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WSET Level 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Food is sweet, wine is…

A

more drying and bitter, more acidic, less sweet and fruity

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2
Q

Food has umami, wine is…

A

more drying and bitter, more acidic, less sweet and fruity

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3
Q

Food is salty, wine is…

A

less drying ad bitter, less acidic, more fruity, more body

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4
Q

Food is acidic, wine is…

A

less drying and bitter, less acidic, more sweet and fruity

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5
Q

Grape skin contains…

A

colour, tannins, flavours

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6
Q

Grape seeds and stems contain…

A

tannins and bitter oils (seeds)

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7
Q

Grape pulp contains

A

Water, sugar, acids, flavours

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8
Q

A vine needs…

A

Sunlight, carbon dioxide, warmth, nutrients, and water

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9
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sunlight –> Sugar (which is necessary to make alcohol)

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10
Q

What is the correct order of grape formation and ripening?

A

Flowering, Fruit set, Veraison, Ripe grapes

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11
Q

What is veraison?

A

When grapes begin to swell and start to change colour (flavours start to develop). End of summer months

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12
Q

What is a cool climate environment?

A

16.5 C

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13
Q

What is a moderate environment?

A

16.5 to 18.5 C

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14
Q

What is a warm environment?

A

18.5 - 21 C

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15
Q

What is characteristic of a cooler climate wine?

A

Higher levels of acidity, lighter body, less tannin, less alcohol

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16
Q

What is characteristic of a warmer climate wine?

A

More alcohol, fuller body, more tannin, less acidity

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17
Q

How might a river help vine growth in cooler climates?

A

Reflection of water bounces sunlight onto vines, helps with frosting, collects warmth in summer, slows down drop in temperature, keeps vines warmer overnight

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18
Q

What aspect is best in cooler climate vineyards?

A

South/ South East to take advantage of morning sun

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19
Q

How does cloud cover moderate temperatures in warmer climates?

A

Slows down ripening process (which helps to increase complexity of wine)

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20
Q

What do mountains do to moderate temperatures?

A

Higher altitudes have cooler temps, can provide protection from wind/rain, and provide cooling mountain air

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21
Q

Why might rocky soil be useful in cooler climates?

A

Rocks retain heat and work as radiators overnight in cooler temperatures. In rainy areas, they also moderate the amount of water that reaches root

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22
Q

What will happen to flavours in wine during a particularly hot year?

A

Flavours will be riper and contain more sugar

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23
Q

What happens if there is excessive rainfall at harvest time?

A

Grapes will swell and dilute flavours

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24
Q

What might happen in a drought?

A

Vine could shut down and stop ripening process

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25
Q

How might hail destroy grape crops?

A

Hail can split grape skins and even break vines

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26
Q

What are the risks of heavy frosts?

A

Extreme drops temperature during winter months can damage vine. In spring, shoots/ leaves are very vulnerable and can die, risking a loss of crop

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27
Q

When does training and pruning take place?

A

Winter

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28
Q

What is a GI (geographical indication) outside of the EU?

A

They may be very generic, describing where the grapes are from

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29
Q

What is a GI in the EU (protected designation of origin / PDO)?

A

Adheres to more rules, typically describes a smaller area and can be very specific (rules may be regarding varieties, locations, yields, etc.)

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30
Q

What is a PGI?

A

Protected Geographical Indication - a fairly large area without too many rules or regulations

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31
Q

What climate does Pinot Noir need to grow successfully?

A

Cool or Moderate

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32
Q

What are typical characteristics of a Pinot Noir?

A

Thin skin, high acid, low to medium tannin, red fruit (strawberry, raspberry, red cherry)

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33
Q

Very good or outstanding examples of Pinot Noir can produce what tertiary flavours?

A

mushroom, forest floor

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34
Q

What red wine is made in Burgundy?

A

Pinot Noir

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35
Q

What is indicative of a village wine?

A

Vineyards are typically better situated, on slopes with favourable aspects and well drained soils

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36
Q

What is a Premier Cru?

A

Certain vineyards within a village appellation are allowed to use Premier Cru alongside the name of the village

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37
Q

What is a Grand Cru?

A

Granted to a handful of the best vineyards. Generally small, well situated plots of land that regularly produce grapes of outstanding quality.

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38
Q

Where in is Pinot Noir grown in the USA?

A

California (small areas with moderating influences - Carneros, Sonoma, Santa Barbara County), and Oregon

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39
Q

Where is Pinot Noir grown in Chile?

A

Casablanca Valley (at the coast)

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40
Q

Where is Pinot Noir grown in South Africa?

A

Walker Bay (Western Cape), riper fruit character from sunlight

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41
Q

Where is Pinot Noir grown in Australia?

A

Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula (moderating influence from southern ocean)

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42
Q

Where is Pinot Noir grown in New Zealand?

A

Martinborough, Marlborough, Central Otago

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43
Q

What is the winemaking process for red wine?

A

Crushing, Alcoholic Fermentation, Pressing, Storage or Maturation, Packaging

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44
Q

What is necessary for alcoholic fermentation?

A

Sugar and yeast –> Alcohol, Carbon dioxide (heat, flavour)

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45
Q

What are the benefits of inert winery vessels? (Stainless steel, concrete)

A

Clean, easily temperature controlled, can be used for fermentation and storage

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46
Q

What are the features of oak vessels?

A

Not fully airtight, softens tannin, adds body, develops tertiary flavours

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47
Q

Why might wine blending be used?

A

Can compensate for localised weather, can create consistency (branding, if wine needs to taste same every time it goes out), and create complexity

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48
Q

What does a wine need to age well?

A

Flavour concentration, flavours that can develop in a positive way, high acid, tannin or sugar

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49
Q

What are the features of a Zinfandel/ Primitivo?

A

Ripens unevenly, high sugar levels, medium to high acidity, medium to high tannin

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50
Q

What climate is ideal for Zinfandel or Primitivo?

A

Warm climates

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51
Q

Very good or outstanding examples of Zinfandel can age, creating flavours of…

A

meat, earth

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52
Q

Where is Zinfandel grown?

A

California

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53
Q

Where is Primitivo grown?

A

Puglia, Italy

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54
Q

What happens when grapes undergo extra ripening in white wines?

A

Grapes begin to lose water, concentrating sugar, acid and flavour. Aromas are typically of tropical fruit, dried fruit, ripe fruit, etc.

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55
Q

What are the necessary conditions for Botrytis/ Noble rot?

A

Ripe grapes, damp misty mornings, with warm and dry afternoons

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56
Q

How is Eiswein produced?

A

Grapes are allowed to freeze on vine. Most water in grape freezes, allowing you to collect highly concentrated juice/ must

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57
Q

What is the process of white winemaking?

A

Crushing, pressing, alcoholic fermentation, storage/ maturation, packaging

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58
Q

What does malolactic conversion do?

A

Lowers acidity, creates secondary flavours of butter, cream

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59
Q

What does interaction with lees do?

A

Gives more body, creates secondary flavours of bread, pastry

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60
Q

What methods can be used for creating a sweet wine?

A

Concentrating grape sugars, stopping fermentation process, killing yeast, adding sweetness

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61
Q

What is the process for making rose wine?

A

Crushing (black grapes), alcoholic fermentation, draining, storage, packaging

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62
Q

What are the characteristics of Riesling?

A

High acidity, susceptible to botrytis, aromatic, fruit flavours vary according to ripeness

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63
Q

What climate is needed for the production of Riesling?

A

Cool (Germany/ Alsace) to Moderate (Australia)

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64
Q

What flavours are in a just-ripe Riesling?

A

Green fruit (apple, pear) and citrus (lemon, lime)

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65
Q

What flavours can be found in an extra-ripe Riesling?

A

Stone fruit (peach, apricot), tropical fruit (mango, pineapple), and sometimes dried fruit

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66
Q

What German regions produce Riesling?

A

Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz

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67
Q

What AOC (France) produces Riesling?

A

Alsace

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68
Q

What are the six Pradikat categories?

A

Kabinett, Spatlese, Auslese, Eiswein, Beerenauslese, and Trockenbeerenauslese

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69
Q

What does Trocken indicate?

A

Dry, German

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70
Q

What is a Landwein?

A

PGI in Germany

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71
Q

What PDO labelling terms exist in Germany?

A

Qualitatswein; Pradikatswein

72
Q

Where is Riesling grown in Australia?

A

Clare Valley, Eden Valley

73
Q

What are the characteristics of Chenin Blanc?

A

Versatile, high acidity, susceptible to botrytis, oaked or unoaked, dry to sweet

74
Q

Where is Chenin Blanc grown?

A

Vouvray AOC (Loire Valley), South Africa

75
Q

What climate can Chenin Blanc be grown in?

A

Cool, Moderate, Warm

76
Q

What are the features of a Semillon?

A

Medium to high acidity, susceptible to botrytis, many harvest options, dry to sweet, light to full, unoaked or oaked, can be blended with Sauvignon Blanc

77
Q

What climate is necessary for Semillon?

A

Moderate (Bordeaux) to Warm (Australia)

78
Q

What sweet wine is produced from Semillon sweetened by botrytis?

A

Sauternes

79
Q

Where is Semillon produced in Australia?

A

Hunter Valley, Barossa Valley

80
Q

What wine is produced from Furmint grapes?

A

Tokaji Aszu, Hungary

81
Q

What are the features of Chardonnay?

A

Versatile (cool, moderate, warm), medium to high acidity, dry, light to full bodied, range of techniques, used to make sparkling wines

82
Q

What winemaking options are available for Chardonnay?

A

Malolactic conversion, lees contact, oak

83
Q

What climate is Chardonnay grown in?

A

Cool, moderate, and warm

84
Q

What regions grow Chardonnay in France?

A

Chablis and Burgundy (Cote d’Or, Pouilly Fuisse)

85
Q

What climate suits Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Cool to moderate

86
Q

What are the features of Sauvignon Blanc?

A

High acid, aromatic, herbaceous, floral, green, citrus, and tropical fruit

87
Q

What region of France features Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Bordeaux (Graves; Pessac-Leognan) and Loire Valley (Sancere; Pouilly-Fume); Touraine (generic)

88
Q

Where is Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc grown in the United States?

A

Oregon; Los Carneros; Sonoma; Napa (Rutherford)

89
Q

Where is Chardonnay/ Sauvignon Blanc grown in Chili?

A

Casablanca Valley; Central Valley

90
Q

Where is Chardonnay/ Sauvignon Blanc grown in South Africa?

A

Western Cape (coastline)

91
Q

Where is Chardonnay/ Sauvignon Blanc grown in Australia?

A

Adelaide Hills; Yarra Valley

92
Q

Where is Sauvignon Blanc grown in New Zealand?

A

Marlborough; Hawke’s Bay

93
Q

What climate does Pinot Grigio/ Gris benefit from?

A

Cool to moderate

94
Q

What are the features of Pinot Grigio?

A

Dry, high acid, light-bodied, simple

95
Q

What are the features of Pinot Gris?

A

Dry, off-dry, medium; medium acidity; full-bodied; complex

96
Q

What are the features of a Gewurztraminer?

A

Low to medium acidity, aromatic, floral, stone fruit, tropical fruit

97
Q

What climate is ideal for growing Gewurztraminer?

A

Cool to Moderate

98
Q

What does Vendanges Tardives mean?

A

Late Harvest (only for Pinot Gris in Alsace)

99
Q

What climate favours Viognier?

A

Moderate

100
Q

What are the features of viognier?f

A

Low to medium acid, high alcohol, aromatic, floral, stone fruit

101
Q

What area in France grows Viognier?

A

Northern Rhone (Condrieu)

102
Q

What kind of climate does Albarino favour?

A

Moderate

103
Q

What are the features of Albarino?

A

High acid, citrus fruit, stone fruit, thick skinned

104
Q

Where is Albarino grown?

A

Galicia, Spain Rias Baixas)

105
Q

In what climate is Merlot grown?

A

Moderate to warm

106
Q

What are the features of a Merlot?

A

Medium acid, medium tannin, fruit character varies according to ripeness, blends well with Cab Sauv.

107
Q

Where is Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grown in France?

A

Left Bank of Bordeaux

108
Q

What are the features of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Thick skin!! High acid, high tannin, black fruit, herbaceous. Intense wine!

109
Q

Why are Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon often blended together?

A

To lower tannin/ acidity levels, to make wines ready to drink earlier, to add red-fruit flavours

110
Q

Where is Pauillac and what wine is grown?

A

Left Bank, Bordeaux. Cabernet Sauvignon

111
Q

Where is Saint-Emilion and what wine is made?

A

Right bank, mainly Merlot

112
Q

What does Cru Bourgeois indicate?

A

Top quality left bank wine

113
Q

Where is Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grown in USA?

A

Rutherford & Oakville, Napa Valley

114
Q

Where is Merlot/ Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Chile?

A

Maipo Valley, Colchagua Valley

115
Q

Where is Cabernet and Merlot grown in South Africa?

A

Stellenbosch

116
Q

Where is Cabernet grown in Australia?

A

Margaret River & Coonawara

117
Q

Where is Cabernet grown in New Zealand?

A

Hawke’s Bay

118
Q

What are the features of Shiraz/ Syrah?

A

thick skinned, medium to high tannin, medium to high acidity, black fruit, spice, oak maturation

119
Q

In what climate is Syrah/ Shiraz grown?

A

Moderate to warm

120
Q

Where is Syrah grown in France?

A

Northern Rhone (Cote Rotie, Hermitage, Crozes Hermitage)

121
Q

Where is Shiraz grown in Australia?

A

Barossa & Hunter Valley

122
Q

What are the features of Gamay?

A

High acid, low to medium tannin, red fruit, unoaked, light bodied

123
Q

In what climate is Gamay grown?

A

Moderate

124
Q

Where is Gamay grown?

A

Beaujolais

125
Q

What kind of wine is Fleurie?

A

Beaujolais Cru (from Gamay grapes)

126
Q

What are the features of Grenache/ Garnacha

A

thin skin, low to medium tannin, low acid, high sugar, red fruit

127
Q

What is the climate for Grenache/ Garnacha?

A

Warm

128
Q

Where is Grenache grown in France?

A

Southern Rhone (Chateauneuf du-Pape & Cotes du Rhone)

129
Q

Where is Garnacha grown in Spain?

A

Rioja, Navarra, Priorat

130
Q

Where is Grenache grown in Australia?

A

Barossa Valley & McLaren Vale

131
Q

What are the features of Tempranillo?

A

medium acid, medium tannin, red fruit, black fruit

132
Q

What climate is necessary for Tempranillo?

A

Moderate to warm

133
Q

Where is Tempranillo grown?

A

Spain (Catalunya, Rioja, Ribera Del Duero)

134
Q

What labelling terms exist in Spain?

A

Joven, Crianza, Reserva, Gran Reserva

135
Q

What are the features of Carmenere?

A

Medium to high acid, high tannin, herbaceous, herbal, black fruit

136
Q

What is the climate for Carmenere?

A

Warm

137
Q

What are the features of Malbec?

A

high tannin, black fruit, pepper/spice, oak, full body

138
Q

What climate is necessary for Malbec?

A

Warm

139
Q

What region is Malbec grown in?

A

Mendoza, Argentina

140
Q

What are the features of Pinotage?

A

Made specifically for Australia, high acid, medium tannin, red fruit, strong oak flavours

141
Q

What is Pinotage blend often called?

A

Cape Blend

142
Q

What are the features of Cortese?

A

High acid, floral, green fruit, citrus, dry, light body, unoaked

143
Q

Where is Cortese typically grown?

A

Northern Italy (Piemonte, Gavi)

144
Q

What are the features of Garganega?

A

High acid, green fruit, citrus, stone fruit, medium bodied, unoaked

145
Q

Where is Garganega grown?

A

Northern Italy (Soave)

146
Q

What are the features of Verdicchio?

A

High acid, green fruit, citrus fruit, herbal, unoaked

147
Q

Where is Verdicchio typically grown?

A

Marche (Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi)

148
Q

What are the features of Fiano?

A

Medium acid, stone fruit, tropical fruit, dry

149
Q

Where is Fiano typically grown?

A

Campania (Fiano di Avellino)

150
Q

What are the features of Nebbiolo?

A

High acid, high tannin, red fruit, floral, herbaceous, oak

151
Q

Where is Nebbiolo grown?

A

Northern Italy (Barolo, Barbaresco, Piemonte)

152
Q

What are the features of Barbera?

A

High acid, low to medium tannin, red fruit, spice

153
Q

Where is Barbera grown?

A

Northern Italy (Barbera d’Asti)

154
Q

What are the features of Corvina?

A

High acid, low to medium tannin, red fruit, Appasimento

155
Q

Where is Corvina grown?

A

Northern Italy, Veneto (Valpolicella, Valpolicella Classico, Amarone della Valpolicella, Recioto della Valpolicella)

156
Q

What does Appasimento mean?

A

Used in Veneto region: picking the grapes and drying them indoors to concentrate sugars, acids, tannins, and flavours (Amarone & Recioto)

157
Q

What are the features of Sangiovese?

A

High acid, high tannin, red fruit, herbal, blended, oaked

158
Q

Where is Sangiovese grown?

A

Tuscany (Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino, Chianti Classico)

159
Q

What are the features of Montepulciano?

A

Medium acid, high tannin, black fruit

160
Q

Where is Montepulciano grown?

A

Abruzzo

161
Q

What is the formula for sparkling wine?

A

Sugar + Yeast –> Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide

162
Q

How is CO2 created?

A

Through a second fermentation process (bottle or tank)

163
Q

What is the traditional method of making sparkling wine?

A

Bottle fermentation (Base wine, second fermentation and yeast autholysis, riddling, disgorgement, dosage, resealing)

164
Q

Where is the traditional method most famously practised?

A

Champagne & Cava

165
Q

What is the wine blend in Champagne?

A

Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Meunier

166
Q

What is the blend in Cava?

A

Local varieties, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir

167
Q

What grape is used in Prosecco?

A

Glera (apple & melon flavours)

168
Q

What grape is used in Asti method?

A

Moscato (Muscat)

169
Q

What is the Asti method?

A

Grape juice, patrial fermentation in pressurised tank, tank sealed to retain CO2, fermentation stopped by filtration before complete, low alocohol and sweet wine)

170
Q

How is a sweet fortified wine made?

A

Fortification happens during fermentation to stop the fermentation

171
Q

How is a dry fortified wine made?

A

Fortification happens after fermentation is complete

172
Q

What are the main styles of Sherry?

A

Fino (aged under thick flor), Oloroso (oxidative ageing), Amontillo (between)

173
Q

What are sweet sherry styles?

A

Pale cream & PX

174
Q

How is port made?

A

Rapid extraction of colour and tannin, partial fermentation, fortification during fermentation, sweet fortified wine, maturation, port

175
Q

What styles of port are there?

A

Vintage, Ruby, Reserve Ruby, Late Bottled Vintage, Tawny

WSET (22 decks)

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