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Horse Genetics Test 6 > X, Y and microbiome > Flashcards

X, Y and microbiome Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does hemizygous mean?

A

a normally diploid individual has only one copy of a gene; genes on X in males; genes on X for XO females

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2
Q

The X chromosome does not have any genes.

A

false, the X chromosome is very large and has 800-900 genes

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3
Q

What is likely origin of DNA found in mitochondria?

A

bacteria that colonized primordial cells

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4
Q

What is a function of mitochondria in the cell?

A

generate energy in the form of ATP

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5
Q

Why do we refer to the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA as having “Tail-Female” inheritance?

A

mitochondria are almost always inherited from the egg

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6
Q

What is associate with the number of mitochondria in a cell?

A

cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria than cells with low activity

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7
Q

When a research result is statistically significant, what does that mean?

A

the result is repeatable

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8
Q

Which of the following is true about the mitochondria genome?

A

is is small, having only 16,500 bp compared to 2.5 billion bp on chromosomes

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9
Q

What is true about the genes for function of mitochondria?

A

most of the genes for mitochondria function are actually on chromosomes

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10
Q

Why do we think that mitochondria are descended from primordial prokaryotes (bacteria)?

A

their DNA sequence is more similar to that of prokaryotes than of autosomes, mitochondria have codons like bacteria and not like vertebrate codons, the mitochondria genome is circular like bacteria

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11
Q

What is the name of the theory that prokaryotes were the origin of mitochondria?

A

endosymbiotic theory

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12
Q

Why is the mitochondrial DNA a good tool for a molecular clock?

A

mitochondria DNA polymerase is error prone

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13
Q

What conclusions followed the comparison of mitochondria haplotypes of horses from around the world?

A

many mares were part of the foundation of domestic horses

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14
Q

The X and Y chromosome have very clear differences. Why do the X and Y chromosome pair during meiosis?

A

they share a small set of genes in the pseudo autosomal region

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15
Q

Why do we think the Y chromosome evolved from the X chromosome?

A

when the PAR is longer in some species, the genes found are X chromosome genes

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16
Q

Why do we think a large number of stallions contributed to the foundation of the domestic horse?

A

we see a large number of Y chromosome haplotypes in ancient DNA

17
Q

Why do we think that most modern horse breeds have a single Y chromosome haplotype?

A

breeders choose stallions from the Mediterranean region between 700 and 1200 years ago

18
Q

Where is the microbiome found?

A

throughout the body

19
Q

What is the difference between pathogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria?

A

commensal bacteria do not cause disease while pathogenic bacteria do

20
Q

There is more variation between individuals in their microbiome than in their genome.

A

true; the genome is 99% similar among individuals of a species, the microbiome changes depending on life history, our microbiome only 10% similar

21
Q

What is the ration of microbiome cells to genome cells? roughly

A

3:1; microbiome cells outnumber animal cells

22
Q

What is the mass (weight) of the microbiome?

A

about 6 pounds

23
Q

The microbiome contributes gene functions and substances not found or produced by the horse or human genome.

A

true

24
Q

What is the limit on discovery for early investigations (up to 1970) of the microbiome?

A

ability to grow the microbes in the laboratory

25
Q

How did DNA sequencing make it possible to advance microbiome studies?

A

DNA sequences were found that were for microbiomes we had not been able to culture

26
Q

What was the initial basis for identifying microbes as belonging to species never seen before? or identifying with species they did belong to?

A

sequence of 61s Ribosomal DNA sequence

27
Q

What influences the type of microbe found in a location?

A

vaginal vs cesarean birth, diet, age, genome

28
Q

What are biofilms?

A

a community of microbes that interact in a commensal fashion

29
Q

What is the most common site for study of the microbiome?

A

fecal material

30
Q

What is a molecular clock used for?

A

identify time since common ancestor

31
Q

What is PAR?

A

pseudo autosomal region; the basis for pairing of Y and X during meiosis

32
Q

What helped with identifying presence of microbes?

A

DNA sequencing made it possible to identify presence of microbes whether or not they could be grown in the lab

Horse Genetics Test 6 (3 decks)

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