X-Ray History Flashcards
List and define the foundational principles to the scientific method.
Parsimony - Simplifying concepts and formulas
Reproducibility - Can be duplicated by different people at a different time
Falsifiability - Can logically and logistically be proven false
Observation - Can be directly observed with the human senses
Measurability - Can be quantified mathematically
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Theories founded in the scientific method must allow the possibility that a position can be
proven ________________.
Wrong
In your text it explains that there are aspects of radiology that are quantifiable, list the aspects
that the text points out that are mathematically measurable.
Contrast, brightness, noise, sharpness, distortion, repeat rate
What are the standards of practice for all radiographers discussed in the text?
Good common
sense, sound judgement, logical consistency, and objective knowledge
Which was first, the invention of man-made radiation or the discovery of natural radioactivity?
Invention of man-made radiation
Were x-rays discovered by accident or was it an intentional discovery?
By accident
Who is Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and what he is known for?
He was a German scientist who
discovered x-rays on Nov. 8, 1895 while conducting experiments in his lab at Wurzburg
University in Germany.
When were x-rays discovered?
Nov. 8, 1895
The streams of electricity “jumping” from the cathode to the anode of a glass tube were called
__________________________ when they were first discovered.
Cathode rays
The glass tubes that scientist were experimenting with while researching cathode rays
were called __________________.
Crookes Tubes.
When experiments where being conducted on cathode rays, scientist created a vacuum in the
Crookes tube. What was happening that motivated them to do this? What did they later
discover about when there is no vacuum?
The cathode rays were creating a blue glow and when
they had a vacuum in the tube, they that is made the electrons invisible to the eye. It was later
discovered that the blue glow was a result of the ionization of the air around them – so when
they had a vacuum there was not air to interact with and ionize.
What was the event during Roentgen’s experiment that caused him to think that there must be
some other type of radiation being emitted from the tube?
He was using a tube covered in black
cardboard to study how different materials fluoresced when they were in the direct path of the
cathode rays. While doing that he discovered that a paper covered with barium platinocyanide
not in the direct bath of the beam was glowing. He concluded there must be another “ray”
coming from the tube.
How did x-rays get the name x-rays?
Roentgen named it “X” for unknown because he did not
know what the rays were
What is the event attributed to the birth of the field of Radiography?
When Roentgen place his
wife’s hand in front of a screen and allowed the screen’s fluorescent light to expose
photographic film for 4 minutes producing an x-ray of her hand.
How was the process of radiography introduced to the world?
When Roentgen published a
paper called “On a New Kind of Rays”
What act of great character did Roentgen do that ensure the accessibility to his discovery to all
and why?
He did not patent it for commercial gain because he recognized its medical use.
Who was Antoine Henri Becquerel and what is he known for?
He as a French physicist who was
inspired by Roentgen to hypothesize that crystals which phosphoresce after absorbing light also
emit x-rays at the same time leading to his discovery of natural radiation.
What are the three types of natural radiation?
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma rays
Both Roentgen and Becquerel were recognized for their work by receiving what?
A Nobel Prize
Who discovered the photoelectric effect?
Albert Einstein
Who developed the fluoroscope and what did this device do?
Thomas Edison, allowed x-ray
examination in dynamic real-time
Why were fluoroscopic procedures originally limited to extreme medical need?
Because the
exposure to doctors, technologist, and patients were very high because very high exposure was
needed to for the screen to glow bright enough
Who developed the electronic image intensifier, what does it do, and why was it significant?
John Coltman, it converted incident x-ray into an electron beam, which can be focused and sped
up by using electrically charged plates, it reduced the fluoroscopic exposure to less than one-hundredth of what was being used
Who is William Rollins?
A dentist who developed the concepts of x-ray filtration and collimation
What was the Potter-Bucky grid?
A device used with a grid to oscillate it in order to blur out grid
lines
Who demonstrated the first phototimer?
Russell H. Morgan
What was the invention for STILL images that produced the greatest reduction in patient
exposure, who invented it?
The screen cassette, Michael Pupin, the year after x-rays were
discovered
What did Thomas Edison’s do that contributed to the invention of the screen cassette?
evaluated over 5000 chemicals for their light-producing capabilities when
stimulated by x-rays that led to development of the calcium tungstate material used for
the screens
In what decade were rare earth intensifying screen and computed radiography developed?
1970’s
When did ultrasound become established as a medical image tool?
1966
When did MRI become established as a medical image tool?
1973
When did CT become established as a medical image tool?
1973
When did spiral CT become established as a medical image tool?
1990
When did multislice CT become established as a medical image tool?
1998
When did digital fluoroscopy occur as part of medical imaging?
1979
When did PACS occur as part of medical imaging?
1982
When did CR occur as part of medical imaging?
early 1980’s
When did DR occur as part of medical imaging?
1996
What had to develop before direct-capture digital radiography (DR) could be used in medical
imaging?
Miniaturization of electronic x-ray detector elements
What had to develop before computed radiography (CR) could be used in medical imaging?
Computer power that could handle large files of high-resolution images
List the benefits of post-processing capability of digital image systems
Reduced cost
Decreased patient exposure
Ability to improve image quality without repeating an exposure
Increased time efficiency
Anything that transfers energy through space from one point to another may be called
_____________________.
Radiation
Energy can be carried by __________________, by mechanical ___________________, or by
____________________________.
Particles, waves in medium, electromagnetic waves
Alpha particles consist of two _______________ and two ____________.
Protons, neutrons
A beta particle is identical to a/an __________________ but traveling at very high speed.
Electron
The energy carried by Beta and Alpha particles is manifest by their ___________ and is
categorized as a form of ____________ energy
Speed, kinetic
Sound must have a ____________________ to travel in.
Medium
Sound is categorized as a form of ___________________ energy.
Kinetic
Electromagnetic waves are best considered as a form of __________________ energy.
Potential
Electromagnetic waves are able to transfer energy from one place to another ____________the
movement of any physical object, particle or molecule.
Without
Do electromagnetic waves have mass?
No
List the forms of electromagnetic waves:
visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light,
microwaves, radio waves, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays
Radiation that is harmful is capable of ________________________ atoms.
Ionizing
Most of the radiation we receive comes from _________________.
Nature
Radiography is classified as a “safe” profession, with associated risk closer to those of a
_________ or _________________ than to those of a heavy industry or chemical workers.
secretary or school teacher
What development revolutionized the storage, management and access of radiographic
Images?
PACS
Who was the inventor who developed a means of focusing the electron stream in the x-ray tube?
Jackson
