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WWll-1950s Flashcards

( "From Neutrality to Intervention" to "People of Plenty")

1
Q

How did the America start the shift away from neutrality

A

Roosevelt asked Congress for a revision of the neutrality acts because he wanted to supply armaments to the allies: the result was less than Roosevelt wanted but still allowed allies to purchase arms on cash and carry basis.

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2
Q

cash and carry policy

A

how allies bought arms from America in beginning,countries had to pay full amount of cash upfront and had to transport the goods to their own country

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3
Q

what did Russia do during the phony war

A

Russia began annexing parts of its neighboring countries, enraging the Americans who could could not do anything but place an embargo on shipments to Russia.

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4
Q

what happened with France after Mussolini brought Italy into the war on the German side

A

France fell and only the British army was left to opposed the axis forces

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5
Q

what did America do following the fall of france

A

began to assist Britain further in supplying war materials, circumventing the cash and carry policy. It also approved the Burke-Wadsworth Act.

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6
Q

what change in america allowed for the American assistance of Britian

A

following the fall of France most Americans believed that Germany now posed a direct threat to the US

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7
Q

were isoloationists competely gone after the fall of france

A

no, fierce debates between isolationists and interventionists still continued

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8
Q

what was the Fight for Freedom Committee

A

it was created by those who wanted America to declare war immediately

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9
Q

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

A

those who wanted to aid allies but opposed direct American intervention.

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10
Q

America First Committee

A

Was very against any US involvement, main competitor against committees supporting involvement

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11
Q

who did Roosevelt have as his vice president for his third term

A

Agriculture Secretary Henry A. Wallace

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12
Q

Wendell Willkie

A

Republican competitor to Roosevelt who wanted to strongly assist the allies but not join war, no match for Roosevelt

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13
Q

Lend-lease Policy

A

a new policy used when Britain did not have the resources to carry out the cash and carry policy, which would not only sell but also lend and lease weapons to the allies.

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14
Q

effect of Nazis invading Soviet union on US

A

US extended lend-lease to Soviet union and began formal relationship with Russia. Nazi ships began firing on American ships and in effect a naval war between Germany and US began as the US retaliated.

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15
Q

Atlantic Charter

A

tied the US and Britain closer to each other while laying out a set of plans for the future after the war, basically war aims.

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16
Q

Tripartite Pact

A

signed by Japan with Germany and Italy that basically joined it into the axis. When Japan began expanding the US stopped all economic stuff with Japan.

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17
Q

how did Japan decide on war

A

although they tried to negotiate, the US and Japan did not agree and it was apparent that Japan would resort to war. Although there was a little evidence that something would happen at Hawaii, the naval base there was preoccupied.

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18
Q

When was Pearl Harbor

A

Dec 7, 1941

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19
Q

effect of pearl harbor on americans

A

instantly unified every American into war, shortly afterwards Germany and Italy declared war on America and America reciprocated.

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20
Q

how was the war going as the US entered it

A

terrible

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21
Q

what was the first important victory of the allies

A

in the battle of the coral sea

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22
Q

what were the two different plants of the Soviet and the british

A

Soviet wanted to invade France as early as possible because it was suffering the most while Britain wanted to launch smaller offensives in places like African and Europe before building up to a major invasion.

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23
Q

which of the two plans did the US choose

A

the US went with the British plan because he knew the French invasion would take a while to set up and did not want to keep troops waiting

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24
Q

why were Britain and the US able to continue the offensive in other places and delay the France invasion

A

because the Soviet army had stopped the German offensive from coming into Russia once and for all by taking down their siege at stalingrad

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25
did America do anything about the concentration camps
no because although the citizens wanted the US to do something any action against the concentration camps was passed off as "militarily unfeasible"
26
Did America let any Jewish refugees in? why or why not
they did not, mainly due to the presence of anti-semites in government positions having a negative influence
27
what was the biggest effect of WW2 on American society
the end of the great depression
28
where did most of the government spending go during the war
to the west (California mostly)
29
what demographic accounted for most of the jump in employment
women
30
what 2 concessions did the govt win from union leaders
the little steel formula, set 15 percent limit on the increasing of wages during the war; and the no-strike pledge, which meant unions promised not to stop production through strikes or any means:ensured health of unions with some sacrifice
31
were there still strikes during the war despite the no-strike pledge
yes, but they were mostly wildcat strikes, meaning they were unauthorized by union leaders.
32
what did the public think about labor unions
that they were disruptive to the war effort and wanted their power to be limited.
33
what happened when the United Mine Workers defied the govt and held a strike
Congress passed the Smith-Connally act, requiring unions to wait 30 days before striking and allowed govt to seize factories that were at risk of strike
34
what was the central economic concern
inflation, as opposed to deflation during the great depression
35
anti Inflation act
gave govt authority to freeze prices, wages, salaries, and rents
36
who enforced the anti inflation act, and was it successful
OPA(office of price administration), and it was successful.
37
WPB
the war production board was in charge of mobilizing the economy for war, it was not very successful
38
OWM
Offic of War Mobilization: meant to be more effective than WPB but was only slightly so.
39
what tech did Germany specialize in
submarines and U boats
40
what tech did Japan specialized in
naval-air tech, the same that caused pearl harbor
41
what did US specialize in
techniques of mass production
42
why did radio tech advance during the war
helped allies detect U boats and subs
43
what area did the allies have the greatest advantage in tech and knowledge
the gathering fo intelligence, through britain's Ultra project
44
who led the British scientists to improve what device that could already sometimes decode enigma
Alan Turing, Bombe
45
Ultra
a British intelligence gathering unit
46
Magic
an American intelligence gathering unit dedicated to breaking the Japanese coding system known as purple
47
FEPC
(Fair Employment Practices Commission)created by Roosevelt to investigate discrimination in war industries after spurred by Philip Randolph
48
CORE
(Congress of Racial Equality) mobilized mass popular resistance to discriminatoin
49
what did native Americans work as during the war
"code talkers", working in military communications by speaking their own language which others would not know.
50
what change occured in Mexican American employment
they were finally able to get jobs at factories
51
zoot suits
worn by Mexicans in street gangs
52
pachucos
Mexican street gangs
53
Zoot-suit riots
whites attacked zoot-suiters, ended with zoot-suits being banned
54
Rosie the Riveter
symbolized new importance of female industrial workfoce
55
where were most women employed
not in factories but in service-sector jobs
56
what organizations through the army unlisted women
WACs and WAVEs, important to not e that they did not receive benefits that males did afterward because they were considered volunteers
57
what happened to juvenile crime during the war
as women were off at work and men were fighting, kids were left home alone to do whatever they wanted
58
how did the baby boom start
the rise in birthrate with the rise in marriages was first sign of postwar "baby boom"
59
were people involved in the consumer economy during wartime
yes, very much, they were involved in movies, magazines, radios, etc.
60
what was it said that the war was being fought for to the people
that the US was fighting to ensure a future of material comfort and consumer choice
61
who did USO's recruit and why
women to chat with lonely men, expected to be pretty
62
were USO hired women allowed to have dates
the women were forbidden from having dates with soldiers, although the regulations were sometimes violated
63
was there censorship similar to ww1 in ww2
although it barred a few papers, most dissident papers were not censored
64
what was a social difference between WW1 and WW2
the US WW1 was full of chaos and hatred, while WW2 US was comparably unified
65
overall did the second world war heighten or blur ethnic distinctions
Blur them all though there were some exceptions. The largest exception, of course, was towards Japanese-Americans.
66
did the anti-japanese sentiment to intern them come from mostly society or the government
Although there was a huge amount of Racial animosity against the Japanese Americans in society, the government did not make the distinction between Japanese-Americans and Japanese people and was the cause of the internment camps
67
Issei
unnaturalized, first-generatoin immigrants
68
Nissei
naturalized/native-born citizens of US
69
WRA
War Relocation Authority: in charge of relocating the Japanese into internment camps in the interior of the US because some believed Japanese access to coast caused aid in pearl harbor
70
difference between what happened at internment camps and what was said officially about what happened at internment camps
while they were said to be places were Japanese could be americanized, they were more like prisons, where people were sent after being forced to abandon many of their belongings
71
Korematsu v. US
ruled that Japanese internment was constitutional because of "military necessity"
72
did conditions for Chinese improve during the war, if so why was this done
they did, with racial prejudice decreasing and the Chinese exclusion acts being repealed. This was mainly because the US wanted china as an ally in the war against Japan
73
why was the new deal dismantled
it was dismantled to be replaced by war-time programs mainly by conservatives in congress
74
who ran in the 1944 election
the 1944 election had Roosevelt with Harry S Truman as his VP vs Thomas E Dewey(republican)
75
when was D-Day
June 6, 1944
76
what was the Dresden firebombing
strategic incendiary raid on Dresden, in Germany, that destroyed three fourths fo city and killed over 100000 people
77
what was D-Day
when the allies invaded German occupied France
78
the battle of the bulge
named for bulge in American forces as Germans pressed forward, Germans were able to push 55 miles forward before they were stopped
79
who was america's main ally in Asia against japan
china
80
battle of Leyte Gulf
battle at sea between America and japn
81
kamikaze planes
suicide planes that the Japanese had to try to inflict as much damage as possible without regard for the lives of those inside the planes
82
The Manhattan Project
the allied forces' push towards creating an atomic bomb after finding out that Nazi scientists had begun to do so
83
the trinity bomb
the first ever atomic bomb tested, in new mexico
84
Enrico Fermi
Fermi discovered uranium, allowing for the beginning of the construction of atomic bombs
85
how did Truman take over
by taking the reigns after Roosevelt passed away from sickness
86
what were america's conditions for Japan before using the bomb
that Japan should surrender, and although their leader wanted to do so he was not able to convince the military leaders
87
what two cities did the bombs fall on
Hiroshima and nagasaki
88
how much did GNP grow between 1945 and 1960
250% !!!
89
what happened to the national birthrate following the war
it finally stopped declining with the baby boom, which contributed to consumer demand and economic growth
90
was the government spending a lot of money or a little money for this economic boost
the government was simultaneously pouring funding into dozens of things, improving many areas of the US at once
91
what happened to suburbs during the 1950s
they grew twice as fast as the population as a whole
92
which region benefited the most from the economic growth
the west, because it moved from becoming an appendage of an easy to becoming almost more important than the east, and in addition much federal funding went towards the west
93
was climate one reason that people moved west
yes CA, NV ,and AZ had warm, dry, favorable climates
94
what two factors made the population lose all doubt in capitalism and find confidence in their economy
Keynesian economics, and ending poverty through economic growth
95
keynesian economics
made by John Maynard Keynes, saying that by govt could control the economy through fiscal policy and monetary policy
96
fiscal policy
the idea that the govt could use its spending and taxes to control the economy
97
monetary policy
the idea that the govt could control the economy by managing the supply of currency
98
was there more or less consolidation during the 1950s, and what was the result
there was much more consolidation, resulting in smaller institutions like family farms suffering
99
how did the relationship between laborers and corporations change
corporations realized strikes were too harmful and were much more generous to their workers
100
the "Postwar Contract"
the Postwar contract was an agreement between large labor unions and employers saying that in return for generous raises and benefits laborers would no longer raise other issues in the workplace.
101
AFL-CIO
the merging of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, they put aside their arguments and merged
102
What are two examples of unions that were involved in corruption
the teamsters union and the United Mine Workers
103
what did the Taft-Hartley Act and the "right-to-work" laws do
made it more difficult to form or sustain unions
104
were unorganized workers as successful as workers affiliated with unions in gaining benefits for themselves
not even close, they were not successful at all
105
what were the three most important medical developments during this era
antibiotics, penicillin, and immunization
106
Salk Vaccine
the vaccine for polio
107
DDT
a pesticide found to keep insects in control, only later found to be toxic to humans over the long run
108
what important technological things were invented
the television, the first computer
109
UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer
110
what was developed in the bomb industry
the H-bomb, which used fusion rather than fission and ICBMs
111
what effectively started the American journey into space
the success of sputnik
112
mercury project
designed to launch manned vehicles into space to orbit earth
113
gemini program
meant to carry two people at once
114
apollo program
purpose was the land men on the moon, eventually succeeding with Neil Armstrong being the first man to step foot on the moon
115
after landing on the moon how did the goal of NASA change
it changed from trying to reach distant planets to trying to make space travel easier

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