X-Ray Production

Question 1

the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases

Answer 1

radiology

Question 2

the specialty of dentistry and discipline of radiology concerned with the production and interpretation of radiographic images, including CT and MRI scans that are used for the diagnosis and management of diseases, disorders and conditions of the mouth, face and jaws

Answer 2

oral radiology

Question 3

smallest particle of an element having the chemical
properties of the element

Answer 3

atom

Question 4

transmission of energy through space and matter in the form of
waves or particles

Answer 4

radiation

Question 5

high-energy radiation, capable of producing ions

enough energy to overcome the electron binding energy

Answer 5

ionizing radiation

Question 6

spontaneous nuclear disintegration process of a molecule to
acquire a more stable form

Answer 6

radioactivity

Question 7

What radiation is this?

Tiny particles of matter

They have mass

They travel in a straight line at high speed, < speed of light

They are electrically charged, except for the neutrons

Answer 7

Particulate radiation

Question 8

What radiation is this?

Wave energy propagation

No mass

It is generated when the velocity of an electrically charged particle is altered

Only higher-energy cause ionization (X-rays, Ultraviolet rays, γ rays …)

Answer 8

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 9

What are the two theories can describe the properties of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 9

Quantum theory

Wave theory

Question 10

Which theory is this?

Small discrete bundles of energy (PHOTONS)

Travels at the speed of light

Contains a specific amount of energy (electron volt - eV)

Answer 10

Quantum theory

Question 11

Which theory is this?

Electric and magnetic field

Travel at the speed of light in a vacuum

Are described in terms of their wavelength and frequency

Answer 11

Wave theory

Question 12

What does the following create:

when the velocity of an electrically charged particle changes

in oral radiology we alter the velocity of e-

Answer 12

x-rays

Question 13

Recipe for x-rays:

Answer 13

Get some e-

Change the velocity of them (accelerate then decelerate)

Question 14

Cathode: - or + ?

Answer 14

-

Question 15

Anode: - or + ?

Answer 15

+

Question 16

source of electrons

Answer 16

Tungsten filament

Question 17

Concave molybdenium bowl is the ________ cup

Answer 17

focusing

Question 18

Concave molybdenium bowl and tungsten filament are part of what in the x-ray tube

Answer 18

cathode (-)

Question 19

focal spot

Answer 19

tungsten

Question 20

thermal conductor

Answer 20

copper block

Question 21

tungsten and a copper block are part of what of the x-ray tube

Answer 21

Anode (+)

Question 22

made of lead glass and window of non-lead glass

Answer 22

evacuated glass envelope

Question 23

Energy used to produce x-rays

Answer 23

electricity

Question 24

flow of electrons flowing through a conductor

Answer 24

Electric Current

Question 25

path through which an electric current goes into the machine

Answer 25

circuits

Question 26

responsible for increasing or decreasing the voltage electric current

Answer 26

Transformers

Question 27

What is the current in the tungsten filament

Answer 27

3 to 10V

Question 28

Heating the filament is ________ emission

Answer 28

thermionic

Question 29

Upon reaching tungsten target: kinetic energy goes to what % of x-rays and what % of heat

Answer 29

x-rays: 1% heat: 99%

Question 30

controls the electrical current / number of electrons moving within the filament

Answer 30

Amperage/milliamperage (mA)

Question 31

Maximum voltage that enables the movement of electrons from the cathode to the anode

Answer 31

Kilovoltage (kV) / kilovolt peak (kVp)

Question 32

x-ray production inside the x-ray tube has collisions with what 2 things

Answer 32

heat generation and x-rays production

Question 33

Incident electron deflected by the electrons of the outer shells Electron collides with an electron of the outer shells

Answer 33

Collisions with heat generation

Question 34

Bremsstrahlung (German) ▪ ~70% of x-rays produced ▪ No collision with other electrons ▪ Broad spectrum of energy ▪ Keeps colliding with other atoms

Answer 34

Collisions with x-rays production --> Braking radiation

Question 35

Electron hits the nucleus of an atom All the kinetic energy is converted into a high-energy x-ray photon Rare!!!

Answer 35

Collisions with x-rays production --> Braking radiation

Question 36

Displacement of an electron of the inner shells Lesser amount of x-ray photons Requires energy greater than 70 kVp Electrons change of positions between the orbitals

Answer 36

Collisions with x-rays production --> Characteristic radiation

Question 37

X-ray beam (photons) produced in the anode, leaving the x-ray tube

Answer 37

Primary radiation

Question 38

What kind of radiation? Radiation produced by photons interacting with matter

Answer 38

Secondary radiation

Question 39

What kind of radiation? Deflected in all directions after interacting with the matter

Answer 39

Scattering of radiation

Question 40

No interaction complete absorption/photoelectric absorption Compton scattering of the photons coherent scattering of the photons

Answer 40

X-ray interactions (OUTSIDE THE X-RAY TUBE)

Question 41

The x-ray photon passes through the patient unchanged and leaves the atom unchanged These are responsible for producing densities and make dental radiography possible

Answer 41

No interaction

Question 42

X-ray photon hits an electron of any orbital The photon is completely absorbed There is atom ionization due to an ejected photoelectron

Answer 42

Absorption of energy/ Photoelectric effect

Question 43

Scattering with ionization Photon loses some of its energy, is deflected, and continues with less energy Ejected electron = Compton Electron

Answer 43

Compton scattering

Question 44

What kind of scattering? Photon interacts with a whole atom The atom becomes momentarily excited and generates another photon with the same energy No changes to the atom at the end

Answer 44

Coherent Scattering