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Wset 3 mixed questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Vitis vinifera

A

Main Eurasian grape vine

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2
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

Vine pest that attacks vine roots

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3
Q

What is layering?

A

A vine cane is bent and partly buried. It takes root, then is cut from the parent plant

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4
Q

What is Maceration?

A

Cold soaking of red grapes after crushing and before fermentation. It extracts colour and flavour compounds

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5
Q

What is the temperature range for red wine fermentation?

A

20-32 degrees c

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6
Q

What does punching down do?

A

Extracts more colour and tannin

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7
Q

Describe the Rack and return method

A

Drain fermenting juice to a new vessel, then pump it back over the cap. Good way of dissipating heat

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8
Q

What is intracellular fermentation

A

Where whole bunches of grapes are used in a vessel, and oxygen is excluded or partially excluded intracellular fermentation takes place

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9
Q

Give a reason why a wine maker will blend red wines matured in oak vessels of different ages and/or stainless steel vessels

A

It can help with the consistency of the wine. Including stainless steel matured wine will make the oak more subtle

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10
Q

What is the classic grape of the Haut-Medoc region in Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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11
Q

In which 2 Bordeaux regions is Merlot dominant?

A

Saint-Emillion & Pomerol

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12
Q

What does a vine need?

A

Heat

Sunlight

Water

Nutrients

CO2

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13
Q

What is the diurnal range?

A

The difference between day & night temperatures

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14
Q

What effect can a body of water have on diurnal range?

A

It can lessen it, providing warmth overnight, and cool breezes during the day

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15
Q

What are the four main forms of protection against frost in a vineyard?

A

Heaters

Wind machines

Sprinklers

Vineyard design

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16
Q

What are the three main irrigation techniques?

A

Drip irrigation

Sprinklers

Flood irrigation

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17
Q

What is veraison

A

Ripening

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18
Q

How might a wine maker increase the sugar levels in grape juice (often called the ‘must weight’)?

A

By adding Rectified Concentrated Grape Must, aka RCGM. An odourless colourless syrupy liquid.

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19
Q

What species of yeast is used in the majority of wine fermentation’s?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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20
Q

Alcoholic fermentation will not start below…..

A

5 degrees C

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21
Q

Alcoholic fermentation will stop over…..

A

35 degrees C

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22
Q

Is Ambient Yeast or Cultured yeast more likely to produce more complex wines?

A

Ambient yeast

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23
Q

Fermenting at lower temperatures avoids the loss of what?

A

Volatile aromas which are often floral

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24
Q

Fermenting at lower temperatures in white wine can encourage what?

A

The development of fruity flavours

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25
Q

What are higher fermenting temperatures necessary for in red wine making?

A

Extraction of colour and tannins

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26
Q

What does Malolactic fermentation do?

A

Softens and reduces acidity, and creates buttery flavours

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27
Q

How do you encourage malolactic fermentation?

A

Raise the temperature of the wine, and not adding So2

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28
Q

Describe what free run wine is, and what press wine is

A

Free run wine is drawn off after fermentation and maceration. Press wine is extracted after pressing

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29
Q

What is fining?

A

A process that speeds up the clumping together of some wine constituents which can then be filtered out. To achieve this, a fining agent is used.

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30
Q

What are the two methods of filtration?

A

Depth filtration

Surface filtration

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31
Q

What are the four important areas that require stabilisation in wine?

A

Clarity (Fining)

Tartrate stability

Microbiological stability

Oxygen stability

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32
Q

What the German wine Spatbutgunder better known as?

A

Pinot Noir

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33
Q

Name the main German wine growing regions

A

Mosel

Rheingau

Nahe

Rheinhessen

Pfalz

Franken

Baden

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34
Q

In what country is Gruner Veltliner a widely planted variety? And what colour is it?

A

Austria

White

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35
Q

What are the three main white grape varieties grown in Austria?

A

Gruner Veltliner

Welschriesling

Riesling

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36
Q

What are the main black grape varieties grown in Austria?

A

Zweigelt

Blaufrankish

St Laurent

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37
Q

What is Tokaj?

A

A wine growing region in Hungary

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38
Q

What is Tokaji?

A

A Hungarian wine

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39
Q

If a Riesling is labelled as qualitatsweine will it be likely to be dry or sweet?

A

Dry

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40
Q

What are the six sub categories of German Pradikatswein?

Bonus for the order of sweetness, from dry to sweet

A

Kabinett

Spatlese

Auslese

Beerenauslese

Eiswein

Trockenbeerenaislese

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41
Q

What are the three grapes grown in the Tokaj region in Hungary?

A

Furmint

Harslevelu

Sarga Muskotaly

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42
Q

What does Puttonyos indicate on Hungarian wine?

A

The level of sweetness

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43
Q

In Bordeaux, what are the three main black grape varieties?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Cabernet Franc

Merlot

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44
Q

What variety dominates the Haut-Medoc region in Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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45
Q

What is the optimum temperature for white wine fermentation?

A

12-22 degrees C

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46
Q

What are the most famous regions for high quality Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Marlborough, New Zealand

The Loire Valley, France

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47
Q

What is Passerillage?

A

Drying grapes on the vine

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48
Q

What are Foudres?

A

Large old oak vessels

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49
Q

Describe the difference between PGI & PDO.

A

Protected Designation of Orgin wines come from smaller areas with more tightly controlled regulation.

Protected Graphical Indication wines come from larger areas with fewer regulations.

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50
Q

The term Appellation d’origine controlee (AC) is used in France instead of….

A

PDO

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51
Q

The term Indication geographique protégée (IPG) is used in France instead of….

A

PGI

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52
Q

What type of climate does Bordeaux have?

A

A moderate maritime climate

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53
Q

Vineyards of Bordeaux are protected from the worst Atlantic storms by what?

A

The Landes forest and coastal sand dunes.

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54
Q

What causes vintage variation in Bordeaux?

A

Rainfall throughout the year can disrupt flowering and fruit set

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55
Q

What are the dominant black grapes of the Bordeaux region?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Cabernet Franc

Merlot

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56
Q

Name three Bordeaux regions where Cabernet Sauvignon dominates.

A

Haut-Medoc

Bas-Madoc

Graves

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57
Q

What type of soil does Cabernet Sauvignon do well in?

A

Soil with a high stone and gravel content

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58
Q

Which region of Bordeaux is Cabernet Franc widely used in?

A

Saint-Emilion

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59
Q

In which two regions of Bordeaux is Merlot particularly important for their premium wines?

A

Saint-Emilion

Pomerol

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60
Q

What type of soils can Merlot successfully grow in?

A

Cooler clay soils

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61
Q

Name a minor black grape variety grown in Bordeaux that only fully ripens in very hot years

A

Petit Verdot

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62
Q

What are the three main white grape varieties grown in Bordeaux?

A

Semillion

Sauvignon Blanc

Muscadelle

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63
Q

Which two white grapes might be blended together in a premium dry white wine of Pessac-Leognan or Graves?

A

Sauvignon blanc and Semillion

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64
Q

What is the main soil type of the left bank in Bordeaux?

A

Gravelly stones soils

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65
Q

What is the main soil type of the right bank in Bordeaux?

A

Clay soils

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66
Q

Name the four communes with the highest reputations in the Haut-Medoc

A

Saint-Estephe

Pauillac

Saint-Julien

Margaux

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67
Q

Name the most highly rated area in the Bordeaux region of Graves

A

Pessac-Leognan

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68
Q

What is the main grape variety you will find in a wine from Pessac-Leognan

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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69
Q

Describe the topography of the two sub regions of Saint-Emillion which produce the most prestigious wines of the region?

A

A plateau to the north and west of the town with well drained gravel & limestone soil, and on an Escarpment to the south and east with clay & limestone soil.

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70
Q

Name the appellations of the Cote de Bordeaux.

A

Blaye

Cadillac

Castillion

Francs

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71
Q

You want to buy a premier quality Merlot from the Bordeaux region. What region are you looking for on the bottle?

A

Saint-Emillion or Pomerol

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72
Q

Describe the type of wine you might be drinking if the label had Cotes de Bordeaux

A

Merlot based and early drinking

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73
Q

What type of wine are you likely to be drinking from the Entre-Deux-Mers region

A

A dry white wine made from Sauvignon Blanc in an unoaked style

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74
Q

What region is the appellation Entre-Deux-Mers in?

A

Bordeaux

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75
Q

What type of white wine is grown in Pessac-Leognan?

A

A blend of Sauvignon Blanc and Semillion

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76
Q

Where do the best sweet wines in Bordeaux come from?

A

Sauternes

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77
Q

A Riesling labelled Qualitatsweine will likely be dry or sweet

A

Dry

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78
Q

Name the 6 sub categories within the German Pradikatswein category

A 
Kabinett
Spatslese
Auslese
Berenauslese
Eiswein
Trockenbeerenauslese
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79
Q

Name the main German wine making regions

A 
Mosel
Nahe
Rheingau
Rheinhessen
Franken
Pfalz
Baden
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80
Q

Name the villages in the Mosel region of Germany reknown for producing the best wines

A

Piesport
Bernkastel
Wehlen

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81
Q

Name the range of hills to the north of the Rheingau region that provide protection to the vineyards

A

The Tannus Hills

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82
Q

Name the best known villages in the Rheingau region of Germany

A

Johannisberg

Rudeshein

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83
Q

What are the main black grape varieties grown in the Rheinhessen region of Germany?

A

Dornfelder
Portugieser
Spatbergunder

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84
Q

In the Rheinhessen region of Germany only two varieties can be labelled as GG. What are they?

A

Riesling or Spatburgunder

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85
Q

Name the two main villages in the Rheinhessen region of Germany

A

Nierstein

Worms

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86
Q

Which mountain range offers protection to the Pfalz region of Germany?

A

The Haardt Mountains

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87
Q

In which German region would you find the villages of Forst and Deidesheim

A

Pfalz

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88
Q

A third of plantings in the Baden region can be found in which two areas?

A

Kaiserstuhl

Tuniberg

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89
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in the Baden region of Germany?

A

Spatsburgunder

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90
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in the Franken region of Germany?

A

Silvaner

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91
Q

Describe the qualities of the Silvaner grape in terms of growing

A

Early flowering and ripening, susceptible to frost damage

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92
Q

The Austrian grape growing region is to the east of the country. Describe the climate

A

Cool continental climate with short summers and harsh winters

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93
Q

Name the four wine producing regions of Austria

A

Niederosterreich (Lower Austria)
Burgenland
Steiermark (Styria)
Wien (Vienna)

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94
Q

Name the sub-region in Niederosterreich most renown for high quality dry white wines.

A

Wachau

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95
Q

What is the name of the lake to the north of the Burgenland province?

A

Neusiedlersee

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96
Q

Vineyards on low lying ground near a lake can benefit from Autumn mists. What is the benefit?

A

Ideal conditions for Botrytis

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97
Q

What does Szamorodni mean in terms of harvesting in Hungary?

A

Collecting bunches of grapes where noble rot has only partially affected the bunch

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98
Q

Describe in brief how Tokaji Aszu wine is produced

A

Healthy grapes make the base wine. Aszu berries (affected by noble rot) macerated into the wine. Matured in oak.

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99
Q

Which mountain range protects the Alsace region in France?

A

The Vosges

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100
Q

Name the appellations used in the Alsace region of France

A

Alsace

Alsace Grand Cru

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101
Q

A wine labelled as Alsace Grand Cru can only use one of four noble grape varieties. Names those varieties.

A

Riesling
Muscat
Gewurztraminer
Pinot Gris

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102
Q

If you see Vendanges Tardives (VT) on a label, what does it mean?

A

Late Harvest

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103
Q

What does Selection de Grains Noble (SGN) indicate on a bottle of wine?

A

A sweet wine with a higher sugar ripeness level than normal, normally achieved with noble rot.

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104
Q

What is the only black grape permitted in Alsace?

A

Pinot Noir

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105
Q

What are the four sub regions of The Loire Valley?

A 
From east to west.....
Central Vineyards
Touraine
Anjou-Saumur
Nantais
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106
Q

What is the IGP classification for The Loire Valley

A

Val de Loire

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107
Q

Describe the climate in the Central Vineyards region of The Loire Valley

A

Being well inland they have a continental climate

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108
Q

Describe the climate in the Nantais region of The Loire Valley

A

Being coastal they have a maritime climate

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109
Q

Describe the climate in the Anjou-Saumur region of The Loire Valley

A

A slightly warmer and drier climate as they are protected by Mauges hills. Warm stony soils.

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110
Q

Describe the climate in the Touraine region of The Loire Valley

A

A cooler and wetter climate. Clay soils.

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111
Q

What is the main grape variety grown in the Central Vineyards region of the Loire Valley?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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112
Q

What the two most prestigious regions in the Central Vineyards region of the Loire Valley for producing Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Sancerre

Pouilly-Fume

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113
Q

What style of Sauvignon Blanc would you expect to get from the Sancerre & Pouilly-Fume regions in the Loire Valley?

A

Fresh fruity wines, green apple notes, high acidity, not suitable for ageing

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114
Q

What is the main soil type of the vineyards in Sancerre & Pouilly-Fume?

A

Chalky, well drained, stony soil

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115
Q

What is the name of the slightly less prestigious region within the Central Vineyards region of the Loire Valley?

A

Menetou-Salon

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116
Q

Which of the four Loire Valley regions produces the majority of its Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Touraine

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117
Q

Vouvray is a sub region of which Loire Valley region?

A

Touraine

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118
Q

What is the main grape variety of the Vouvray region?

A

Chenin Blanc

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119
Q

The Saumur region of the Loire Valley is renown for…..?

A

Sparkling Chenin Blanc

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120
Q

Name a region of the Loire Valley renown for producing sweet wines

A

Coteaux du Lyon

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121
Q

The variety Melon Blanc is also known as…

A

Muscadet or Melon de Bourgogne

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122
Q

In which region of the Loire Valley is the vast majority of Melon Blanc grown

A

Nantais

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123
Q

Describe the characteristics of a wine labelled Muscadet Sevre et Maine

A 
Dry
medium alcohol
high acidity
Light body
subtle green fruit flavours
drink young
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124
Q

What are the main red grape varieties grown in the Loire Valley?

A

Cabernet Franc

Gamay

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125
Q

Which region of the Loire Valley does Chinon fall into?

A

Touraine

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126
Q

Name the three main areas in the Touraine region of the Loire Valley where Cabernet Franc is grown

A

Chinon
Bourgueil
St-Nicholas-de-Bourgueil

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127
Q

Which red wine is produced in Samur-Champigny in the Loire Valley?

A

Cabernet Franc

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128
Q

Gamay is mainly planted in which two regions of the Loire Valley?

A

Touraine

Anjou

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129
Q

If a bottle of wine displayed Rose de Loire, which region might it come from?

A

Anjou-Saumur or Touraine

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130
Q

Anjou-Saumur has two appellations for different styles of Rose. What are they?

A

Cabernet D’Anjou

Rose D’Anjou

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131
Q

Name the major appellation of the Dordogne region in France

A

Bergerac

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132
Q

What type of wine comes from the Monbazillac region of the Dordogne?

A

A sweet wine made from Semillion & Sauvignon Blanc

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133
Q

Name the main regions of South West France

A

Cahors
Cotes de Gascogne
Madiran
Jurancon

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134
Q

What is the most important grape variety of the Cahors region of South West France?

A

Malbec

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135
Q

What is the main grape grown in the Cotes de Gasgone region of South West France?

A

Ugni Blanc

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136
Q

In which region of South West France is Tannat an important variety?

A

Madiran

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137
Q

Petit Manseng is a grape variety used to produce sweet wines in which region of South West France?

A

Jurancon

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138
Q

In Burgundy, rain can be a frequent issue. What problems does it create?

A

Disruption of flowering
Disruption of harvest
Swelling of grapes diluting flavour
Can cause Grey Rot

139
Q

Name two climactic issues prevalent in the Chablis region

A

Spring frosts

Summer hailstorms

140
Q

In Burgundy, where are the best locations (in terms of topography) for Grand Cru, and Premier Grand Cru wines, and why?

A

Mid slope as they are less susceptible to frosts. And south and east facing slopes with protection from prevailing westerly winds.

141
Q

What is the main black grape variety grown in Burgundy?

A

Pinot Noir

142
Q

In which part of Burgundy are the most important plantings of Pinot Noir?

A

Cote d’or

143
Q

Describe the main characteristics of a Pinot Noir from Burgundy

A 
Red Fruit
Develops into Earth, Game & Mushroom
High acidity
Low to medium tannins
16-18 months barrel ageing
144
Q

What is the main white grape variety grown in Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay

145
Q

Describe the regional variations of Chardonnay in Burgundy

A

High acid in the North
Complex expressive in the Cote d’or
Full bodied and riper fruited in the Macon of the south

146
Q

Describe the elements of premium Chardonnay wine making in the Burgundy region

A

Barrel fermentation
Barrel ageing (6-9 months)
Malolactic fermentation
Use of lees during maturation

147
Q

Describe a known issue with Burgundian Chardonnays

A

Premature oxidation in bottles

148
Q

Name a lesser known white grape grown in Burgundy

A

Aligote

149
Q

What is the only grape variety allowed in the Chablis region of Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay

150
Q

What is Petit Chablis?

A

A lesser quality wine made from Chardonnay on either north facing slopes or flatter land in the Chablis region

151
Q

In the Cote d’or region, what is the Massive Central?

A

It runs along the western limit of the region providing favourable east & south east facing locations

152
Q

What the two main regions of the Cote d’or?

A

Cote de Nuits

Cote de Beaune

153
Q

The Cote de Beaune is famous for?

A

The best Chardonnays in the Cote d’or

154
Q

The Cote de Nuits is best known for?

A

Pinot Noir

155
Q

Name the two lower level Appellations of Burgundy

A

Bourgogne Rouge

Bourgogne Blanc

156
Q

Name the highest level appellation of Burgundy

A

Grand Cru

157
Q

Name the key Villages of the Cote de Nuits

A

Gevrey-Chambertain
Vosne-Romanee
Nuits-Saint-Georges

158
Q

Name the key Villages of the Cote de Beaune

A 
Aloxe-Corton
Beaune
Pommard
Volnay
Meursault
Montrachet
159
Q

What are the main grapes grown in the Cote Chalonnaise?

A

Chardonnay

Pinot Noir

160
Q

Name the key villages of the Cote Chalonnaise

A

Rully
Mercurey
Givry
Montagny

161
Q

A wine labelled Bourgogne Cote Chalonnaise will have come from where?

A

Anywhere in the Cote Chalonnaise, and could be either red or white

162
Q

What are the main grapes grown in the Maconnais?

A

Chardonnay

Gammay

163
Q

Pouilly-Fuisse and Saint-Veran are two famous villages from which region of Burgundy?

A

Maconnais

164
Q

What is the main grape grown in the Beaujolais region of France?

A

Gamay

165
Q

Why is Gamay grown in the Beaujolais region often grown in granite soils with low nutrients?

A

It limits the yield, and therefore produces grapes with more concentrated flavours

166
Q

Name the traditional method of pruning Gamay vines in the Beaujolais region.

A

Gobelet

167
Q

What are the characteristics of wine from the Beaujolais region produced from Gamay?

A 
Fragrant
Aromas of Raspberry & Cherry
Medium tannin
Medium body
Light style
Can be served chilled
168
Q

Name the four main Beaujolais Crus appellations

A

Brouilly
Morgon
Fleurie
Moulin-a-Vent

169
Q

What is Beaujolais Nouveau?

A

A wine made specifically for early drinking. It’s released on the third Thursday in November after the vintage.

170
Q

Which mountain range offers protection to the vineyards of the Alsace?

A

Vosges Mountains

171
Q

Where are the best vineyards located in the Alsace region?

A

On the steepest east and south east facing slopes

172
Q

If a bottle of wine displays Vendanges Tardives on it, where will it have come from?

A

The Alsace region of France

173
Q

What does Vendanges Tardives mean?

A

Late Harvest

174
Q

What does Selection de Grains Nobles signify on a bottle of wine?

A

A high sugar ripeness level, usually achieved with noble rot

175
Q

What are the main grapes grown in the Alsace region of France?

A

Riesling
Gewurztraminer
Pinot Gris
Muscat

176
Q

Identify a difference between a Riesling from Alsace, and one from Germany

A

The Alsace Riesling will be less floral

177
Q

Describe the characteristics of Gewurtztraminer

A

Pungent aromatic spicy nose, Lychees, Roses
a light pink tinge to the grape can give a golden colour to the wine.
Full bodied
Oily texture

178
Q

Pinot blanc is grown in the Alsace region of France. What is it mainly grown for?

A

The production of sparkling wines

179
Q

What is the Mistral?

A

A cold north wind that blows down through the Rhone valley

180
Q

How can vines be protected from the Mistral?

A

They are supported by individual stakes, or tepee-like arrangements

181
Q

What are the main grape varieties grown in the Northern Rhone?

A

Syrah

Viognier

182
Q

Describe the characteristics of wine made from Viognier

A

Full bodied
Blossom and Apricots
Low acidity
High alcohol

183
Q

What other grapes are grown in the Northern Rhone?

A

Marsanne

Rousanne

184
Q

Name the regions of the Northern Rhone

A 
Cote Rotie
Condrieu
Saint-Joseph
Hermitage
Crozes-Hermitage
Cornas
185
Q

Which is the only grape to be grown in the Condrieu region of the Northern Rhone?

A

Viognier

186
Q

Which grape variety is mainly grown in the Saint-Joseph region of the Northern Rhone?

A

Syrah

187
Q

What are Lieux-dits?

A

Named sites within the Hermitage region of the Northern Rhone

188
Q

What is the only grape that can be used in wines from the Cornas region of the Northern Rhone?

A

Syrah

189
Q

Describe the climate of the Southern Rhone

A

Mediterranean. Mild winters, warm dry summers.

190
Q

How are vineyards in the Southern Rhone protected from the Mistral

A

Windbreaks are planted

191
Q

How is Grenache grown in the Southern Rhone to protect against the Mistral?

A

Bush trained low to the ground. This also gets benefit from the warm soil

192
Q

What are the main black grape varieties of the Southern Rhone?

A

Granache
Syrah
Mourvedre
Cinsault

193
Q

What are the two appellations in the Southern Rhone?

A

Cote du Rhone

Cote du Rhone Villages

194
Q

Within the Southern Rhone, what are the main Crus?

A 
Chateauneuf-du-pape
Tavel
Lirac
Gigondas
Vacqueyras
195
Q

What is the dominant grape in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Grenache

196
Q

Tavel & Lirac are most famous for the production of what type of wine?

A

Rose

197
Q

What is the biggest challenge for growing grapes in Southern France?

A

Drought

198
Q

What type of climate does Southern France have?

A

Mediterranean

199
Q

What is the Tramontane

A

A wind that blows across Southern France from between the Massif Central and the Pyrenees

200
Q

What are the main black grape varieties of Southern France?

A 
Grenache
Syrah
Carignan
Cinsault
Mourvedre
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
201
Q

What are the main white grape varieties of Southern France?

A 
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Viognier
Muscat
Grenache Blanc
202
Q

Where in France is the white grape variety Picpoul grown?

A

Southern France

203
Q

What is Languedoc?

A

A generic appellation covering a region from the Spanish border to Nimes in the South of France

204
Q

What are the main appellations in the South of France?

A 
Cotes du Roussilon
Cotes du Roussilon Villages
Fitou
Corbieres
Minervois
Picpoul de Pinet
Limoux
205
Q

A wine labelled Pays D’Oc will have been produced where?

A

The South of France

206
Q

What type of wine accounts for the majority produced in the Cotes de Provence region of Southern France?

A

A very pale Rose

207
Q

Where is Bandol, and what grape is grown there?

A

It’s within the Cotes de Provence region of Southern France.

Mourvedre.

208
Q

What does the term “Classico” mean on a bottle of wine from Italy?

A

A wine that is produced from within the original boundary of an Appellation

209
Q

What does the term “Riserva” indicate on a bottle of wine from Italy?

A

Higher alcohol levels and longer ageing than the minimum stipulation of an appellation

210
Q

What does DOC indicate on a bottle of wine from Italy?

A

The wines are subject to geographical boundaries, grape varieties and production methods

211
Q

What does DOCG indicate on a bottle of wine from Italy?

A

As per DOC regulations (boundaries, varieties, production methods), plus the wine must be bottled in the area of production, and is subject to Ministry of Agriculture tasting.

212
Q

What is the Italian equivalent in labelling terms of PGI?

A

IGP - Indicazione Geografica Protteta, or

IGT - Indicazione Geografica Tipica

213
Q

Describe the climate of Northern Italy

A

A moderate climate with dry short summers

214
Q

What is the name of the complex trellising system used in Northern Italy?

A

Pergola

215
Q

Describe the Pergola trellising system used in Northern Italy, where it can be used to best effect and why

A

The vine is trained high, with the fruit hanging below a horizontal canopy. This offers protection from the sun and allows air to circulate minimising the risk of rot. It’s mostly used on grapes intended for sparkling wine.

216
Q

Name the two regions of the Trentino-Alto Adige region of Northern Italy

A

Alto Adige

Trentino

217
Q

What is the most notable white wine of the Alto Adige region of Northern Italy?

A

Pinot Grigio

218
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Pinot Grigio from the Alto Adige region of Northern Italy

A

Dry
Light to medium body
High acidity
Citrus & green fruit flavours

219
Q

What is the most notable red wine of the Alto-Adige region of Northern Italy?

A

Schiava

220
Q

What are the main white wines of the Trentino region of Northern Italy?

A

Chardonnay

Pinot Grigio

221
Q

What are the two main black grapes grown in the Trentino region of Northern Italy?

A

Merlot

Teroldego

222
Q

Name the main wine growing regions of Northern Italy

A

Trentino-Alto Adige
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Veneto
Piemonte

223
Q

What are the best known wines of the Veneto region of Northern Italy?

A

Soave

Valpolicella

224
Q

What are the main regions within Piemonte in Northern Italy?

A

Barolo
Barbaresco
Asti and Alba
Gavi

225
Q

Describe the climate of Piemonte in Northern Italy

A

Moderate and continental
Long cold winters
Summers susceptible to thunderstorms, hail and fog

226
Q

What are the main black grape varieties of the Piemonte region of Northern Italy?

A

Nebbiolo
Barbera
Dolcetto

227
Q

What are the main white grape varieties of the Piemonte region of Northern Italy?

A

Cortese

Muscato

228
Q

If a bottle of wine is labelled Barolo DOCG, what country has it come from, and what grape makes 100% of it?

A

Italy

Nebbiolo

229
Q

Describe a wine labelled Barolo DOCG

A 
High Tannin
High Acidity
Little colour
Sour Cherry and herb aroma
Full body
Develops in the bottle
230
Q

A wine labelled Barbaresco DOCG must be aged for how long in total, and how long on Oak?

A

Two years total

Nine months on Oak

231
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in the Asti and Alba regions of the Piemonte in Italy?

A

Barbera

232
Q

What is the main white grape grown in the Gavi region of Piemonte in Northern Italy?

A

Cortese

233
Q

In general, what level of acidity will a wine from Northern Italy?

A

High acidity

234
Q

Describe the climate of north and north west Spain

A

Moderate maritime. Dominated by the Atlantic. Rainfall is an issue.

235
Q

Describe the climate of Eastern Spain

A

Warm Mediterranean.

236
Q

Other than north, north west Spain, heat and lack of water are the biggest challenges for wine growing in Spain. How are these overcome?

A

Low density, bush trained vines. Maximises water availability and shades fruit

237
Q

What are the main black grape varieties of Spain?

A

Tempranillo
Garnacha Tinta (Grenache)
Monastrell (Mourvèdre)

238
Q

Name the main “secondary’ black grapes of Spain

A

Graciano
Carinena (Carignon) aka Mazuelo in Rioja
Mencia

239
Q

In Spain what do they do in terms of harvesting of white grapes, to help retain delicate flavours?

A

Harvest at night, or early morning.

240
Q

What are the main white grape varieties grown in Spain?

A

Verdejo

Albarino

241
Q

What are the main ‘secondary’ white grapes grown in Spain?

A

Airen

Macabeo aka Viura in Rioja

242
Q

What does oak do to a wine?

A

Softens tannins
Adds body
Adds flavour

243
Q

What are the levels in Rioja grading, and what do they indicate?

A

Joven - less than 24 months ageing, little or no oak maturation
Griaza - min 24 months ageing, min 6 months oak
Reserva - min 36 months ageing, min 12months oak
Gran Reserva - min 60 months ageing, min 18 months oak

244
Q

What are the main white grape varieties of Central Italy?

A

Trebbiano
Verdicchio
Malvasia
Grechetto

245
Q

What are the main white grape varieties of Southern Italy?

A

Greco
Fiano
Chardonnay

246
Q

What are the main red grape varieties of Southern Italy?

A 
Aglianico
Primitivo
Negroamaro
Nero D'Avola
Montepulciano
Sangiovese
247
Q

What is the Spanish equivalent of PDO?

A

DOP - Denominacion de Origen Protegida

248
Q

In order from low to high, what are the Spanish wine law denominations?

A

DO
DOCa (DOQ in Catalan)
VP

249
Q

Name the main wine growing regions in Spain

A 
The Upper Ebro
Catalunya
The Duero Valley
The North West
The Levante
Castilla-La-Mancha
250
Q

Name the three regions within the Upper Ebro region of Spain

A

Rioja
Navarra
Carinena and Calatayud

251
Q

Name the three sub regions of the Rioja region in Spain

A

Rioja Alavesa
Rioja Alta
Rioja Baja

252
Q

What is the main grape planted in the Rioja region of Spain?

A

Tempranillo

253
Q

What grapes may be blended with Tempranillo in the Rioja region of Spain?

A

Garnacha
Mazuelo
Graciano

254
Q

If a red Rioja wine is designed for early drinking, what might the winemaker do to create the vibrant red fruit flavours?

A

Use semi carbonic maceration

255
Q

What is the main grape planted in the Navarra region of Spain?

A

Tempranillo

256
Q

What is the main grape grown in the Carinena and Calatayud region of Spain?

A

Garnacha

257
Q

What region of Spain is nearly all Cava made?

A

Catalunya

258
Q

Name the main sub regions of the Catalunya region of Spain

A

Penedes

Priorat

259
Q

Why are there a wide variety of styles of wine made in the Penedes region within Catalunya in Spain?

A

There are three distinct climactic zones
Mediterranean on the coast
Slightly cooler in the valleys
Moderate at 800m into the hills

260
Q

Why is Priorat an ideal region in Catalunya, Spain for old Garnacha and Carinena vines?

A

Long hot and dry summers with very low annual rainfall is ideal for the late ripening varieties

261
Q

Why are Priorat wines usually expensive?

A

Manual harvesting of the grapes

Low grape yields

262
Q

What are the main sub regions within the Duero Valley region of Spain?

A

Ribera del Duero
Toro
Rueda

263
Q

Describe the climate of the Ribero del Duero in Spain

A

Short hot dry summers

Very cold winters

264
Q

Where are most of the vineyards in the Ribera del Duero planted?

A

The highest parts of he Meseta Central. Some vineyards are over 800m

265
Q

Describe a red wine produced in the Toro region of Spain

A

Predominantly Tempranillo
Full Body
Intense fruit flavours
High alcohol

266
Q

What is the traditional grape variety of the Rueda region in Spain?

A

Verdejo

267
Q

Name the sub regions of North West Spain

A

Rias Biaxas

Bierzo

268
Q

Describe the climate of Rias Biaxas in Spain

A

Moderate damp climate

269
Q

Where might an unoaked Albarino wine come from?

A

The Rias Biaxas region of Spain

270
Q

Describe the climate of the Bierzo region in North West Spain

A

Moderate with a cooling maritime influence

271
Q

What is the red grape grown in the Bierzo region of North West Spain?

A

Mencia

272
Q

Name the sub regions within The Levante region of Spain

A

Valencia

Jumilla and Yecia

273
Q

If a bottle of wine displayed Moscatel de Valencia, what type of wine would it be, and what region will it have come from?

A

A sweet fortified wine from the Valencia sub region of the Levante region of Spain

274
Q

Name the largest DO in Spain

A

La Mancha

275
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in the La Mancha region of Spain?

A

Airen

276
Q

What region of Spain produces inexpensive, well made reds & whites for export?

A

La Mancha

277
Q

Cencibel is better known as?

A

Tempranillo

278
Q

Describe the climate of Portugal

A

Maritime climates on the coast

Hot, dry, continental inland

279
Q

Name the main wine growing regions of Portugal

A 
Vinho Verde
Douro
Dao
Bairrada
Alentejo
280
Q

The high annual rainfall levels in the Vino Verde region of Portugal can encourage disease. What do the wine makers do to mitigate this?

A

Use spur pruned VSP vines to create air flow in the humid environment.

281
Q

Describe a classic Vino Verde wine

A

Pale lemon colour
High acidity
Low alcohol

282
Q

What grapes are used a Vino Verde wine?

A

Loureiro

Arinto

283
Q

What are the five principle varieties of grape grown in the Douro region of Portugal?

A 
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Tinta Barroca
Tinta Cao
284
Q

What is the highest quality grape variety grown in the Douro region of Portugal?

A

Touriga Nacional

285
Q

Describe a typical red wine from the Douro region of Portugal

A 
Deep colour
Full body
High tannin
Rich black fruit flavours
Often subtle toasty aromas from oak
286
Q

What are the main varieties of grape grown in the Dao region of Portugal?

A

Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Jaen
Alfrocheiro

287
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Baga grape grown in the Bairrada region of Portugal

A

Late ripening
Small
Thick skin
Wines are deep in colour with high tannin

288
Q

Name the main grape varieties grown in the Alentejo region of Portugal

A

Aragones (tempranillo)
Trincadeira
Alicante Bouschet

289
Q

If you saw AVA on a bottle of wine, what would it indicate?

A

It originates from America

290
Q

Describe the climate of coastal vineyards in California

A

The cold ocean current cools the temperature. The cold air is often accompanied by fog which lowers the night time temperature, and extends the cooling influence well into the day until the fog is burnt off.

291
Q

Describe the climate of the Central Valley in California

A

Hot and lacking in rainfall

292
Q

What effect does the hot climate and lack of rainfall have on the vineyards of the Central Valley in California?

A

Grapes can be left on the vine long into the season, resulting in very ripe grapes with concentrated flavours and high sugar levels.

293
Q

What are the main black grape varieties grown in California?

A 
Cabernet Sauvignon
Zinfandel
Merlot
Pinot Noir
Syrah
294
Q

What does the Zinfandel grape have a tendency to do in California, and what are the consequences?

A

Ripen unevenly, which can lead to concentrated full bodied wines with high alcohol

295
Q

Where do the best Sauvignon Blanc wines come from in California?

A

The coastal regions

296
Q

If a bottle of wine had the term Fume Blanc on it, what does it indicate?

A

An oaked style of Sauvignon Blanc

297
Q

What is the most widely planted white grape in California?

A

Chardonnay

298
Q

Name the three main regions of California

A

North Coast
Central Coast
Central Valley

299
Q

What are the main regions within the Napa valley of California?

A 
Los Carneros
Stags Leap
Yountville
Oakville
Rutherford
Saint Helena
Calistoga
Holwell Mountain
Mount Veeder
300
Q

In the Russian River Valley of Sonoma County what high quality wines will you find?

A

Pinot Noir

Chardonnay

301
Q

Where, within Sonoma County will you find high quality old vine Zinfandels?

A

Dry Creek Valley

Sonoma Valley

302
Q

An American Riesling or Gewurtztraminer might come from which region?

A

Mendocino County

303
Q

What are the main AVA regions within the Central Coast region of California?

A

Monterey AVA
Paso Robles AVA
Santa Maria Valley AVA

304
Q

Where is the majority of high volume, inexpensive wine produced within California?

A

Central Valley

305
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in the Willamette Valley region of Northern Oregon?

A

Pinot Noir

306
Q

What are the two main regions of Washington State

A

Columbia Valley

Yakima Valley

307
Q

What are the main grapes grown in Washington State?

A

Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Chardonnay

308
Q

The Finger Lakes in New York State are most noted for which grape variety?

A

Riesling

309
Q

What is Canada’s appellation system?

A

Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA)

310
Q

What are the main red grapes of Central Italy

A

Montepulciano

Sangiovese

311
Q

Name the two regions in Australia that produce full bodied and intensely fruity Shiraz.

A

Barossa Valley

Hunter Valley

312
Q

What are the classic regions for Cabernet Sauvignon in Australia?

A

Coonawara

Margaret River

313
Q

What is the climate likely to be like in the best Pinot Noir’s regions of Australia?

A

Cool or moderate

314
Q

Name the best regions in Australia for Pinot Noir

A

Yarra Valley
Mornington Peninsula
Tasmania

315
Q

Which black grape varieties are best suited the hot climate regions of Australia?

A 
Grenache
Petit Verdot
Mataro (Mouvedre)
Sangiovese
Tempranillo
316
Q

What are the main white grape varieties grown in Australia?

A

Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Semillon
Riesling

317
Q

Which area of Australia has developed a reputation as the benchmark in Australian Sauvignon Blanc and why?

A

The Adelaide hills due to the moderate climate

318
Q

Where in Australia is the classic region for Semillon production?

A

The Hunter Valley

319
Q

Describe a Semillon from the Hunter Valley in Australia

A 
Low sugar
High Acidity
Light in alcohol
Neutral flavour when first bottled
Develop honey & toast flavours
Can age for 20 years or more
320
Q

Which regions in Australia are classic for Rieslings?

A

Eden Valley

Clare Valley

321
Q

Name the main regions of South Australia

A 
Barossa Valley
Eden Valley
Clare Valley
Adelaide Hills
McLaren Vale
Coonawarra
322
Q

Think Barossa, think…..

A

Shiraz

323
Q

Describe the climate of the Eden Valley in South Australia

A

Cool to moderate

324
Q

What “Outstanding” quality wine is grown in the Eden Valley region of South Australia?

A

Riesling

325
Q

What type of climate does the Adelaide Hills region of South Australia have?

A

Moderate

326
Q

What wines does the Adelaide hills region of South Australia specialise in?

A

Chardonnay

Sauvignon Blanc

327
Q

What name is given to the soil in the Coonawara region of South Australia?

A

Terra Rosa

328
Q

What are the main wine growing regions of Victoria?

A 
Yarra Valley
Mornington Peninsula
Geelong
Heathcote
Goulburn Valley
329
Q

Describe the climate of the Yarra Valley region in Victoria?

A

Cool to moderate and Maritime

330
Q

Think Yarra Valley, think….

A

Pinot Noir

331
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Chardonnay from the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria.

A

Citrus, pear and Apple aromas

High acidity softened by MLF

332
Q

What are the main grape varieties grown in the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales?

A

Semillon
Chardonnay
Shiraz

333
Q

The sub regions of Mount Barker and Frankland are part of the Great Southern region of Western Australia. What are they known for?

A

Deeply coloured Cabernet Sauvignon
Peppery Shiraz
Floral Riesling

334
Q

Describe the climate of Tasmania

A

Cool maritime

335
Q

Name the regions of the North Island of New Zealand

A

Auckland
Gisborne
Hawkes Bay
Wairarapa

336
Q

Name the regions of the South Island of New Zealand

A

Marlborough
Nelson
Canterbury
Central Otago

337
Q

What can be an issue in the warm wet climate of Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand?

A

Fungal diseases

338
Q

What grape is widely planted in the Gisborne region of the North Island of New Zealand?

A

Chardonnay

339
Q

Where are the Gimblett Gravels, and what type of grape does well here?

A

In the Hawke’s bay region of the North Island of New Zealand. Black grapes, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah

340
Q

Think Wairarapa, think….

A

Pinot Noir

341
Q

Within the Marlborough region on the South Island of New Zealand there are two estuary valleys where most Sauvignon Blanc is grown. Name them.

A

Wairau

Awatere

342
Q

In which sub region of the South Island of New Zealand would you find the Waipara Valley?

A

Canterbury

343
Q

What is the main grape grown in the Central Otago region of the Southern Island of New Zealand?

A

Pinot Noir

344
Q

What can be an issue in the Central Otago region of the Southern Island of New Zealand?

A

Frost damage, due to the continental climate

Wset 3 (3 decks)

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