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WWI Flashcards

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1
Q

28th June 1914

A
  1. 28th June 1914: The assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, along with his wife
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2
Q

6th July 1914

A
  1. 6th July 1914: Hoyos, Zimmerman, Bethmann Hollweg, and Szögyény met and Germany gave its “blank cheque” commitment to Austria-Hungary of firm support.
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3
Q

23rd July 1914

A
  1. 23rd July 1914: At 6 p.m. of July 23, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Minister, at Belgrade presented to the Serbian Government a note containing the demands of the Dual Monarchy concerning the suppression of the Pan-Serbian movement and the punishment of Serbians alleged to have been concerned in the murder Franz Ferdinand.
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4
Q

24th July 1914

A
  1. 24th July 1914: Expecting a declaration against them, Serbia mobilized for war while Austria-Hungary broke off diplomatic relations.
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5
Q

25th July 1914

A
  1. 25th July 1914: Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilize its troops as they have not acknowledged all of their demands. This is because Serbia did not allow the participation of Austrian officials in Serbian sovereign territory. To arrest the culprits.
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6
Q

28th July 1914

A
  1. 28th July 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, beginning of WWI
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7
Q

29th July 1914

A
  1. 29th July 1914: Russia declares its support for Serbia.
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8
Q

1st August 1914

A
  1. 1st August 1914: Germany declares war on the Russians.
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9
Q

3rd August 1914

A
  1. 3rd August: Germany declares war on France, and invades neutral Belgium. Britain then sent an ultimatum, rejected by the Germans, to withdraw from Belgium.
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10
Q

4th August

A
  1. 4th August: Britain declares war upon Germany.
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11
Q

Where was WWI predominantly Fought?

A

The western front was the fighting line between Germany and France, and had the most loss of life, compared to the others. It was fought between Britain and its Dominion forces, Belgium, France, the USA, Portugal, Italy Vs Germany and Austria-Hungary. War on the western front was slow and bogged in a senseless series of attacks and counterattacks, each achieving little and losing many lives.

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12
Q

Easter Front

A

Eastern front. Russia, Vs Germany, Hungary, Otterman empire.

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13
Q

Battle of Somme

A

Battle of the Somme, (July 1–Nov. 13, 1916) Allied offensive in World War I. British and French forces launched a frontal attack against an entrenched German army north of the Somme River in France. A weeklong artillery bombardment was followed by a British infantry assault on the still-impregnable German positions. Nearly 60,000 British casualties (including 20,000 killed) occurred on the first day. The offensive gradually deteriorated into a battle of attrition, hampered by torrential rains in October that made the muddy battlefield impassable. By the time it was abandoned, the Allies had advanced only 5 mi (8 km). The staggering losses included 650,000 German casualties, 420,000 British, and 195,000 French. The battle became a metaphor for futile and indiscriminate slaughter.

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14
Q

Things That Change During Wars

A

Support war efforts.
Gain territory/Lose Territory
Loss of life
Alliances.

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15
Q

What Was WWI

A

WWI was the breaking point of the increasing tensions between the European great powers. It officially kicked off on 28th June 1914. This was when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

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16
Q

Why was WWI so significant?

A

Wars before WWI were small and between only 2-3 countries.

The first war in which aircraft were used.

New technologies like tanks, and machine guns.

Chemical warfare.

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17
Q

M.A.I.N

A

M: Militarism – Build-up of the military. It can be a psychological fear of other countries.
A: Alliances - Tripple Entente: British, French, Russian. Formed in 1907 Tripple Alliance: Germany, Austria Hungry, Italy 1882
I: Imperialism – Gaining borders and land, invading, expanding empire.
N: Nationalism – Sense of pride for your country.

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18
Q

How Did WWI Start?

A

World War I, also known as the Great War, erupted in 1914 due to a complex web of alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary served as a catalyst, triggering a chain reaction of declarations of war among European powers. Long-standing tensions and rivalries between nations, particularly among European powers such as Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Russia, and Britain, escalated into a global conflict that lasted until 1918, resulting in immense loss of life and profound geopolitical changes.

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19
Q

Australian Attitude to War

A

The Australian attitude towards war has evolved but has often been characterized by a sense of duty, sacrifice, and loyalty to allies. Historically, Australians have demonstrated a strong willingness to enlist and fight in wars alongside their allies, motivated by patriotism and a desire to defend their country’s interests. However, there has also been significant debate and dissent regarding specific conflicts, with some Australians questioning the rationale for involvement and advocating for peace. Overall, Australians have a complex relationship with war, acknowledging its necessity at times while also grappling with its human cost and ethical implications

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20
Q

Strained Relationships Before the War

A
  1. Germany and France
  2. Germany and Britain
  3. Austria-Hungary and Serbia
  4. Russia and Austria-Hungary
  5. Austria-Hungary and Italy
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21
Q

What is conscription?

A

Conscription, or compulsory military service, has been a contentious issue in many countries throughout history. When individuals are conscripted, they are legally required to serve in the armed forces, often against their will. This practice has been met with resistance and protests by those who oppose being forced to participate in war. Arguments against conscription include violations of personal freedom, ethical concerns about being compelled to engage in violence, and scepticism about the legitimacy of specific wars. Conversely, proponents of conscription argue that it is necessary for national defence and ensures a fair distribution of military service among citizens.

22
Q

How Did Australians View Enlisting?

A

Australians enlisting in WWI was seen as a brave honourable thing to do. They were seen as heroes, protecting Australia. For those who enlisted, it was seen as an opportunity to explore the world, defend their country, and have a chance at glory.

23
Q

Countries involved in WWI

A

The Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey
—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States.

24
Q

Nature of Trench Warfare

A

Dug by hand is very time-consuming. Trenches were muddy, stinky, and unsanitary which caused disease.
It could be close hand to hand, or far. Trenches were not designed in straight lines. Between trenches of opposite sides were called no man’s land. This was because no man wanted to go there. This was as if it was an open foreground. Many people lost lives in trenches as it was the main form of warfare during WW1. Trenches pose safety concerns as they are prone to collapsing in, killing many during wet conditions as they were often poorly designed and were dug in a rush.

25
Q

Trench Living conditions

A

Food: Rationing, scavenging and stealing to survive was common. This was due to harsh winters.

Washing: When you can, due to damp conditions. Washing would prevent disease.

Sleeping: Rotation watches when you could if you could. Could get jumped by the enemy.

Passing the time: Often there were days between fights. People often waited for the next conflict.

Away from duty: If you were lucky, you would be able to return and have a holiday, this made them feel refreshed and boosted morale.

26
Q

Negatives of Water In Trench Warfare

A

Negatives: Footrot was a massive problem due to trench warfare and wet conditions. Footrot is when the flesh decomposes and falls apart. It cuts off blood supply causing further damage. Cause Disease if contaminated. I needed to drink. They were not allowed to just, go to the hospital. Water was more of a problem than a benefit.

27
Q

Gallipoli Landing

A

The Allied forces landed on Gallipoli on the 25th of April 1915. This marked the start of the Gallipoli campaign. By the first day, 2000 of the 16000 troops had been killed or wounded. Many of the Allied forces were killed by artillery fire. There was constant fighting for the following week after the landing. Bodies on both sides piled up as a result of heroism and lethal mistakes.

28
Q

Soldier Adaptations

A
  1. Making homemade grenades out of jam tins and explosives, filling them with nails, etc.
  2. Learning to catch Turkish grenades and through them back.
  3. Mining underneath enemy trenches and blowing them up from below.
29
Q

Gallipoli Withdrawal

A

In December 1915, the ANZACs were ordered to withdraw. To hide the fact that they were withdrawing from the Turks, they rigged up rifles that would fire at random. They did this by attaching tins to the rifle’s trigger mechanisms and then filling the top tin up with water. Every drop or so, the rifle would fire. This tactic was called, “the ghost guns of Gallipoli.” Horse hooves were also wrapped in cloth to dampen the sound. The last of the Australian soldiers were evacuated at night during the 19-20 December 1915.

30
Q

Gallipoli Legacy + ANZAC spirit

A

Gallipoli’s legacy echoes the Anzac spirit. Commemorating sacrifice, resilience, and camaraderie. Gallipoli’s legacy is kept aflame through Australian remembrance services on Anzac and Remembrance days, and events.

31
Q

R.U.M.P.P

A

R: Reliability

YES, In what ways can I trust it?
NO, In what ways can’t I trust it?

U: Usefulness
YES, In what ways does it help improve my knowledge & understanding?
NO, In what ways doesn’t it help improve my knowledge & understanding?

M: Message
What information does it give me?
CONTEXT (how it fits in the big picture)

P: Purpose
Why was it produced?
MOTIVATION: TONE

P: Product
Who produced it?
When/where was it produced?
PRIMARY/SECONDARY: BIAS

32
Q

Alliances

A

Formal agreements between two or more nations. In National defence, there are promises that each nation will support the other, particularly in war. Alliances can be broken through betrayal. Countries can also gain power through them as they can function as one.

33
Q

Assassination

A

The murder by sudden or secret attack, often for political reasons.

34
Q

Attrition

A

Attrition is a war tactic in which both sides attempt to wear down their enemies to the point of defeat or collapse. This can be seen in WWI as it was not focused on strategic victories but on continual trench warfare where both sides attempted to gain small inroads in the land.

35
Q

Enlist

A

To willingly join your country’s armed forces.

36
Q

Futile

A

Is warfare that serves no purpose. There is a loss of life and resources on both sides and neither of the countries benefits. (meaningless war).

37
Q

Imperialism

A

The political strategy of gaining power by the expansion of the country’s territory or economic control over other areas.

38
Q

Militarism

A

The belief is that it is necessary to maintain a strong military and be prepared to use it aggressively, to defend or promote national interests.

39
Q

Nationalism

A

Nationalism is a feeling of pride for one’s country. Nationalism describes the idea that each distinct nationality is entitled to its government and homeland.

40
Q

No-Mans Land

A

Disputed ground between the front lines or trenches of two opposing armies. This belongs to nether armies.

41
Q

Stalemate

A

A situation in which neither side can make progress, or advantage over the other.

42
Q

Western Front

A

Western Front, a major theatre of World War I. The name refers to the western side of territory under the control of Germany, which was also fighting on its eastern flank for most of the conflict. The struggle between the Allied and Central armies at the Western Front largely determined the course of the war.

43
Q

Who Had the Biggest empire in 1914

A

The British Empire was the vastest, it covered more than 30 million square kilometres. The British Empire consisted of over 412 Million people, 23% of the world’s population.

44
Q

What finally lead to the Outbreak of WWI

A

World War 1 finally broke out after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by South Slav nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. In reaction, Australia declared war on Serbia, which sparked Serbia to call on their allies, the same as Austria, thus WWI.

45
Q

Two Alliances During WWI

A

The Triple Entente was made up of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia. The Triple Alliance was originally composed of Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy, but Italy remained neutral in 1914. As the war progressed, each coalition added new members.

46
Q

Why Did Australia Join WWI?

A

Australia did not necessarily join WWI, this was as it was a dominion of the British empire, therefor when Britain declared war against Germany, so did Australia along with all its other countries.

47
Q

How were Australians Trained Before Gallipoli?

A

Before being sent off to Gallipoli, Australian and New Zealand troops arrived in Egypt in December 1914. They set up Mena Camp near the Great Pyramids outside Cairo and began training in preparation for the Western Front and Gallipoli.

48
Q

What was life like for Australian soldiers at Gallipoli?

A

Living conditions in Gallipoli are described as; “Hanging on”, living amid filth, sickness, disease, and death, while under the constant threat of enemy fire, was an ordeal. Having left home seeking adventure and possible glory, Australian troops on Gallipoli found themselves dirty, thirsty, constantly digging and tunneling, and living in cramped dug-outs.

49
Q

What was the Most Successful part of the Gallipoli campaign?

A

The most successful operation of the Gallipoli campaign was the evacuation of troops on December 19-20 under the cover of a comprehensive deception operation. As a result, all troops were evacuated, and the Turks only managed to inflict very few casualties.

50
Q

What was life like for soldiers on the western front?

A

On the Western Front German, British, French and later American soldiers were confronted with the worst kind of industrial slaughter, living in trenches dug into the ground and occasionally running across a No Man’s Land filled with machine-gun fire, artillery explosions and mustard gas attacks.

51
Q

When did WWI start and end?

A

28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918

WWI (1 decks)

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