X-C Flight Planning - A: Navigation Flashcards
What are three common ways to navigate?
To navigate successfully, pilots must know their approximate position at all times or be able to determine it whenever they wish. Position may be determined by:
a. Pilotage (by reference to visible landmarks);
b. Dead reckoning (by computing direction and distance from a known position); or
c. Radio navigation (by use of radio aids).
What type of aeronautical charts are available for use in VFR navigation?
a. Sectional Charts—designed for visual navigation of slow to medium speed aircraft. One inch equals 6.86 nautical miles. They are revised semiannually, except most Alaskan charts which are revised annually.
b. VFR Terminal Area Charts (TAC)—TACs depict the Class B airspace. While similar to sectional charts, TACs have more detail because the scale is larger. One inch equals 3.43 nautical miles. Charts are revised semiannually, except in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands where they are revised annually.
c. VFR Flyway Planning Charts—This chart is printed on the reverse side of selected TAC charts. The coverage is the same as the associated TAC. They depict flight paths and altitudes recommended for use to bypass high traffic areas.
Are electronic flight bags (EFBs) approved for use as a replacement for paper reference material (POH and Supplements, charts, etc.) in the cockpit?
Yes. EFBs can be used during all phases of flight operations in lieu of paper reference material when the information displayed is the functional equivalent of the paper reference material replaced and is current, up-to- date, and valid. It is recommended that a secondary or back-up source of aeronautical information necessary for the flight be available.
Be capable of locating the everything on a sectional chart
Everything
What is an isogonic line?
Shown on most aeronautical charts as broken magenta lines, isogonic lines connect points of equal magnetic variation. They show the amount and direction of magnetic variation, which from time to time may vary.
What is magnetic variation?
Variation is the angle between true north and magnetic north. It is expressed as east variation or west variation depending upon whether magnetic north (MN) is to the east or west of true north (TN), respectively.
How do you convert a true direction to a magnetic direction?
To convert true course or heading to magnetic course or heading, note the variation shown by the nearest isogonic line. If variation is west, add; if east, subtract.
What are lines of latitude and longitude?
Circles parallel to the equator (lines running east and west), parallels of latitude, enable us to measure distance in degrees latitude north or south of the equator. Meridians of longitude are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and are at right angles to the equator. The “Prime Meridian,” which passes through Greenwich, England, is used as the zero line from which measurements are made.
What is magnetic deviation?
Because of magnetic influences within the airplane itself (electrical circuits, radios, lights, tools, engine, magnetized metal parts, etc.) the compass needle is frequently deflected from its normal reading. This deflection is called deviation. Deviation is different for each airplane, and also varies for different headings of the same airplane. The deviation value may be found on a deviation card located in the airplane.
Name several types of navigational aids.
a. VOR (Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range).
b. VORTAC (VHF Omnidirectional Range/Tactical Air Navigation).
c. DME (Distance Measuring Equipment).
d. RNAV (Area Navigation) includes INS, VOR/DME-referenced, and GPS.
What is a VOR or VORTAC?
VORs are VHF radio stations that project radials in all directions (360°) from the station, like spokes from the hub of a wheel. Each of these radials is denoted by its outbound magnetic direction. Almost all VOR stations will also be VORTACs. A VORTAC (VOR-Tactical Air Navigation), provides the standard bearing information of a VOR plus distance information to pilots of airplanes which have distance measuring equipment (DME).
Within what frequency range do VORs operate?
Transmitting frequencies of omnirange stations are in the VHF (very high frequency) band between 108 and 117.95 MHz, which are immediately below aviation communication frequencies.
(FAA-H-8083-25)
What is a VOR radial?
A radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending from an omnidirectional range (VOR).
How are VOR NAVAIDs classified?
Terminal, Low, and High.
What reception distances can be expected from the various class VORs?
Class Distance/Altitudes Miles T 12,000' and below 25 L Below 18,000' 40 H Below 18,000' 40 H 14,500 – 17,999' 100 (conterminous 48 states only) H 18,000 – FL450 130 H Above FL450 100 (FAA-H-8083-25)
