

Answer 7

abstracting groundwater for irrigation lowers the water table.
abstracting water for domestic use and industrial flow reduces water flow.
constructing storage reservoirs reduces water flow

Question 8

deforestation

Answer 8

reduced evapotranspiration
increased infiltration and surface runoff

Question 9

land use changes- urbanisation

Answer 9

urban surfaces e.g. tarmac and concerete increase surface runoff by reducing infiltration and percolation.
drains carry water directly to rivers and streams- flooding is more likely

Question 10

land use changes- agriculture

Answer 10

-compaction of soil by livestock increases overland flow
ploughing increases infiltration by looseing and aerating the soil

Question 11

parts of drainage basin system most affected by human activity

Answer 11

evaporation/evapotranspiration
infiltration
interception
surface runoff
groundwater flow

Question 12

amazon basin

Answer 12

contains the largest area of tropical rainforest.
cycle has been disrupted by deforestation, leading to:

-reduced precipitation
-reduced humidity
-increased evaporation- reduced transpiration

Question 13

impact of urbanisation on the storm hydrographa

Answer 13

-many buildings- rain falls onto roofs and is carried directly to rivers by drains and gutters- reduced distance and time that water has to travel to reach the river- increased flood risk.
impermeable surfaces e.g. tarmac and concrete increase surface runoff.
-construction removes vegetation cover- reduced interception, increased surface runoff and infiltration
emabankments of urban rivers make floods more devastating.

Question 14

why planners are important in managing the risk of urbanisation on flooding.

Answer 14

-towns and cities are naturally at risk
-money invested into urban property
-high concentration of people that live in urban areas.

Question 15

drought in metereological terms

Answer 15

shortfall/deficiency of water over an extended period, usually at least a season

Question 16

hydrological drought

Answer 16

-reduced water stores
-reduced stream flow
-reduced grounwater levels

Question 17

agricultural drought

Answer 17

this is when agricultural activity is affected by drought.
this can lead to food shortages, famine and starvation.

Question 18

what are the causes of drought?

Answer 18

lie somewhere between the interactions between the cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, oceans.
research suggests that sea surface temperature anomalies are a cause of short term precipitation deficits.

Question 19

el nino southern oscillation

Answer 19

abnormal temperatures are the key to the ENSO- which triggers droughts.
normal conditions in the pacific basin-
winds blow from east to west along the equator
air pushes warm water westward.
warm, moist air rises, cools and condenses and forms rain clouds.