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WWI Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the causes of WWI?

A

Nationalism, geopolitical rivalries, the arms race, war plans, the alliance system, imperialism and the assassination in Sarajevo.

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2
Q

How many volunteers signed up to join the war in the first few days?

A

40,000. (Australia had only promised Britain 20,000).

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3
Q

What was the name of the Australian army sent to fight in the war?

A

The AIF (Australian Imperial Force).

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4
Q

Why did Australians enlist to fight in WWI?

A

Sense of adventure, to avoid the disapproval of peers and young women, higher wages, duty/nationalism.

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5
Q

How many aboriginals fought in WWI?

A

400.

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6
Q

Why did so few Aboriginal people fight?

A

They were not officially allowed to. They did not feel the same degree of national identity as white Australians.

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7
Q

Who opposed the war and why?

A

Quakers - didn’t believe violence could solve problems. Pacifists - didn’t believe violence could solve problems. Unionists - thought that the war would hurt low and middle income blue-collar workers.

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8
Q

Who were the Quakers?

A

Quakers were members of the society of friends, a protestant denomination of Christianity. They believed everyone had the ‘light of God in them’ and so were against taking life.

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9
Q

Outline the role of Women on the war front.

A

Australia sent 3000 women to fight. These women served in the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS). The women worked very long hours and 23 died as a result of wounds and disease. They did not see the front lines.

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10
Q

When was the war of movement?

A

August 1914 (when the war began) - December 1914.

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11
Q

What happened in the war of movement?

A

Both sides (Germans and British/French) tried to outflank each other moving towards the sea.

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12
Q

Why did the war of movement end?

A

Once both sides reached the sea, neither could outmanoeuvre the other. Therefore, both sides setup powerful defensive formations (trenches) which led to a stalemate on the western front.

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13
Q

Provide characteristics of life in the trenches.

A
  1. Zigzaged. 2. Machine guns. 3. Disease (spanish flu, gangrene, trench foot). 4. Chemical weapons (so soldiers had to wear/carry gas masks). 5. Barbed wire. 6. Climate (hot summers and cold winters + lots of rain).
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14
Q

How many allied deaths were there by Christmas 1914?

A

1 million.

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15
Q

Who joined the axis powers in early 1915?

A

Turkey (the ottoman empire)

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16
Q

Why was Turkey joining the conflict significant?

A

Cut off Russian supplied (Russia was threatening the surrender). Gave more power to Germany/Austria Hungary.

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17
Q

How did the British plan to break the stalemate in 1915?

A

Sail their warships through the Dardanelles strait and attack Constantinople (Istanbul). The aim was to break Turkey and then go on to attack Austria Hungary from a new front.

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18
Q

Why did the British plan to break the stalemate in 1915 fail?

A

Dardanelles strait = very narrow. Therefore the Turks setup lots of artillery on either side of the strait and bombarded the British and French warships. Also seamines.

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19
Q

What date were the ANZAC landings?

A

25 April 1915.

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20
Q

How far did the ANZACs advance on the first day of the Gallipoli campaign and at what cost?

A

900m for 2000 casualties. They did not meet their first day objectives.

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21
Q

Initial issues with the Gallipoli campaign

A
  1. Failed naval bombardment. 2. Turks prepared (trenches, mines etc.). 3. Allies underestimated the Turks. `
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22
Q

Living conditions in the Gallipoli campaign

A

Horrible climate. Very poor hygiene. Disease –> dysentry, diarrhoea. 20% of all soldiers sick at some points on the campaign.

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23
Q

What was the general casualty rate of the Gallipoli campaign and how many casualties were there.

A

23%. 26,000.

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24
Q

What was the aim of lone pine and Nek?

A

Distract the Turks from a secondary gallipoli invasion.

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25
Q

What happened in the battle of lone pine?

A

Costly for both sides. 2,300 ANZAC casualties. 6,000 Turkish casualties. Lone pine successfully captured.

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26
Q

What happened in the battle of the Nek?

A

Total catastrophe. 4 waves of ANZAC troops. 372 casualties in 45 minutes.

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27
Q

How did Gallipoli campaign come to a close?

A

Sir Ian Hamilton was dismissed from command. Sir Charles Munro was chosen to replace him. Munro suggested an evacuation rather than continuing to attack (he predicted a 30%-40% casulty rate if the attack continued).

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28
Q

When was the Somme

A

July-November 1916

29
Q

How many Australian soldiers died in the battle of the Somme?

A

32,000

30
Q

How many soldiers took part in the battle of the Somme?

A

1.2 million.

31
Q

What was the aim of the Somme?

A

Cut the Germans off from behind.

32
Q

Why did the Somme fail?

A

Germans knew in advance. Artillery failed to destroy barbed wire. Soldiers were told to walk across no man’s land (instead of run).

33
Q

When was the battle of Fromelles?

A

July 1916. Started after the Somme.

34
Q

What was the aim of the battle of Fromelles?

A

Divert German attention away from the South.

35
Q

What was the outcome of the battle of Fromelles?

A

5533 Australian casualties in 24 hours (very bad). Failed.

36
Q

When was the battle of Poziers?

A

July 1916. After Fromelles.

37
Q

What happened in the battle of Poziers?

A

AU + allied troops captured Poziers (easily) but then had to defend against a German counterattack for 7 weeks (including an artillery bombardment).

38
Q

When was the battle of Passchendaele?

A

Mid-Late 1917.

39
Q

What happened during the Battle of Passchendaele?

A

Aim: attack German U boat ports. Course: Germans held the high ground and resisted the allied attack. 300,000 allied casualties of which 38,000 were Australian. Also called the 3rd battle of Ypres.

40
Q

What weaponry was used in WWI?

A

Artillery. Grenades. Machine guns. Chemical warfare. Rifles.

41
Q

When did the US declare war on Germany?

A

April 1917.

42
Q

When did Russia surrender?

A

Early 1918.

43
Q

What (and when) was the Spring Offensive?

A

Huge German offensive in early-mid 1918 after transferring Eastern Front troops to the Western Front.

44
Q

When was the battle of Hamel?

A

July 1918.

45
Q

What (and when) were the 100 days?

A

Huge allied offensive utilising new American troops. August 1918. Successfully broke the German Army including the Hindenburg line (powerful/deep German trench system).

46
Q

What happened during the battle of Hamel?

A

Allies captured target (a town) in 93 minutes. Highly successful coordination of military technologies and tactics.

47
Q

What did the Australian branch of the British red cross society do?

A

Produced clothing for the AIF and sent food parcels. They had links to the social elites.

48
Q

What does the ACF stand for?

A

Australian comforts fund.

49
Q

What did the ACF do?

A

Provided ‘luxuries’ e.g. cakes, cigarettes, gum. They also provided dry socks to prevent against trench foot. 1.35m socks made in total. It took 10 hours to make 1 pair of socks.

50
Q

What does the AWSC stand for?

A

Australian Womens Service Corps.

51
Q

What did the AWSC do?

A

Completed non combant roles on the frontline to enable more men to fight. They would: cook, drive and work as hospital orderlies. They were given basic military training.

52
Q

Women in the workforce

A

24% 1914 to 37% 1918. In general, they worked in traditionally female roles, they were discouraged from taking male jobs. Some women however, did complete traditionally male jobs. Women were paid half of a mans wage (Rural Workers 1912).

53
Q

Why was there a conscription referendum in late 1916?

A

Enlistment numbers had dropped off sharply.

54
Q

What was the outcome of the October 1916 referendum on conscription?

A

No. 3.2% margin.

55
Q

What was the outcome of the December 1917 plebiscite?

A

A much larger margin of defeat.

56
Q

Why did people vote yes?

A
  1. Loyalty to Britain. 2. Germany seen as evil (the hun). 3. Support volunteers. 4. Share the burden.
57
Q

Why did people vote no?

A
  1. The war itself was immoral. 2. The act of conscription was unjust. 3. Self interest.
58
Q

How many men volunteered to serve in WWI (in Australia)

A

417,000 approx. (9%)

59
Q

How many men were KIA

A

62,000

60
Q

What percentage of Australians were wounded or died in WWI

A

5%

61
Q

How many Australians died because of the Spanish flu?

A

11,500

62
Q

Issues concerning returned soldiers

A
  1. Repatriation took a long time (some men only got home in 1920). 2. Society had changed while men were at war. 3. Alcoholism + domestic violence. 4. PTSD
63
Q

What was the RSSILA and what did it do?

A

The returned soldiers and sailers imperial league of Australia. Supported soldiers but also had an ulterior motive to turn them into a conservative voting bloc.

64
Q

How many soldiers signed up for the RSSILA in 1924?

A

9%

65
Q

What assistance did the Australian government provide to returned soldiers?

A
  1. Free healthcare. 2. Job assistance (advice + training). 3. Pensions to disabled soldiers and widows. 4. Soldier Settler Schemes (not successful because soldiers are not farmers).
66
Q

What was the impact of the war on civilians and the economy?

A
  1. Income tax. 2. Divorce rates increased. 3. Huge costs of war/pensions for the government (148m pounds on pensions for the 20 years following the war). 4. Social divisions (Catholics and Protestants).
67
Q

How does Australia commemorate WWI?

A
  1. ANZAC day (25 April). 2. Remembrance day (11 Novemeber). 3. War memorial. 4. War Graves. 5. Gallipoli vists + joint memorial. 6. Villers-Bretonneux visits.
68
Q

Genesis of the ANZAC legend.

A

British War Correspond - newspaper article written about ANZAC determination and courage. 3 times enlistment after the article.

69
Q

Contest-ability toward Anzac legend

A

Neglects awful death toll, strategic loss, experience was not unique, more important components

History (4 decks)

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