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Wset 3 mixed questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Vitis vinifera

A

Main Eurasian grape vine

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2
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

Vine pest that attacks vine roots

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3
Q

What is layering?

A

A vine cane is bent and partly buried. It takes root, then is cut from the parent plant

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4
Q

What is Maceration?

A

Cold soaking of red grapes after crushing and before fermentation. It extracts colour and flavour compounds

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5
Q

What is the temperature range for red wine fermentation?

A

20-32 degrees c

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6
Q

What does punching down do?

A

Extracts more colour and tannin

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7
Q

Describe the Rack and return method

A

Drain fermenting juice to a new vessel, then pump it back over the cap. Good way of dissipating heat

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8
Q

What is intracellular fermentation

A

Where whole bunches of grapes are used in a vessel, and oxygen is excluded or partially excluded intracellular fermentation takes place

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9
Q

Give a reason why a wine maker will blend red wines matured in oak vessels of different ages and/or stainless steel vessels

A

It can help with the consistency of the wine. Including stainless steel matured wine will make the oak more subtle

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10
Q

What is the classic grape of the Haut-Medoc region in Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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11
Q

In which 2 Bordeaux regions is Merlot dominant?

A

Saint-Emillion & Pomerol

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12
Q

What does a vine need?

A

Heat

Sunlight

Water

Nutrients

CO2

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13
Q

What is the diurnal range?

A

The difference between day & night temperatures

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14
Q

What effect can a body of water have on diurnal range?

A

It can lessen it, providing warmth overnight, and cool breezes during the day

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15
Q

What are the four main forms of protection against frost in a vineyard?

A

Heaters

Wind machines

Sprinklers

Vineyard design

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16
Q

What are the three main irrigation techniques?

A

Drip irrigation

Sprinklers

Flood irrigation

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17
Q

What is veraison

A

Ripening

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18
Q

How might a wine maker increase the sugar levels in grape juice (often called the ‘must weight’)?

A

By adding Rectified Concentrated Grape Must, aka RCGM. An odourless colourless syrupy liquid.

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19
Q

What species of yeast is used in the majority of wine fermentation’s?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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20
Q

Alcoholic fermentation will not start below…..

A

5 degrees C

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21
Q

Alcoholic fermentation will stop over…..

A

35 degrees C

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22
Q

Is Ambient Yeast or Cultured yeast more likely to produce more complex wines?

A

Ambient yeast

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23
Q

Fermenting at lower temperatures avoids the loss of what?

A

Volatile aromas which are often floral

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24
Q

Fermenting at lower temperatures in white wine can encourage what?

A

The development of fruity flavours

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25
What are higher fermenting temperatures necessary for in red wine making?
Extraction of colour and tannins
26
What does Malolactic fermentation do?
Softens and reduces acidity, and creates buttery flavours
27
How do you encourage malolactic fermentation?
Raise the temperature of the wine, and not adding So2
28
Describe what free run wine is, and what press wine is
Free run wine is drawn off after fermentation and maceration. Press wine is extracted after pressing
29
What is fining?
A process that speeds up the clumping together of some wine constituents which can then be filtered out. To achieve this, a fining agent is used.
30
What are the two methods of filtration?
Depth filtration Surface filtration
31
What are the four important areas that require stabilisation in wine?
Clarity (Fining) Tartrate stability Microbiological stability Oxygen stability
32
What the German wine Spatbutgunder better known as?
Pinot Noir
33
Name the main German wine growing regions
Mosel Rheingau Nahe Rheinhessen Pfalz Franken Baden
34
In what country is Gruner Veltliner a widely planted variety? And what colour is it?
Austria White
35
What are the three main white grape varieties grown in Austria?
Gruner Veltliner Welschriesling Riesling
36
What are the main black grape varieties grown in Austria?
Zweigelt Blaufrankish St Laurent
37
What is Tokaj?
A wine growing region in Hungary
38
What is Tokaji?
A Hungarian wine
39
If a Riesling is labelled as qualitatsweine will it be likely to be dry or sweet?
Dry
40
What are the six sub categories of German Pradikatswein? Bonus for the order of sweetness, from dry to sweet
Kabinett Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese Eiswein Trockenbeerenaislese
41
What are the three grapes grown in the Tokaj region in Hungary?
Furmint Harslevelu Sarga Muskotaly
42
What does Puttonyos indicate on Hungarian wine?
The level of sweetness
43
In Bordeaux, what are the three main black grape varieties?
Cabernet Sauvignon Cabernet Franc Merlot
44
What variety dominates the Haut-Medoc region in Bordeaux?
Cabernet Sauvignon
45
What is the optimum temperature for white wine fermentation?
12-22 degrees C
46
What are the most famous regions for high quality Sauvignon Blanc?
Marlborough, New Zealand The Loire Valley, France
47
What is Passerillage?
Drying grapes on the vine
48
What are Foudres?
Large old oak vessels
49
Describe the difference between PGI & PDO.
Protected Designation of Orgin wines come from smaller areas with more tightly controlled regulation. Protected Graphical Indication wines come from larger areas with fewer regulations.
50
The term Appellation d’origine controlee (AC) is used in France instead of....
PDO
51
The term Indication geographique protégée (IPG) is used in France instead of....
PGI
52
What type of climate does Bordeaux have?
A moderate maritime climate
53
Vineyards of Bordeaux are protected from the worst Atlantic storms by what?
The Landes forest and coastal sand dunes.
54
What causes vintage variation in Bordeaux?
Rainfall throughout the year can disrupt flowering and fruit set
55
What are the dominant black grapes of the Bordeaux region?
Cabernet Sauvignon Cabernet Franc Merlot
56
Name three Bordeaux regions where Cabernet Sauvignon dominates.
Haut-Medoc Bas-Madoc Graves
57
What type of soil does Cabernet Sauvignon do well in?
Soil with a high stone and gravel content
58
Which region of Bordeaux is Cabernet Franc widely used in?
Saint-Emilion
59
In which two regions of Bordeaux is Merlot particularly important for their premium wines?
Saint-Emilion Pomerol
60
What type of soils can Merlot successfully grow in?
Cooler clay soils
61
Name a minor black grape variety grown in Bordeaux that only fully ripens in very hot years
Petit Verdot
62
What are the three main white grape varieties grown in Bordeaux?
Semillion Sauvignon Blanc Muscadelle
63
Which two white grapes might be blended together in a premium dry white wine of Pessac-Leognan or Graves?
Sauvignon blanc and Semillion
64
What is the main soil type of the left bank in Bordeaux?
Gravelly stones soils
65
What is the main soil type of the right bank in Bordeaux?
Clay soils
66
Name the four communes with the highest reputations in the Haut-Medoc
Saint-Estephe Pauillac Saint-Julien Margaux
67
Name the most highly rated area in the Bordeaux region of Graves
Pessac-Leognan
68
What is the main grape variety you will find in a wine from Pessac-Leognan
Cabernet Sauvignon
69
Describe the topography of the two sub regions of Saint-Emillion which produce the most prestigious wines of the region?
A plateau to the north and west of the town with well drained gravel & limestone soil, and on an Escarpment to the south and east with clay & limestone soil.
70
Name the appellations of the Cote de Bordeaux.
Blaye Cadillac Castillion Francs
71
You want to buy a premier quality Merlot from the Bordeaux region. What region are you looking for on the bottle?
Saint-Emillion or Pomerol
72
Describe the type of wine you might be drinking if the label had Cotes de Bordeaux
Merlot based and early drinking
73
What type of wine are you likely to be drinking from the Entre-Deux-Mers region
A dry white wine made from Sauvignon Blanc in an unoaked style
74
What region is the appellation Entre-Deux-Mers in?
Bordeaux
75
What type of white wine is grown in Pessac-Leognan?
A blend of Sauvignon Blanc and Semillion
76
Where do the best sweet wines in Bordeaux come from?
Sauternes
77
A Riesling labelled Qualitatsweine will likely be dry or sweet
Dry
78
Name the 6 sub categories within the German Pradikatswein category
``` Kabinett Spatslese Auslese Berenauslese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese ```
79
Name the main German wine making regions
``` Mosel Nahe Rheingau Rheinhessen Franken Pfalz Baden ```
80
Name the villages in the Mosel region of Germany reknown for producing the best wines
Piesport Bernkastel Wehlen
81
Name the range of hills to the north of the Rheingau region that provide protection to the vineyards
The Tannus Hills
82
Name the best known villages in the Rheingau region of Germany
Johannisberg Rudeshein
83
What are the main black grape varieties grown in the Rheinhessen region of Germany?
Dornfelder Portugieser Spatbergunder
84
In the Rheinhessen region of Germany only two varieties can be labelled as GG. What are they?
Riesling or Spatburgunder
85
Name the two main villages in the Rheinhessen region of Germany
Nierstein | Worms
86
Which mountain range offers protection to the Pfalz region of Germany?
The Haardt Mountains
87
In which German region would you find the villages of Forst and Deidesheim
Pfalz
88
A third of plantings in the Baden region can be found in which two areas?
Kaiserstuhl | Tuniberg
89
What is the most widely planted grape variety in the Baden region of Germany?
Spatsburgunder
90
What is the most widely planted grape in the Franken region of Germany?
Silvaner
91
Describe the qualities of the Silvaner grape in terms of growing
Early flowering and ripening, susceptible to frost damage
92
The Austrian grape growing region is to the east of the country. Describe the climate
Cool continental climate with short summers and harsh winters
93
Name the four wine producing regions of Austria
Niederosterreich (Lower Austria) Burgenland Steiermark (Styria) Wien (Vienna)
94
Name the sub-region in Niederosterreich most renown for high quality dry white wines.
Wachau
95
What is the name of the lake to the north of the Burgenland province?
Neusiedlersee
96
Vineyards on low lying ground near a lake can benefit from Autumn mists. What is the benefit?
Ideal conditions for Botrytis
97
What does Szamorodni mean in terms of harvesting in Hungary?
Collecting bunches of grapes where noble rot has only partially affected the bunch
98
Describe in brief how Tokaji Aszu wine is produced
Healthy grapes make the base wine. Aszu berries (affected by noble rot) macerated into the wine. Matured in oak.
99
Which mountain range protects the Alsace region in France?
The Vosges
100
Name the appellations used in the Alsace region of France
Alsace | Alsace Grand Cru
101
A wine labelled as Alsace Grand Cru can only use one of four noble grape varieties. Names those varieties.
Riesling Muscat Gewurztraminer Pinot Gris
102
If you see Vendanges Tardives (VT) on a label, what does it mean?
Late Harvest
103
What does Selection de Grains Noble (SGN) indicate on a bottle of wine?
A sweet wine with a higher sugar ripeness level than normal, normally achieved with noble rot.
104
What is the only black grape permitted in Alsace?
Pinot Noir
105
What are the four sub regions of The Loire Valley?
``` From east to west..... Central Vineyards Touraine Anjou-Saumur Nantais ```
106
What is the IGP classification for The Loire Valley
Val de Loire
107
Describe the climate in the Central Vineyards region of The Loire Valley
Being well inland they have a continental climate
108
Describe the climate in the Nantais region of The Loire Valley
Being coastal they have a maritime climate
109
Describe the climate in the Anjou-Saumur region of The Loire Valley
A slightly warmer and drier climate as they are protected by Mauges hills. Warm stony soils.
110
Describe the climate in the Touraine region of The Loire Valley
A cooler and wetter climate. Clay soils.
111
What is the main grape variety grown in the Central Vineyards region of the Loire Valley?
Sauvignon Blanc
112
What the two most prestigious regions in the Central Vineyards region of the Loire Valley for producing Sauvignon Blanc?
Sancerre | Pouilly-Fume
113
What style of Sauvignon Blanc would you expect to get from the Sancerre & Pouilly-Fume regions in the Loire Valley?
Fresh fruity wines, green apple notes, high acidity, not suitable for ageing
114
What is the main soil type of the vineyards in Sancerre & Pouilly-Fume?
Chalky, well drained, stony soil
115
What is the name of the slightly less prestigious region within the Central Vineyards region of the Loire Valley?
Menetou-Salon
116
Which of the four Loire Valley regions produces the majority of its Sauvignon Blanc?
Touraine
117
Vouvray is a sub region of which Loire Valley region?
Touraine
118
What is the main grape variety of the Vouvray region?
Chenin Blanc
119
The Saumur region of the Loire Valley is renown for.....?
Sparkling Chenin Blanc
120
Name a region of the Loire Valley renown for producing sweet wines
Coteaux du Lyon
121
The variety Melon Blanc is also known as...
Muscadet or Melon de Bourgogne
122
In which region of the Loire Valley is the vast majority of Melon Blanc grown
Nantais
123
Describe the characteristics of a wine labelled Muscadet Sevre et Maine
``` Dry medium alcohol high acidity Light body subtle green fruit flavours drink young ```
124
What are the main red grape varieties grown in the Loire Valley?
Cabernet Franc | Gamay
125
Which region of the Loire Valley does Chinon fall into?
Touraine
126
Name the three main areas in the Touraine region of the Loire Valley where Cabernet Franc is grown
Chinon Bourgueil St-Nicholas-de-Bourgueil
127
Which red wine is produced in Samur-Champigny in the Loire Valley?
Cabernet Franc
128
Gamay is mainly planted in which two regions of the Loire Valley?
Touraine | Anjou
129
If a bottle of wine displayed Rose de Loire, which region might it come from?
Anjou-Saumur or Touraine
130
Anjou-Saumur has two appellations for different styles of Rose. What are they?
Cabernet D'Anjou | Rose D'Anjou
131
Name the major appellation of the Dordogne region in France
Bergerac
132
What type of wine comes from the Monbazillac region of the Dordogne?
A sweet wine made from Semillion & Sauvignon Blanc
133
Name the main regions of South West France
Cahors Cotes de Gascogne Madiran Jurancon
134
What is the most important grape variety of the Cahors region of South West France?
Malbec
135
What is the main grape grown in the Cotes de Gasgone region of South West France?
Ugni Blanc
136
In which region of South West France is Tannat an important variety?
Madiran
137
Petit Manseng is a grape variety used to produce sweet wines in which region of South West France?
Jurancon
138
In Burgundy, rain can be a frequent issue. What problems does it create?
Disruption of flowering Disruption of harvest Swelling of grapes diluting flavour Can cause Grey Rot
139
Name two climactic issues prevalent in the Chablis region
Spring frosts | Summer hailstorms
140
In Burgundy, where are the best locations (in terms of topography) for Grand Cru, and Premier Grand Cru wines, and why?
Mid slope as they are less susceptible to frosts. And south and east facing slopes with protection from prevailing westerly winds.
141
What is the main black grape variety grown in Burgundy?
Pinot Noir
142
In which part of Burgundy are the most important plantings of Pinot Noir?
Cote d'or
143
Describe the main characteristics of a Pinot Noir from Burgundy
``` Red Fruit Develops into Earth, Game & Mushroom High acidity Low to medium tannins 16-18 months barrel ageing ```
144
What is the main white grape variety grown in Burgundy?
Chardonnay
145
Describe the regional variations of Chardonnay in Burgundy
High acid in the North Complex expressive in the Cote d'or Full bodied and riper fruited in the Macon of the south
146
Describe the elements of premium Chardonnay wine making in the Burgundy region
Barrel fermentation Barrel ageing (6-9 months) Malolactic fermentation Use of lees during maturation
147
Describe a known issue with Burgundian Chardonnays
Premature oxidation in bottles
148
Name a lesser known white grape grown in Burgundy
Aligote
149
What is the only grape variety allowed in the Chablis region of Burgundy?
Chardonnay
150
What is Petit Chablis?
A lesser quality wine made from Chardonnay on either north facing slopes or flatter land in the Chablis region
151
In the Cote d'or region, what is the Massive Central?
It runs along the western limit of the region providing favourable east & south east facing locations
152
What the two main regions of the Cote d'or?
Cote de Nuits | Cote de Beaune
153
The Cote de Beaune is famous for?
The best Chardonnays in the Cote d'or
154
The Cote de Nuits is best known for?
Pinot Noir
155
Name the two lower level Appellations of Burgundy
Bourgogne Rouge | Bourgogne Blanc
156
Name the highest level appellation of Burgundy
Grand Cru
157
Name the key Villages of the Cote de Nuits
Gevrey-Chambertain Vosne-Romanee Nuits-Saint-Georges
158
Name the key Villages of the Cote de Beaune
``` Aloxe-Corton Beaune Pommard Volnay Meursault Montrachet ```
159
What are the main grapes grown in the Cote Chalonnaise?
Chardonnay | Pinot Noir
160
Name the key villages of the Cote Chalonnaise
Rully Mercurey Givry Montagny
161
A wine labelled Bourgogne Cote Chalonnaise will have come from where?
Anywhere in the Cote Chalonnaise, and could be either red or white
162
What are the main grapes grown in the Maconnais?
Chardonnay | Gammay
163
Pouilly-Fuisse and Saint-Veran are two famous villages from which region of Burgundy?
Maconnais
164
What is the main grape grown in the Beaujolais region of France?
Gamay
165
Why is Gamay grown in the Beaujolais region often grown in granite soils with low nutrients?
It limits the yield, and therefore produces grapes with more concentrated flavours
166
Name the traditional method of pruning Gamay vines in the Beaujolais region.
Gobelet
167
What are the characteristics of wine from the Beaujolais region produced from Gamay?
``` Fragrant Aromas of Raspberry & Cherry Medium tannin Medium body Light style Can be served chilled ```
168
Name the four main Beaujolais Crus appellations
Brouilly Morgon Fleurie Moulin-a-Vent
169
What is Beaujolais Nouveau?
A wine made specifically for early drinking. It's released on the third Thursday in November after the vintage.
170
Which mountain range offers protection to the vineyards of the Alsace?
Vosges Mountains
171
Where are the best vineyards located in the Alsace region?
On the steepest east and south east facing slopes
172
If a bottle of wine displays Vendanges Tardives on it, where will it have come from?
The Alsace region of France
173
What does Vendanges Tardives mean?
Late Harvest
174
What does Selection de Grains Nobles signify on a bottle of wine?
A high sugar ripeness level, usually achieved with noble rot
175
What are the main grapes grown in the Alsace region of France?
Riesling Gewurztraminer Pinot Gris Muscat
176
Identify a difference between a Riesling from Alsace, and one from Germany
The Alsace Riesling will be less floral
177
Describe the characteristics of Gewurtztraminer
Pungent aromatic spicy nose, Lychees, Roses a light pink tinge to the grape can give a golden colour to the wine. Full bodied Oily texture
178
Pinot blanc is grown in the Alsace region of France. What is it mainly grown for?
The production of sparkling wines
179
What is the Mistral?
A cold north wind that blows down through the Rhone valley
180
How can vines be protected from the Mistral?
They are supported by individual stakes, or tepee-like arrangements
181
What are the main grape varieties grown in the Northern Rhone?
Syrah | Viognier
182
Describe the characteristics of wine made from Viognier
Full bodied Blossom and Apricots Low acidity High alcohol
183
What other grapes are grown in the Northern Rhone?
Marsanne | Rousanne
184
Name the regions of the Northern Rhone
``` Cote Rotie Condrieu Saint-Joseph Hermitage Crozes-Hermitage Cornas ```
185
Which is the only grape to be grown in the Condrieu region of the Northern Rhone?
Viognier
186
Which grape variety is mainly grown in the Saint-Joseph region of the Northern Rhone?
Syrah
187
What are Lieux-dits?
Named sites within the Hermitage region of the Northern Rhone
188
What is the only grape that can be used in wines from the Cornas region of the Northern Rhone?
Syrah
189
Describe the climate of the Southern Rhone
Mediterranean. Mild winters, warm dry summers.
190
How are vineyards in the Southern Rhone protected from the Mistral
Windbreaks are planted
191
How is Grenache grown in the Southern Rhone to protect against the Mistral?
Bush trained low to the ground. This also gets benefit from the warm soil
192
What are the main black grape varieties of the Southern Rhone?
Granache Syrah Mourvedre Cinsault
193
What are the two appellations in the Southern Rhone?
Cote du Rhone | Cote du Rhone Villages
194
Within the Southern Rhone, what are the main Crus?
``` Chateauneuf-du-pape Tavel Lirac Gigondas Vacqueyras ```
195
What is the dominant grape in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?
Grenache
196
Tavel & Lirac are most famous for the production of what type of wine?
Rose
197
What is the biggest challenge for growing grapes in Southern France?
Drought
198
What type of climate does Southern France have?
Mediterranean
199
What is the Tramontane
A wind that blows across Southern France from between the Massif Central and the Pyrenees
200
What are the main black grape varieties of Southern France?
``` Grenache Syrah Carignan Cinsault Mourvedre Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon ```
201
What are the main white grape varieties of Southern France?
``` Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc Viognier Muscat Grenache Blanc ```
202
Where in France is the white grape variety Picpoul grown?
Southern France
203
What is Languedoc?
A generic appellation covering a region from the Spanish border to Nimes in the South of France
204
What are the main appellations in the South of France?
``` Cotes du Roussilon Cotes du Roussilon Villages Fitou Corbieres Minervois Picpoul de Pinet Limoux ```
205
A wine labelled Pays D'Oc will have been produced where?
The South of France
206
What type of wine accounts for the majority produced in the Cotes de Provence region of Southern France?
A very pale Rose
207
Where is Bandol, and what grape is grown there?
It's within the Cotes de Provence region of Southern France. | Mourvedre.
208
What does the term "Classico" mean on a bottle of wine from Italy?
A wine that is produced from within the original boundary of an Appellation
209
What does the term "Riserva" indicate on a bottle of wine from Italy?
Higher alcohol levels and longer ageing than the minimum stipulation of an appellation
210
What does DOC indicate on a bottle of wine from Italy?
The wines are subject to geographical boundaries, grape varieties and production methods
211
What does DOCG indicate on a bottle of wine from Italy?
As per DOC regulations (boundaries, varieties, production methods), plus the wine must be bottled in the area of production, and is subject to Ministry of Agriculture tasting.
212
What is the Italian equivalent in labelling terms of PGI?
IGP - Indicazione Geografica Protteta, or | IGT - Indicazione Geografica Tipica
213
Describe the climate of Northern Italy
A moderate climate with dry short summers
214
What is the name of the complex trellising system used in Northern Italy?
Pergola
215
Describe the Pergola trellising system used in Northern Italy, where it can be used to best effect and why
The vine is trained high, with the fruit hanging below a horizontal canopy. This offers protection from the sun and allows air to circulate minimising the risk of rot. It's mostly used on grapes intended for sparkling wine.
216
Name the two regions of the Trentino-Alto Adige region of Northern Italy
Alto Adige | Trentino
217
What is the most notable white wine of the Alto Adige region of Northern Italy?
Pinot Grigio
218
Describe the characteristics of a Pinot Grigio from the Alto Adige region of Northern Italy
Dry Light to medium body High acidity Citrus & green fruit flavours
219
What is the most notable red wine of the Alto-Adige region of Northern Italy?
Schiava
220
What are the main white wines of the Trentino region of Northern Italy?
Chardonnay | Pinot Grigio
221
What are the two main black grapes grown in the Trentino region of Northern Italy?
Merlot | Teroldego
222
Name the main wine growing regions of Northern Italy
Trentino-Alto Adige Friuli-Venezia Giulia Veneto Piemonte
223
What are the best known wines of the Veneto region of Northern Italy?
Soave | Valpolicella
224
What are the main regions within Piemonte in Northern Italy?
Barolo Barbaresco Asti and Alba Gavi
225
Describe the climate of Piemonte in Northern Italy
Moderate and continental Long cold winters Summers susceptible to thunderstorms, hail and fog
226
What are the main black grape varieties of the Piemonte region of Northern Italy?
Nebbiolo Barbera Dolcetto
227
What are the main white grape varieties of the Piemonte region of Northern Italy?
Cortese | Muscato
228
If a bottle of wine is labelled Barolo DOCG, what country has it come from, and what grape makes 100% of it?
Italy | Nebbiolo
229
Describe a wine labelled Barolo DOCG
``` High Tannin High Acidity Little colour Sour Cherry and herb aroma Full body Develops in the bottle ```
230
A wine labelled Barbaresco DOCG must be aged for how long in total, and how long on Oak?
Two years total | Nine months on Oak
231
What is the most widely planted grape in the Asti and Alba regions of the Piemonte in Italy?
Barbera
232
What is the main white grape grown in the Gavi region of Piemonte in Northern Italy?
Cortese
233
In general, what level of acidity will a wine from Northern Italy?
High acidity
234
Describe the climate of north and north west Spain
Moderate maritime. Dominated by the Atlantic. Rainfall is an issue.
235
Describe the climate of Eastern Spain
Warm Mediterranean.
236
Other than north, north west Spain, heat and lack of water are the biggest challenges for wine growing in Spain. How are these overcome?
Low density, bush trained vines. Maximises water availability and shades fruit
237
What are the main black grape varieties of Spain?
Tempranillo Garnacha Tinta (Grenache) Monastrell (Mourvèdre)
238
Name the main “secondary’ black grapes of Spain
Graciano Carinena (Carignon) aka Mazuelo in Rioja Mencia
239
In Spain what do they do in terms of harvesting of white grapes, to help retain delicate flavours?
Harvest at night, or early morning.
240
What are the main white grape varieties grown in Spain?
Verdejo | Albarino
241
What are the main ‘secondary’ white grapes grown in Spain?
Airen | Macabeo aka Viura in Rioja
242
What does oak do to a wine?
Softens tannins Adds body Adds flavour
243
What are the levels in Rioja grading, and what do they indicate?
Joven - less than 24 months ageing, little or no oak maturation Griaza - min 24 months ageing, min 6 months oak Reserva - min 36 months ageing, min 12months oak Gran Reserva - min 60 months ageing, min 18 months oak
244
What are the main white grape varieties of Central Italy?
Trebbiano Verdicchio Malvasia Grechetto
245
What are the main white grape varieties of Southern Italy?
Greco Fiano Chardonnay
246
What are the main red grape varieties of Southern Italy?
``` Aglianico Primitivo Negroamaro Nero D'Avola Montepulciano Sangiovese ```
247
What is the Spanish equivalent of PDO?
DOP - Denominacion de Origen Protegida
248
In order from low to high, what are the Spanish wine law denominations?
DO DOCa (DOQ in Catalan) VP
249
Name the main wine growing regions in Spain
``` The Upper Ebro Catalunya The Duero Valley The North West The Levante Castilla-La-Mancha ```
250
Name the three regions within the Upper Ebro region of Spain
Rioja Navarra Carinena and Calatayud
251
Name the three sub regions of the Rioja region in Spain
Rioja Alavesa Rioja Alta Rioja Baja
252
What is the main grape planted in the Rioja region of Spain?
Tempranillo
253
What grapes may be blended with Tempranillo in the Rioja region of Spain?
Garnacha Mazuelo Graciano
254
If a red Rioja wine is designed for early drinking, what might the winemaker do to create the vibrant red fruit flavours?
Use semi carbonic maceration
255
What is the main grape planted in the Navarra region of Spain?
Tempranillo
256
What is the main grape grown in the Carinena and Calatayud region of Spain?
Garnacha
257
What region of Spain is nearly all Cava made?
Catalunya
258
Name the main sub regions of the Catalunya region of Spain
Penedes | Priorat
259
Why are there a wide variety of styles of wine made in the Penedes region within Catalunya in Spain?
There are three distinct climactic zones Mediterranean on the coast Slightly cooler in the valleys Moderate at 800m into the hills
260
Why is Priorat an ideal region in Catalunya, Spain for old Garnacha and Carinena vines?
Long hot and dry summers with very low annual rainfall is ideal for the late ripening varieties
261
Why are Priorat wines usually expensive?
Manual harvesting of the grapes | Low grape yields
262
What are the main sub regions within the Duero Valley region of Spain?
Ribera del Duero Toro Rueda
263
Describe the climate of the Ribero del Duero in Spain
Short hot dry summers | Very cold winters
264
Where are most of the vineyards in the Ribera del Duero planted?
The highest parts of he Meseta Central. Some vineyards are over 800m
265
Describe a red wine produced in the Toro region of Spain
Predominantly Tempranillo Full Body Intense fruit flavours High alcohol
266
What is the traditional grape variety of the Rueda region in Spain?
Verdejo
267
Name the sub regions of North West Spain
Rias Biaxas | Bierzo
268
Describe the climate of Rias Biaxas in Spain
Moderate damp climate
269
Where might an unoaked Albarino wine come from?
The Rias Biaxas region of Spain
270
Describe the climate of the Bierzo region in North West Spain
Moderate with a cooling maritime influence
271
What is the red grape grown in the Bierzo region of North West Spain?
Mencia
272
Name the sub regions within The Levante region of Spain
Valencia | Jumilla and Yecia
273
If a bottle of wine displayed Moscatel de Valencia, what type of wine would it be, and what region will it have come from?
A sweet fortified wine from the Valencia sub region of the Levante region of Spain
274
Name the largest DO in Spain
La Mancha
275
What is the most widely planted grape variety in the La Mancha region of Spain?
Airen
276
What region of Spain produces inexpensive, well made reds & whites for export?
La Mancha
277
Cencibel is better known as?
Tempranillo
278
Describe the climate of Portugal
Maritime climates on the coast | Hot, dry, continental inland
279
Name the main wine growing regions of Portugal
``` Vinho Verde Douro Dao Bairrada Alentejo ```
280
The high annual rainfall levels in the Vino Verde region of Portugal can encourage disease. What do the wine makers do to mitigate this?
Use spur pruned VSP vines to create air flow in the humid environment.
281
Describe a classic Vino Verde wine
Pale lemon colour High acidity Low alcohol
282
What grapes are used a Vino Verde wine?
Loureiro | Arinto
283
What are the five principle varieties of grape grown in the Douro region of Portugal?
``` Touriga Nacional Touriga Franca Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo) Tinta Barroca Tinta Cao ```
284
What is the highest quality grape variety grown in the Douro region of Portugal?
Touriga Nacional
285
Describe a typical red wine from the Douro region of Portugal
``` Deep colour Full body High tannin Rich black fruit flavours Often subtle toasty aromas from oak ```
286
What are the main varieties of grape grown in the Dao region of Portugal?
Touriga Nacional Tinta Roriz Jaen Alfrocheiro
287
Describe the characteristics of the Baga grape grown in the Bairrada region of Portugal
Late ripening Small Thick skin Wines are deep in colour with high tannin
288
Name the main grape varieties grown in the Alentejo region of Portugal
Aragones (tempranillo) Trincadeira Alicante Bouschet
289
If you saw AVA on a bottle of wine, what would it indicate?
It originates from America
290
Describe the climate of coastal vineyards in California
The cold ocean current cools the temperature. The cold air is often accompanied by fog which lowers the night time temperature, and extends the cooling influence well into the day until the fog is burnt off.
291
Describe the climate of the Central Valley in California
Hot and lacking in rainfall
292
What effect does the hot climate and lack of rainfall have on the vineyards of the Central Valley in California?
Grapes can be left on the vine long into the season, resulting in very ripe grapes with concentrated flavours and high sugar levels.
293
What are the main black grape varieties grown in California?
``` Cabernet Sauvignon Zinfandel Merlot Pinot Noir Syrah ```
294
What does the Zinfandel grape have a tendency to do in California, and what are the consequences?
Ripen unevenly, which can lead to concentrated full bodied wines with high alcohol
295
Where do the best Sauvignon Blanc wines come from in California?
The coastal regions
296
If a bottle of wine had the term Fume Blanc on it, what does it indicate?
An oaked style of Sauvignon Blanc
297
What is the most widely planted white grape in California?
Chardonnay
298
Name the three main regions of California
North Coast Central Coast Central Valley
299
What are the main regions within the Napa valley of California?
``` Los Carneros Stags Leap Yountville Oakville Rutherford Saint Helena Calistoga Holwell Mountain Mount Veeder ```
300
In the Russian River Valley of Sonoma County what high quality wines will you find?
Pinot Noir | Chardonnay
301
Where, within Sonoma County will you find high quality old vine Zinfandels?
Dry Creek Valley | Sonoma Valley
302
An American Riesling or Gewurtztraminer might come from which region?
Mendocino County
303
What are the main AVA regions within the Central Coast region of California?
Monterey AVA Paso Robles AVA Santa Maria Valley AVA
304
Where is the majority of high volume, inexpensive wine produced within California?
Central Valley
305
What is the most widely planted grape in the Willamette Valley region of Northern Oregon?
Pinot Noir
306
What are the two main regions of Washington State
Columbia Valley | Yakima Valley
307
What are the main grapes grown in Washington State?
Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon Chardonnay
308
The Finger Lakes in New York State are most noted for which grape variety?
Riesling
309
What is Canada's appellation system?
Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA)
310
What are the main red grapes of Central Italy
Montepulciano | Sangiovese
311
Name the two regions in Australia that produce full bodied and intensely fruity Shiraz.
Barossa Valley | Hunter Valley
312
What are the classic regions for Cabernet Sauvignon in Australia?
Coonawara | Margaret River
313
What is the climate likely to be like in the best Pinot Noir's regions of Australia?
Cool or moderate
314
Name the best regions in Australia for Pinot Noir
Yarra Valley Mornington Peninsula Tasmania
315
Which black grape varieties are best suited the hot climate regions of Australia?
``` Grenache Petit Verdot Mataro (Mouvedre) Sangiovese Tempranillo ```
316
What are the main white grape varieties grown in Australia?
Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc Semillon Riesling
317
Which area of Australia has developed a reputation as the benchmark in Australian Sauvignon Blanc and why?
The Adelaide hills due to the moderate climate
318
Where in Australia is the classic region for Semillon production?
The Hunter Valley
319
Describe a Semillon from the Hunter Valley in Australia
``` Low sugar High Acidity Light in alcohol Neutral flavour when first bottled Develop honey & toast flavours Can age for 20 years or more ```
320
Which regions in Australia are classic for Rieslings?
Eden Valley | Clare Valley
321
Name the main regions of South Australia
``` Barossa Valley Eden Valley Clare Valley Adelaide Hills McLaren Vale Coonawarra ```
322
Think Barossa, think.....
Shiraz
323
Describe the climate of the Eden Valley in South Australia
Cool to moderate
324
What "Outstanding" quality wine is grown in the Eden Valley region of South Australia?
Riesling
325
What type of climate does the Adelaide Hills region of South Australia have?
Moderate
326
What wines does the Adelaide hills region of South Australia specialise in?
Chardonnay | Sauvignon Blanc
327
What name is given to the soil in the Coonawara region of South Australia?
Terra Rosa
328
What are the main wine growing regions of Victoria?
``` Yarra Valley Mornington Peninsula Geelong Heathcote Goulburn Valley ```
329
Describe the climate of the Yarra Valley region in Victoria?
Cool to moderate and Maritime
330
Think Yarra Valley, think....
Pinot Noir
331
Describe the characteristics of a Chardonnay from the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria.
Citrus, pear and Apple aromas | High acidity softened by MLF
332
What are the main grape varieties grown in the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales?
Semillon Chardonnay Shiraz
333
The sub regions of Mount Barker and Frankland are part of the Great Southern region of Western Australia. What are they known for?
Deeply coloured Cabernet Sauvignon Peppery Shiraz Floral Riesling
334
Describe the climate of Tasmania
Cool maritime
335
Name the regions of the North Island of New Zealand
Auckland Gisborne Hawkes Bay Wairarapa
336
Name the regions of the South Island of New Zealand
Marlborough Nelson Canterbury Central Otago
337
What can be an issue in the warm wet climate of Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand?
Fungal diseases
338
What grape is widely planted in the Gisborne region of the North Island of New Zealand?
Chardonnay
339
Where are the Gimblett Gravels, and what type of grape does well here?
In the Hawke's bay region of the North Island of New Zealand. Black grapes, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah
340
Think Wairarapa, think....
Pinot Noir
341
Within the Marlborough region on the South Island of New Zealand there are two estuary valleys where most Sauvignon Blanc is grown. Name them.
Wairau | Awatere
342
In which sub region of the South Island of New Zealand would you find the Waipara Valley?
Canterbury
343
What is the main grape grown in the Central Otago region of the Southern Island of New Zealand?
Pinot Noir
344
What can be an issue in the Central Otago region of the Southern Island of New Zealand?
Frost damage, due to the continental climate

Wset 3 (3 decks)

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