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Topic 3🫁🫀 > Xylem > Flashcards

Xylem Flashcards

1
Q

What is xylem and function?

A

A vascular(specialised)tissue that is dead and responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from roots to rest of plant essential for photosynthesis and growth overall

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2
Q

Which substances does a plant need?

A

Oxygen,carbon dioxide,water and minerals and sugars like glucose

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3
Q

What is a oxygen needed for?

A

For the plant aerobic respiration to create ATP
But as plants they have low activity rate and demand for oxygen is low and it is met by diffusion

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4
Q

Where do these substances have to be for the chemical reactions?

A

gases:oxygen is needed for respiration to create ATP and vital for the photosynthetic process contributing to oxygen supply in the atmosphere

-water:serves as a reactant in the process of respiration thus the hydrolysis of molecules for energy release and used in photosynthesis producing glucose and water

-c02 reactant to make glucose

-Iron (Fe): Essential for chlorophyll synthesis and electron transport in photosynthesis.

Phosphorus (P): Important for energy transfer (as ATP), nucleic acid synthesis, and the formation of phospholipids in cell membranes. It promotes root development

nitrogen:make nitrogenous base to make amino acids to make protein which is essential for growth
And nitrogen is a component for nucleic acids like in chlorophyll and D/RNA

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5
Q

What is translocation and transcription?

A

Translocation:is the movement of organic compounds through phloem tissues

Transcription:is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is converted into RNA

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6
Q

Why is translocation important?

A

To get correct molecules ions for their survival
And maintain the turgor pressure essential for cell rigidity or structural support
Distribution of nutrients and energy

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7
Q

Phloem components and function?

A

Companion cells:lots of mitochondria to move molecules in the seive tube element because phloem is required for ATP to move sap in translocation

-sieve tube:living cell transports sugars and amino acids for effective translocation of sap,few organelles and no nucleus

-sieve plate:have sieve pores that allows materials to pass through them
Serves a barrier between adjacent sieve plate

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8
Q

Why is there no nucleus in the phloem?

A

No nucleus to maximise space

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9
Q

What is lignin?

A

Lignin is an organic polymer which impregnates the cells walls of plant providing structure to support plant tissue

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10
Q

What is lignification?

A

-the deposition of lignin into the walls of the xylem cells during their development

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11
Q

What will result if lignification happens?

A

-the xylem cells which are long continuous column of dead cells with no contents and this hollow tube design allows the water and dissolved minerals to flow without being impeded

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12
Q

What is the function of the lignin?

A

-Strengthens the walls and prevent the vessel from collapsing,which means they will remain open at times when water is short supply

-And lignin is deposited in a spiral,annular or reticulate pattern which allows the xylem to stretch as the plant grows and for the stem or branch to bend

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13
Q

What is carbon dioxide needed for?

A

Photosynthesis,plant can absorb c02 from air through the stomata to met their demand to perform gaseous exchange

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14
Q

What are water and minerals needed for?

A

Absorbed form soil(osmosis and active transport) water is needed in the leaves for photosynthesis as well as ions like magnesium for suggessi of chlorophyll and can’t absorb them from air

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15
Q

What are sugars made from?and where the process occurs?

A

Sugars are manufactured by photosynthesis,But,it only occurs in leaves and sugars are not absorbed from soil

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16
Q

Both water and ions are needed and the leaves are unable to either absorb them from the air so how does the plant solve this potential issue?

A

Through root system specifically water is absorbed by osmosis and water potential are lowered due to ions being present and are transported by active transport

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17
Q

What is the xylem responsible for and xylem?and what are they know for if they are together?

A

-responsible for transporting reactants and products of chemical reactions around the plant
-if both are together they are a vascular bundle

18
Q

If lignification lead to cell death,sticking with the substance ,so do tell the substance which lignin must prevent from entering these cells?

A

Water and minerals ions

19
Q

What do liginng do to xylem cell?

A

Kills them and make the cell wall waterproof
Meaning that the cells contents and end walls decay

20
Q

Why do the decay aids the to function of xylem cell?

A

-creates a hollow pathways to help water move upward in plants to flow without being impeded
Provides structure and effective water transport

21
Q

What are border pits and function?

A

-the pits in 2 adjacent xylem vessels aligned to allow water to leave 1 vessel and pass into the next vessel and allows water to move out of xylem into living parts of plant

22
Q

What is capillary action?

A

The forces attract water molecules up the sides of the xylem vessels

23
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The forces that allows water molecules together attract molecules to side of xylem vessel

24
Q

What are the differences of xylem and phloem?

A

-Both:part of vascular bundle

-xylem:transports water and minerals ions

-dead tissue

-lignin in cell walls

-have no end cell walls

-1 continuous flow upwards

Phloem:
-transport photosynthetic products like sugars

-part of vascular bundle

-living tissue

-no longing

-has end cell walls

-2 different direction transportation

25
Q

Where is lignification not complete?

A

Border pits

26
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

Is the movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves through the xylem in plants

27
Q

What is mass flow?

A

-the movement of substances driven by pressure differentials

28
Q

Tell me the 4 structure the water and minerals pass through?

A

-root hair cells
-Root cortex
-endodermis
-Xylem

29
Q

What is root pressure and how is it caused?

A

Bottom:transport of water and m.i into the medulla,the root pressure increases in the xylem next to the roots

Top:water movement and mineral out the xylem and into parts of plants results in lower root pressure.

Difference in root pressure creates pressure gradient which forces water up the xylem by mas flow

30
Q

What does root pressure do to the movement of water?

A

-moves water a few metres up the xylem by mass flow

31
Q

What is transpiration pull?

A

The loss of water vapour in transpiration must be replaced by water moving up the xylem

32
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Is the attraction between water molecules cause by hydrogen bonds in a long chain or column

33
Q

What is tension?

A

Pulling forces transmitted by means of a string,cable or chain

34
Q

What are vein in plants cells?

A

-vascular tissue which
contain both xylem and phloem

35
Q

What is sub-stomatal air space?

A

-area of air space which is found just above the stomata(inside the leaf)

36
Q

What is water used in plants?

A

-move in the palisade mesophyll for photosynthesis some move into cells and results in turgidity and tiny amounts will leave the waxy cuticle
-95% is lost in transpiration out of the stomatA

37
Q

What is apoplast?

A

Allows water to move along the cells walls which are of the plant(permeable) between spongy mesophyll cells by mass flow

38
Q

What will happen to the after potential due to evaporation of water to water vapour?

A

-water vapour potential in air spaces will increase meaning vapour will diffuse out of the stomata in transpiration

39
Q

Describe the movement of water through the leaf?

A

Water enters leave in the xylem which is found in the mibrid vein which divides into smaller veins which carry the water to the different parts of the leaf
Water moves up the xylem ai to the cells of spongy mesophyll via apoplast pathway
Water evaporates from cell walls and form water vapour in the air spaces between these cells
Increases the water Vapour potential in sun-stomata air spaces.as long as the water vapour potential just outside of the leaf,the water vapour will diffuse out of the stomata down the water vapour potential gradient.

40
Q

How does what vapour diffuses?

A

From an area of high water vapour potential to an area of lower water vapour potential,down the water vapour potential gradient.

Topic 3🫁🫀 (5 decks)

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