WW1

Question 1

Winston Churchill -

Answer 1

British takes over PM of England during the war Churchill was serving as First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1915 he helped orchestrate the disastrous Dardanelles naval campaign and was also involved in the planning of the military landings on Gallipoli, both of which saw large losses.

Question 2

David Lloyd George -

Answer 2

Start of war PM of England

Question 3

Woodrow Wilson -

Answer 3

President at the start of WW1

Question 4

John J. Pershing -

Answer 4

“Black Jack” because served with a black regiment early in his career, led the AEF (American Expeditionary Forces) during WW1 for America

Question 5

Von Moltke -

Answer 5

leader of German army WW1

Question 6

Erich Von Falkenhayn-

Answer 6

who replaced Moltke, continued Germany’s aggressive campaign, knew that Germany would lose the war after the Schlieffen plan failed

Question 7

Georges Clemenceau-

Answer 7

former minister of war of France

Question 8

Ferdinand Foch-

Answer 8

French general and served as the Allied supreme commander

Question 9

Battle of Bolimov

Answer 9

Fought in Bolimov and it is where Germany used gas for the first time tear gas on Russia wanted to draw Russian troops away from east Prussia - failed because it was too cold.

Question 10

Carpathian offensive-

Answer 10

Fought in the Carpathian mountains and ended up taking a lot of resources to maintain and Germany had to take resources from other battles

Question 11

Paul von Hindenburg

Answer 11

Led the Imperial German Army during World War I after Falkenhayn

Question 12

Schlieffen Plan
What was it? What role did the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Marne play in the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan?

Answer 12

The German plan to attack France (take over Paris in 6 weeks) and then Russia. Which would have secured swift victories and tried to avoid a 2-prong war but instead it put a serious strain on the soldiers on the side of the Central powers. These 2 battles marked the end of mobile warfare on the western front. German defeat on the Marne in the West marked the beginning of trench warfare. The Battle of Tannenberg was won by the Germans and Russian general Alexander Samsonov committed suicide. These battles showed the Germans that the war would last longer than expected and the Schlieffen plan was scrapped.

Question 13

Race to the Sea

Answer 13

French forces and German forces were racing westward toward the sea. the German army was trying to get around French trenches, and the French army was trying to prevent the Germans from getting through the trenches.
marked by a series of attempts to outflank each other

Question 14

Trench Warfare
Strategy and combat techniques
What technology led to the emergence of trench warfare?

Answer 14

The invention of the machine gun, as well as the increase in accuracy and fire rate of guns, additionally, 75-millimeter guns, howitzers, and trench mortars, were used to destroy trenches so soldiers had nowhere to hide
made in a zigzag

Question 15

Why did trench warfare result in a stalemate?

Answer 15

In trench warfare you were incentivized to defend, waiting until the enemy attacked, as you could inflict many more casualties on an attacking army than they could on you

Question 16

The physical experience of war [i.e., What was it like to live, eat, dream, and die in a trench?]

Answer 16

Incredibly bad living conditions, the spread of plagues, rats.

Question 17

The psychological experience of war

Answer 17

The space in front of the trenches is filled with dead bodies.

Question 18

Total War
What is Total War?

Answer 18

How, when motivated by an ideology (nationalism in WW1), countries can commit much worse tragedies and accept much worse casualty levels than would normally be accepted. This can allow for the use of war crimes like the use of poison gas and unrestricted sub-warfare dictated by Kaiser Wilhelm.

Question 19

How was total war part of a military strategy?

Answer 19

The lack of restrictions on war allowed militaries to do whatever it took to ensure a victory, including creating unnecessary civilian casualties.

Question 20

What was the effect of total war on civilians? How were they brought in as both perpetrators and victims?
Does genocide emerge due to Total War?

Answer 20

Yes. The Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire emerges due to Total War

Question 21

What is propaganda? Who employed it and for what reason?

Answer 21

Propaganda is the use of the press to influence civilians on behalf of a government. Propaganda in WW1 was used to paint Germany as the bad guy of the war, as well as influence people to enlist in the military

Question 22

How were gender roles exploited, altered, or maintained?

Answer 22

many man had to go to war and the women had to take over their jobs

Question 23

Stalemate Becomes Slaughter: The Battle of Verdun & The Battle of the Somme
Describe the participants and winners and losers of these battles.
The Creeping Barrage

Answer 23

A line of shellfire just in front of canadian troops and kept it moving forward like a shield across the battlefield so soldiers couldn’t move behind it.
Verdun- French countered a major German offensive, one of the first times the French had pushed back the germans, represented a turning point in the war
Somme- won by the Allies, after the British got a lot more firepower, this is the first time in which tanks were used.

Battle of Verdun - the Germans attacking the french
of every 5 men 2 had been dead 2 injured
Germans used 96 flamethrowers

Question 24

How did these two battles signal the growing pointlessness of WWI?
What is a war of attrition? How was it part of the Total War strategy? How different from 19th century wars?

Answer 24

A traditional war is won by laying siege to a location and gradually gaining territory.
A war of attrition is a war in which you win only by killing more of the enemy than they can kill you, continuing until the other side doesn’t have enough man-power to keep up the defense. This is an especially brutal type of war that creates immense loss of life compared to 19th century warfare which was won as soon as the other side foresaw their defeat.

Many wars in WW1 became wars of attrition because…

Question 25

Russia Exits the War
Why do they leave? Consequences?

Answer 25

(You will not be tested on the Russian Revolution, but need to know that it is Lenin and his government that sign the .)
lost major territorial holdings
left because of the bolsheviks and scarce food/resources

Question 26

The U.S. Entrance to the War
What German practice(s) led to American entrance into the war?

Answer 26

The German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, which was allowed by Kaiser Wilhelm, led Uboats to sink a British ship (Lusitania) full of civilians unprovoked. this swung US opinion in favor of joining WW1 which would culminate in them joining two years later. This coupled with the Zimmermann telegram contributed to them joining as the US people turned against Germany at this point.

Question 27

Zimmerman Telegram How / why did the U.S. entry serve as a turning point in the conflict?

Answer 27

A coded message sent to mexico by germany propsing that they form an alliance against the U.S, it was than intercepted by the British and sent over to the U.S

Question 28

How did WWI end?
Role of the U.S.? Germany? What was the Weimar Republic?

Answer 28

The US joining of the war dramatically pushed the war in France and Britain’s favor as they had been fighting the war for years and were exhausted unlike the US.
As Germany surrendered the war, they were forced to take the blame for the war, and influenced by the US, the treaty ruled that German would become a democracy called the Weimar republic…

Question 29

Treaty of Versailles
What was it? Who negotiated it?

Answer 29

negotiated by Britain. Italy, France and the U.S

Question 30

What were the interests of France, Great Britain and the U.S.?

Answer 30

U.S wanted their loans to be repaid
France and British wanted reparations from Germany expand their colonial empires in Africa

Question 31

Wilson’s and Clemenceau’s points of view

Answer 31

Wilson wanted those in power to be punished, not the people
Clemenceau liked the treaty because of how harsh it was to Germany

Question 32

What were the main terms and conditions imposed on Germany by the Treaty?

Answer 32

smaller army, less technology, and has to pay for the war debt, also has to acknowledge that they were responsible for the war

Question 33

Know Article 231

Answer 33

Germany had to accept that they were responsible for the war
Germany’s responsibility for all loss and damage suffered as a consequence of the war—a moral responsibility

Question 34

What was the goal of the treaty? How might it have been an attempt to resolve the purposelessness coming out of the war?

Answer 34

To reprimand Germany and to make them weak

Question 35

What was the Weimar Republic?

Answer 35

The Weimar Republic was the established country after Germany fell in WW1.

Question 36

How does the treaty connect with issues of “war memory?”

Answer 36

The Treaty of Versailles is linked to war memory as its harsh terms, especially the war guilt clause and reparations, created a sense of injustice in Germany. This negative perception influenced the nation’s memory of World War I, contributing to economic hardships and, arguably, the rise of extremism leading to World War II. The treaty’s legacy serves as a lesson in the consequences of punitive measures in peace settlements.

Question 37

Evaluate the treaty’s degree of success

Answer 37

limited success

Question 38

How were attitudes toward technology affected?

Answer 38

Technology was seen as a more deadly weapon than before and was all around feared by all people
3-Minute

Question 39

Shift in European Thought After WWI: Age of Anxiety
How was the war remembered?

Answer 39

The poppy is the enduring symbol of remembrance of the First World War.

Question 40

Who was considered the Sick Man of Europe?

Answer 40

Ottoman Empire

Question 41

Armenian Genocide

Answer 41

The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Question 42

Franz Ferdinand

Answer 42

killed before war sparked the war on June 28, 1914, Austrian Archduke: Franz Ferdiand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip who was a Bosnian-Serb, which started much conflict.

Question 43

Alfred Von Schlieffen

Answer 43

German Army Cheif and staff 1891-1905 wanted to attack France first less daunting.

Question 44

What would Britain do if Belgium was attacked?

Answer 44

Britain would go to war

Question 45

Kaiser Wilhelm II,

Answer 45

Emperor of Germany

Question 46

Conrad Von Hotzendorf

Answer 46

Army Chief of Staff- Austrian

Question 47

Enver Pasha

Answer 47

Ottoman Minister of War

Question 48

Suez Canal

Question 49

Friedrich KreB Von Kressenstien

Answer 49

Commander of first Turkish expeditioncorps lead the Turkish to attack the British on the Suez Canal

Question 50

Battle of Nueve Chapelle

Answer 50

Was significant because it was the first planned offensive strike upon a German trench system on the Western Front conducted independently by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) during the First World War.

Question 51

Battle of Ypres

Answer 51

The Battle of Ypres was a series of engagements during the First World War, near the Belgian city of Ypres, between the German and the Allied armies

Question 52

Alexander the 2nd

Answer 52

The most important reform during his rule was the emancipation of the serfs, which had been halting the country’s economic development for decades. For this he is known as Alexander the Liberator.