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WSET 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chaptalization?

A

The process of adding sugar to unfermented grape must in order to increase the alcohol content after fermentation

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2
Q

Describe anaerobic and aerobic winemaking

A
  • Anaerobic means “without oxygen.” Wine will be made in Staineless Steel or concrete and typically quite vibrant and fresh.
  • Aerobic means “with oxygen”. Wines are made in oak are always aerobic.
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3
Q

What are two factors in food that make pairing with food harder? Give two examples of successful pairings with these components.

A

Sweet and Umami.

Pair:

  • Gewurztraminer and spicy Thai or Port and with a chocolate dessert
  • Shiitake mushrooms sushi rolls with and unoaked fruity red perhaps Beaujulais
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4
Q

Umami in food can make wine taste….

A

Bitter, astringent, higer in alcohol, high in acid

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5
Q

What temperature should wine be stored at (long term)?

A

10 - 15c

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6
Q

What are the Nobel grapes of Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Malbec, Petite Verdot

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7
Q

What are the main white varietal grown in Bordeaux?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Semillion, Muscadelle

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8
Q

How many grape varietals are permitted to grow in Bordeaux?

A

13

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9
Q

Name 3 premium New World Pinot Noir regions in 3 different countries

A
  • Willamet Valley, California, USA
  • Central Otogo, New Zealand
  • Walker Bay, South Africa
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10
Q

Explain carbonic masceration

A

Grapes are fermented whole. Tanks flushed with CO2 to start fermentation. Ferments go to 2 or 3% before being removed from skins (fermentation continues after). Makes fresh fruity wines with notes of bubble gum & cinnamon.

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11
Q

4 methods of concentrating grape sugars in sweet wine

A
  • Ice Wine
  • Botrytis
  • drying grapes
  • late harvest
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12
Q

Service temperature of white Bordeaux?

A

10 - 13c

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13
Q

Service temperature of Sauternes?

A

6 - 8c

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14
Q

What do you observe in the glass with wines that are higher in alcohol and sugar?

A

More viscous + have thicker more persistent legs

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15
Q

What is the range in colours you can call a white wine?

A

Green lemon - Lemon - Gold - Amber - Brown

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16
Q

What type of climate does Champagne have?

A

Continental

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17
Q

What is passerillage?

A

A process in which grapes are air-dried and shriveled after harvest to increase their sugar concentration. This takes place in a dry, well-ventilated area in order to avoid spoilage.

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18
Q

Fermentation tempatures:

  • White wine
  • Red wine
A

White: 12 c - 22 c
Red: 20 c - 32 c

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19
Q

Describe Pierce’s Disease

A

Caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, is spread by sap-feeding insects called sharpshooters. When the bacterium invades the water-conducting vascular tissues (xylem) in grapevines, the vines respond with distinct, characteristic symptoms.

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20
Q

How do you identify Downy Mildew and what is it?

A

Oil spots on leaves, a fungus

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21
Q

What can happen to your vines under 20 c? What can you do to help manage?

A

Vines can be damaged or die. You can cover with earth to protect from cold.

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22
Q

Risk of mild winters?

A

No dormant period for vines

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23
Q

Name the sub-region in the Loire Valley with the smallest production

A

Central Vineyards

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24
Q

Name two AOP’s in Loire Valley that are known for Sauvignon Blanc

A

Pouilly Fume and Sancerre in Central Vineyards

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25
Q

What grape is Sancerre Rouge

A

Pinot Noir

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26
Q

What is the longest river in France?

A

The Loire

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27
Q

Rosé de Loire and Cremant de Loire are primarily produced in what areas?

A

Anjou and Saumur

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28
Q

What are the four main sub-regions of Loire?

A

Central Vineyards, Touraine, Anjou-Samur, and Nantais

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29
Q

What climate does Central Vineyards in the Loire Valley have?

A

Continental Climate

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30
Q

Name a village in Sancerre

A

Chavignol

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31
Q

What is Menetou-Salon known for?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, that’s style is similar to Sancerre and Pouilly Fumé but at a lower price point

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32
Q

Where is the Majority of Sauvignon Blanc grown in The Loire Valley?

A

Touraine

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33
Q

What is White Touraine made from?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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34
Q

What grape is responsible for the greatest white wines in both Touraine and Anjou-Samur

A

Chenin Blanc

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of Chenin Blanc in the Loire Valley?

A

High acid, non-aromatic. Common to ripen unevenly

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36
Q

What type of Chenin Blanc is made in Vouray?

A

Rarely matured in oak, grown on clay soils, light to medium body wines

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37
Q

What two regions in the Loire Valley have a similar climate and soils to Vouray?

A

Anjou and Saumur

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38
Q

What type of Chenin Blanc is Saumur renowned for?

A

Traditional Method sparkling

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39
Q

What type of Chenin Blac is Anjou known for?

A

Dry. Often aged in oak.

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40
Q

Why is there no Noble Rot is Savenniers? What type of Chennin Blanc does this region produce?

A

Air flow prevents Nobel Rot.

Full body, dry style, typically suitable for aging.

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41
Q

Name a AOP in Loire Valley that is renowned for sweet wines.

A

Coteaux du Layon. Located in the sheltered valley of River Layon.

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42
Q

What are two of the most favoured sites in Coteaux du Layon?

A

Quartz de Chaume & Bonnexeaux

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43
Q

What grape is Muscadet and Melon de Bougogne?

A

Melon Blanc

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44
Q

Characteristics of Melon Blanc

A

Ripens early, frost resistant

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45
Q

Where is the vast majority of Melon Blanc grown in the Loire Valley?

A

Nantais (south of Loire, close to Atlantic)

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46
Q

The best Melon Blanc comes from?

A

Muscadet Sevre et Maine

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47
Q

What is the maximum abv allowed in Mucadet?

A

12%

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48
Q

What vessels are used in Muscadet?

A

Traditionally large oak vessels. Today concrete and stainless steel most common

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49
Q

Explain Muscadet Sur Lie

A

Typically from Muscadet Sevre et Maine. Bottled in spring after spending the winter on lees.

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50
Q

Why is Cabernet Franc suitable to grow in Loire Valley?

A

flowers and ripens early making it ideal to grown in cooler regions

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51
Q

What regions in Tourraine is Cab Franc primarily grow in?

A

Chinnon, Bougueil, and Saint-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil

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52
Q

Saumur and Saumur-Champigny typically make what style Cabernet Franc?

A

Light in body and tannins. Wines from Saumur are typically drink you and you can served chilled. There are a few producers in this region making fuller body Cab Franc suitable for aging.

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53
Q

What area in The Loire Valley is Rosé mainly produced?

A

Anjou- Saumur

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54
Q

What areas in the Loire Valley can Rose de Loire be produced?

A

Anjou-Saumur and Touraine (mainly in Anjou-Saumur)

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55
Q

What are the characteristics of Rose de Loire?

A

Always dry. Minimum 30% Cabernet Franc or Cabernet Sauvignon

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56
Q

The highest quality rosé in Anjou-Saumur is?

A

Cabernet d’Anjou

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57
Q

What is the primary grape in Rose d’Anjou

A

Grolleau

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58
Q

What is the only grape in Sancerre Rosé?

A

Pinot Noir

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59
Q

Characteristics of Sancerre Rose?

A

Pale, dry, delicate

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60
Q

What winemaking techniques can be used to make Rosé in the Loire Valley?

A

Direct press or short maceration

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61
Q

What vessel is rose in the Loire Valley typically fermented in?

A

Inert temperature control vessels

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62
Q

What fermentation method is used to soften the tannins in Carignane?

A

Semi-carbonic masceration

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63
Q

What grape is Rose d’Anjou primarily made out of?

A

Grolleau

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64
Q

What ocean does Langudoc lie along?

A

Mediterranean Sea

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65
Q

The three main areas of Southern France are?

A

Langedoc, Roussillion, Provence

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66
Q

What is the climate in Southern France?

A

Warm Meditteranean

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67
Q

Describe tramontane

A

a strong, dry cold wind from the north (on the Mediterranean) or from the northwest (in lower Languedoc, Roussillon, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands).
In Langudoc it blows through Massif Central and Pyrenees.

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68
Q

What is the biggest grape-growing problem in Southern Franc?

A

Drought

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69
Q

What are 5 red grapes commonly grown in Southern France?

A

Grenache, Syrah, Carignan, Cinsault, Mouverdre

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70
Q

Common international grapes grown in Southern France

A

Merlot & Cabernet Sauvignon

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71
Q

What are the two most popular white grapes grown in Southern France?

A

Chardonnay & Sauvignon Blanc

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72
Q

What is Langudocs only white wine region?

A

Picpoul de Pinet

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73
Q

Can grapes other than Picpoul be grown in Picpoul de Pinet?

A

Yes but they may not put AOC on lable

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74
Q

What are the most popular local white varietals grown in southern France?

A

Muscat and Grenache Blanc.

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75
Q

What grape do they predominantly use for fortified wines in Southern France?

A

Muscat

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76
Q

Describe a wine made from Picpoul from Languedoc

A

Refreshing acidity, green fruit, citrus

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77
Q

What can only the best sub-regions in Languedoc put on their labels?

A

Their name, along side Languedoc AC

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78
Q

Name two sub-regions in Languedoc that have their own set of regulations:

A

Cotes du Roussillon & Minervois

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79
Q

What is the mass majority of wine that comes from Languedoc? What are their grapes?

A

Red wine. Made predominately from Carignane, Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre

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80
Q

What black grape do the cooler areas in Languedoc grow best?

A

Syrah

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81
Q

What type of topography does Coted du Roussillion have?

A

Rugged & Mountainous.

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82
Q

What is the name of the wind that affects Corbieres?

A

Tramontane

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83
Q

From North/East to South/West name the main sub-regions in Languedoc?

A

Picpoul de Pinet, Minervois, Corbieres,Limoux, Fitou, Cotes du Roussillion Villages, Cotes du Rousillion

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84
Q

What are the mountain ranges that affect growing conditions in Southern France?

A

Alps, Massif Central, Pyrenees

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85
Q

Best sub-region in Corbieres (Languedoc)

A

Boutenac

Red wine appellation. Created in 2005. Lies between two rivers. Carignane, Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre.

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86
Q

Best sub-region in Minervois (Languedoc)

A

La Liviniere

  • red wine appellation. Carignane, cinsault, Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre
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87
Q

What mountain range is Minervois (Languedoc) situated on?

A

Massif Central

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88
Q

Describe Provences landscape

A

Varied, broken up by hills

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89
Q

What is the name of the wind affects provence

A

Mistral

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90
Q

What characteristics do Roses from Provence usually have?

A

Pale in colour, light-bodied, dry. Notes of grapefruit and red fruit.

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91
Q

What grapes do the best white wines from Provence use?

A

Rolle (vermentino) & Clairette

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92
Q

What is the largest appellation in Provence?

A

Cotes de Provence

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93
Q

What is Bandol (Provence) known for?

A

Premium Mouvedre. Requires bottle age.

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94
Q

How many Grand Crus are there in Cote D’or?

A

33

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95
Q

What is the only village in Cote de Beaune that is 100% Aligote?

A

Bouzeron

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96
Q

What is the only Grand Cru is Cote de Beaune that produces red wine?

A

Corton

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97
Q

4 key villages of Cote de Nuits:

A

Gevrey-Chambertin, Vougeot, Vosne-Ramanee, Nuits-St-Georges

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98
Q

What is the climate in Burgundy?

A

Continental. Ranging from cool Continental to Moderate Continental.

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99
Q

What is the mountain range to the West of Cote d’or?

A

Massif Central

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100
Q

What weather pattern frequently disrupts flowering and harvest in Burgundy?

A

rain

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101
Q

What grape in Burgundy is most susceptible to Grey Rot?

A

Pinot Noir

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102
Q

Where would you find a Grand Cru in Burgundy? Why?

A

Mid slope. Less risk of frost, extended sun exposure, less fertile soils.

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103
Q

What direction are the highest quality vinyards in Burgundy typically facing

A

South or East.

Provides protection from Westernly winds.

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104
Q

What is the most important grape grown in Cote d’Or

A

Pinot Noir

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105
Q

The best Pinot Noirs is Burgundy typically spend how much time in barrel?

A

16 - 18 months

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106
Q

Describe Chardonnay characteristics in Chablis, Cote d’Or, and Maccaonise?

A

Chablis - Lean, stealy, high acid
Cote d’or - expressive, complex
Macconaise - Fuller body, ripe fruit

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107
Q

What Chardonnay winemaking techniques did Burgundian winemaker pioneer?

A
  • Barrel Fermentation & aging (Typically aged 6-9 months)
  • Malolactic Fermenting white
  • Use of lees while aging
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108
Q

Besides Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, what are two other varietals commonly grown in Burgundy?

A

Aligote and Gamay

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109
Q

What is the only red grape allowed to be used at Village level or above in Burgundy?

A

Pinot Noir

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110
Q

The best vinyards in Chablis are facing which direction?

A

South (on hillsides)

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111
Q

What are lesser vineyards in Chablis called?

A

Petite Chablis

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112
Q

What major climate problem do vineyards in Chablis face? What efforts are made to mitigate this problem?

A

Frost. Sprinkles and heaters.

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113
Q

What vessels are commonly used in Chablis for fermentation?

A

Oak and stainless steel

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114
Q

What are the four main appellations of Burgundy?

A

Chablis, Cote d’Or, The Cote Chalonnaise, Maconnais

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115
Q

What are the two main regions of Cote d’Or? What is each region known for?

A

Cote de Nuits - Pinot Noir

Cote de Beaune - Chardonnay

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116
Q

What is the only Grand Cru in Cote de Nuits that can produce red wine?

A

Musigny

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117
Q

What % of wine in Burgundy comes from regional appellations?

A

50%

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118
Q

What are the most generic appellations in Burgundy?

A

Bourgogne Rouge & Bourgogne Blanc

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119
Q

Name 3 regional appellations in Burgundy?

A

Bourgogne Hautes Cotes de Nuit, Bourgogne Hautes Cotes de Beaune, Bourgogne Cotes Chalonnaise

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120
Q

What are the regional appellations in Maconnaise?

A

Macon & Macon Villages

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121
Q

Name 5 commune appellations in Burgundy:

A

Chablis, Gevrey-Chambertin, Puligny Montrachet, Volnay, Pommard, Pouilly Fuisse, Marsannay

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122
Q

What are single-vineyard appellations called in Burgundy?

A

Premier Cru and Grand Cru

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123
Q

Define monopole?

A

One owner/producer for a vineyard

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124
Q

Are Burgundian Premeir Crus aloud to blend?

A

Yes, but only from other premier crus within a village

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125
Q

Grand Cru vineyards account for little more than _____ % of Burgundy’s wine production.

A

1%

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126
Q

How many Grand Crus are there in Chablis?

A

1 ( called Chablis Grand Cru - 7 climats within this Grand Cru)

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127
Q

From North to South what are the most important villages of Cote de Beaune?

A
  • Aloxe-Corton (Grand Crus: Corton & Corton Charlemagne)
  • Beaune
  • Pommard
  • Volnay
  • Meursault
  • Puligny-Montrachet (Montrachet)
  • Chassagne-Montrachet (Montrachet)
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128
Q

From North to South what are the most important villages in Cote de Nuits?

A
  • Gevrey-Chambertin (Grand Cru: Chamberin, Charmes-Chambertin + )
  • Vougeot (Clos de Vougeot)
  • Vosne-Romanee (Romanée-Conti, Romanée Saint-Vivant, La Romanée, La Tâche, La Grande-Rue et Richebourg)
  • Nuits st-Georges
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129
Q

Name 2 Grand Crus within Gevery Chambertin:

A

Chamberin, Charmes-Chambertin

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130
Q

How many Grand Crus does Cotes de Beaune have?

A

8

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131
Q

How many Grand Crus does Cote de Nuits have?

A

24

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132
Q

Which two villages share the Montrachet Grand Cru? (Cote de Beaune)

A

Puligny-Montrechet & Chassange-Montechet

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133
Q

What is the differences in rules between Cote de Nuits Villages and Cotes de Beaune?

A

Cotes de Nuits can produce red or white wine. Cote de Beaune can only be red.

134
Q

What are the geographical factors of Bourgongne Hautes cotes de Nuits & Bourgogne Hauts Cotes de Beaune? How does this affect the wine.

A

Higher altitude, cold strong winds (cooler climate). Wines have less body & concentration.

135
Q

What are the main grapes grown in Cote Chalonnaise?

A

Chardonnay & Pinot Noir

136
Q

What are the 4 main village appellations of Cote Chalonnaise?

A
  • Rully (Important for sparkling wine)
  • Mercurey (highest reputation red wines in Chalonnaise)
  • Givry (reds in smallest villages admired)
  • Montagny (only white)
137
Q

How many Grand Crus in Cote Chalonnaise?

A

0

138
Q

What are some factors that make Cote Chalonnaise less prestigious than Cote d’Or?

A
  • Less consistent East facing aspect

- Higher altitude = Later harvest + less reliable for ripening

139
Q

What term applies to all wine made in Cote Chalonnaise made from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay?

A

Bourgogne Cote Chalonnaise

140
Q

What is the most planted grape is Maconnais?

A

Chardonnay

141
Q

What is the main grape for red wine in Maconnais?

A

Gamay

142
Q

What wines is Maconnais most known for?

A

Pouillsy-Fuisse (Chardonnay) and Saint-Veran (Chardonnay)

143
Q

What is the only grape permitted in Saint-Veran?

A

Chardonnay

144
Q

Describe a white wine from Macon?

A

Fresh apple, Citrus fruit, M acidity, M to full body, possible hint of creaminess

145
Q

Can you blend wines labelled Macon Village?

A

Yes, as long as its from another village

146
Q

What are the two most famous regions in Maconnaise?

A

Pouilly-Fuise and Saint-Veran

147
Q

What is the name of the slope Pouilly-Fume and Saint-Veran are planted on?

A

Rouche-de-Solutre

- predominantly limestone + East and Southeast aspect)

148
Q

Why are Pouilly-Fuse and Saint-Veran vinyards prized above the rest of Maconnaise?

A

East and South-East facing aspect, amphitheatre shapes slopes act as a sun trap (producing some of the richest and ripes Chardonnay in Burgundy)

149
Q

What is the most popular grape in Beaujolais?

A

Gamay

150
Q

What type of climate does Beaujolais have?

A

Warm Continental

- Borderline because it has influences from the Mederteranian Sea

151
Q

In Beaujolais, what type of soil is the best Gamay grown on?

A

Granite

152
Q

Why is Gamay perfect to be grown in Beaujolais?

A

Early budding & ripening / granite soils

153
Q

Why would you want to grown Gamay on Granite soils?

A

Gamay can produce large yields. Granite is a low nutrient soil that helps limits yield making more concentrated grapes

154
Q

What is the traditional pruning method used in Beaujolais? Describe it

A

Gobelet. Vines pruned to spurs around the head, then shoots tied together vertically

155
Q

Describe a hypothetical wine made from Gamay:

A

Low tannin, light body, rasperry, cherry, potentially bubble gum and cinnamon

156
Q

What are the appellations in Beaujolais?

A

Beaujolais, Beaujolais Villages, Beaujolais Crus

157
Q

What is the main river in Beaujolais?

A

River Soane

158
Q

What styles of fermentation are used in Beaujolais?

A

Carbonic, semi-carbonic, crushed fruit fermentation

159
Q

What day can Beaujolais Neuveau be released? When must it be removed from shelves?

A

Released the third Thursday of November.

Must be off Shelves by August 31st.

160
Q

How long is the fermentation process for Beaujolais Nouveau?

A

4-6 days

161
Q

What appellation can Beaujolais Nouveau not fall under?

A

Beaujolais Crus

162
Q

How many Beaujolais villages are there?

A

39

163
Q

How many Beaujolais villages are entitled to their own appellation?

A

10 = Beaujolais Crus

164
Q

Name 4 Beaujolais Crus:

A

Brouilly, Morgon, Fleurie, Moulin-a-vent

165
Q

What Beaujolais Crus does the most structured Gamay with potential for aging come from?

A

Moulin-a-vent & Morgon

166
Q

What style of Beaujolais are Brouilly and Fleurie known for?

A

Lighter more perfumed

167
Q

What is the primary red grape of Bandol?

A

Mouvedre

168
Q

“Lip stinger” is the translation of what southern French white grape

A

Picpoul

169
Q

Name 2 VDN wine regions in southern France

A

Languedoc-Roussillon Muscats and Maury Doux

170
Q

How are carbonic and semi carbonic maceration different?

A

Carbonic fermentation the grapes or put in whole and tanks and flushed with CO2. When alcohol in grapes get to around 2% the skins split. I believe pressed off skins around 4%. Semi Carbonic grapes are put in whole with no CO2 flush. The weight of the grapes in the tank crushes the bottom grapes, releasing juice starting fermentation. The juice creates CO2 which rises and ferments the grapes above.

171
Q

What is another name for the grape Rolle?

A

Vermentino

172
Q

Best sites in Nothern Rhone?

A

Steep slopes near the river with South facing aspect. Often lying in lateral valleys that feed into Rhone River.

173
Q

What is the climate in Nothern Rhone?

A

Moderate Continental

174
Q

The name of the cold northerly winds in North Rhone?

A

Mistral

175
Q

What are the two major grapes grown in Northern Rhone?

A

Syrah & Viognier

176
Q

What is the only black grape varietal grown in Northern Rhone?

A

Syrah

177
Q

Is there rules for oak use in Nothern Rhone?

A

No. Up to the winemaker’s discretion.

178
Q

Describe a Viognier from Nothern Rhone?

A

Full-bodied white wine with perfumed aromas of blossom and apricot.

Tend to be low acidity and high alcohol as grapes do not develop signature aromas until late in the season,

179
Q

What fermentation vessel is typically used on Viognier in Northern Rhone

A

oak

180
Q

What two white grapes are typically blended together is Northern Rhone? Why?

A

Roussanne & Marsanne

- Marsanne has richness and weight, Roussanne has acidity and perfumed fruit characteristics

181
Q

What style of white wine can be aged in Northern Rhone

A

Rousanne Marsanne.

Can have hazelnut aromas

182
Q

What is the largest Cru in Northern Rhone? What is teh second largest?

A
  • Saint-Joseph

- Croz-Hermitage

183
Q

What is the most Northen appelation in Nothern Rhone?

A

Cote Rotie

184
Q

What region in Northern Rhone translates to “Roasted Slopes”?

A

Cote Rotie

185
Q

What style of wine is made in Cote Rotie?

A

Only red wine from Syrah is made. Deep coloured, full-bodied, spicy

186
Q

How much Viognier is allowed to be blended in Cote Rotie?

A

Up to 20%

187
Q

What style of wine is made in Condrieu?

A

White wines made from Viognier

188
Q

What is the name of the monopole within Condrieu?

A

Chateau Gillet

189
Q

Where would you find Saint-Joseph?

A

In Nothern Rhone along the western bank of the Rhone

190
Q

What grapes are grown in Saint-Joseph?

A

Syrah, Roussanne, Marsanne

191
Q

Where are the best vineyards in Saint-Joseph?

A

Terraced vineyards near Tournon

192
Q

What grape is used to make the vast majority of wine in Saint-Joseph

A

Syrah

193
Q

What style of fermentation is commonly used on volume wine in Saint-Joeseph?

A

Carbonic Masceration

194
Q

What cru in Nothern Rhone is known for sparkling wine?

A

Saint-Perey

195
Q

What is the most famous appellation in Nothern Rhone?

A

Hermitage

196
Q

What town in Hermitage behind?

A

Tain-l’hermitage

197
Q

What is the name of the appellation in Nothern Rhone that is a steep hill overlooking the Rhone on the Right bank?

A

Hermitage

198
Q

Fullest body red wine in Northern Rhone typically comes from?

A

Hermitage

199
Q

What are the white grapes that can be blended into red wine in Northern Rhone? How much is allowed?

A

Roussanne & Marsanne. 15%

200
Q

White wine from Rousanne and Marsanne accounts for how much total production in Hermitage?

A

1/5th

201
Q

What is the name of the sweet wine made in Hermitage?

A

Vin de Palle

202
Q

What is the most important appellation in terms of volume in Nothern Rhone?

A

Crozes-Hermitage

203
Q

What wine is made in Crozes-Hermitage?

A

Red wine made from Syrah. 15% Rousanne Marsanne is allowed to be blended in.

204
Q

What is the main difference between the Northern and Southern vineyards in Crozes-Hermitage?

A

Northern vineyards are on slopes. Southern vineyards on flat plains.

205
Q

Is white wine produced in Crozes-Hermitage?

A

Yes

206
Q

What is the most Southernly red cru in Nothern Rhone?

A

Cornas

207
Q

What is the only grape allowed to be grown in Cornas?

A

Syrah

208
Q

Describe the landscape of Cornas

A

Natural amphitheatre - sheltered, well-exposed, sun-baked, South facing slopes

209
Q

What area in Nothern Rhone has a similar style wine to Hermitage?

A

Cornas

210
Q

Name the 6 major appellations in Nothern Rhone from North to South.

A

Cote Rotie, Condrieu, Saint Joseph, Croze-Hermitage, Hermitage, Cornas

211
Q

What is the name of the two towns Nothern Rhone sits in between?

A

Vienne & Valence

212
Q

Does North or South Rhone have a greater vineyard area?

A

South

213
Q

What style of wine is dominant in Southern Rhone?

A

Red wine

there are some high quality white and rosés

214
Q

What are the big stones in Southern Rhone vineyards called?

A

Gallet

215
Q

What is a major difference in Terrain in Southern Rhone compared to Northern Rhone?

A

Southern Rhone is much flatter

216
Q

What is the climate of Sothern Rhone?

A

Mediterranean

Mild winters + Warm dry summers

217
Q

What weather pattern can be a problem in Southern Rhone?

A

Drought

218
Q

Why is Mistral stronger in Southern Rhone? Why steps are taken to help with this?

A

Fewer slopes to stop the wind.

Windbreakers are planter, Grenache bush trained, Syrah trellised.

219
Q

How many grapes are typically in a Southern Rhone Red?

A

a dozen or more

220
Q

What is the most popular red grape in Southern Rhone?

A

Grenache

221
Q

What two red grapes play a supporting role to Granache in Southern Rhone?

A

Syrah & Mouvedre

222
Q

What red grape thrives in the hottest sites in Southern Rhone?

A

Mouvedre

223
Q

What is the grape Cinsault best known for in Southern Rhone?

A

Fresh fruity rosés + supporting grape in red blend

224
Q

What must all winemakers in Southern Rhone know how to manage in the wine?

A

High alcohol and high tannins

225
Q

Describe two ways you could make wine in Southern Rhone?

A
  • Cold press fermentation and storage in stainless steel

- Warm extractive fermentation in open fermenters, matured in old large oak

226
Q

What are two fermentation methods used in Southern Rhone?

A

Cold pre-fermentation maceration & Warm extractive fermentation

227
Q

What style of red wine comes from Southern Rhone?

A

Light to Medium body, fresh fruity, with low tannin to full-bodied, with notes of earth, spice, meat

228
Q

Name the three main white grapes grown in Southern Rhone:

A

Clairette, Grenache Blanc, Bourboulenc

229
Q

What appellation accounts for half of the entire wine production in Southern Rhone?

A

Cotes du Rhone

230
Q

Other than red wine what other styles of wine come from Southern Rhone?

A

Fruity rosés and white wine

231
Q

What is the difference between Cotes du Rhone and Cotes du Rhone Villages?

A
  • More prestigious areas within Cote du Rhone. (Best wines outside of crus.)
  • Stricter regulations include minimum alcohol levels, max yields, greater % of grenache, Syrah, Mouvedre
  • Wines have more structure than Cotes du Rhone
232
Q

What does every named village in Cotes du Rhone have the option to do?

A

Apply for Cru status

233
Q

Where is Chateauneuf-du-Pape located?

A

In Southern Rhone on East bank

234
Q

Why is Chateauneuf-du-Pape historically important?

A

It was one of the first crus in France

235
Q

What is the largest cru in the Rhone Valley

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

236
Q

How many grape varietals are allowed in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

13 varietals

237
Q

What is the most dominant grape in Chateauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Grenache

238
Q

Describe the landscape in Chatauneuf-du-Pape?

A

Fairly flat with small variations in aspect.

239
Q

What are the two crus in Southern Rhone on the West bank?

A

Tavel & Lirac

240
Q

What are rosés in Tavel & Lirac mainly made of?

A

Grenache & Cinsault

241
Q

What cru in Southern Rhone can only make rosés?

A

Tavel

242
Q

What cru is red wine in Lirac similar to?

A

Chateauneuf-du-Pape

243
Q

Other than Tavel, Lirac, and Chateauneuf-du-Pape what are two notable crus in Southern Rhone and where are they located?

A

Gigondas & Vacqueyras . Both NE of Chateauneuf-du-Pape

244
Q

What cru in Sothern Rhone does notable fortified wine come from?

A

Muscat de Beaunnes-de-Venise (makes vin du natural)

245
Q

What two cities are Southern Rhone between?

A

Montelimar & Nimes

246
Q

Name 6 notable crus in Southern Rhone?

A

Gigondas, Muscat de Beaunnes-de-vinise, Vaqueyras, Chateauneuf-du-Pape, Lirac, Tavel

247
Q

What is the overall climate of Germany?

A

Cool Continental (South is warmer)

248
Q

What is Pinot Noir in Germany called?

A

Spatburgunder

249
Q

Where are the best sites in Germany found?

A

Steep, stoney, south-facing slopes.

250
Q

How are vines in Germany traditionally pruned?

A

Head pruned

251
Q

What areas in Germany make wines with Nobel Rot

A

all areas

252
Q

What is two benefits of planting near rivers in Germany?

A

Reflection of sun + air movement from flowing river

253
Q

How are wines in Germany classified?

A

By must weight

254
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in Germany?

A

Riesling

255
Q

Dry styles of Riesling in Germany are often labled?

A

Qualitatswein

256
Q

What does “GG” stand for

A

Grosses Gewachs

257
Q

Which Pradikat levels is it possible to make a dry wine?

A

Kabinett, Spatlese, Auslese

258
Q

What are some common qualities of Kabinett?

A

light body, high acidity, flavours of green apple and/or citrus, 8-12% alcohol

259
Q

What is Sussreserve?

A

When German Riesling is sweetened after fermentation. Not used on high-quality wine.

260
Q

What technique is used on the best sweet styles of Kabinett

A

Fermentation is stopped early to naturally retain sugars

261
Q

Kabinett alcohol levels range from?

A

8% (sweet) to 12% (dry)

262
Q

What are some defining characteristics of Spatlese

A

More concentrated, riper, (little more) body and alcohol than Kabinett. Citrus & stone fruit

263
Q

Can Auslese be affected by Nobel Rot?

A

yes

264
Q

Which Pradikat level is it essential to have Nobel Rot?

A

Trockenbeerenauslese

265
Q

Is it possible to make Beerenaulese and Trockenbeerenaulese every year?

A

No

266
Q

What are some defining characteristic of Beerenauslese and Trockenbeerenauslese?

A

Sweet, Low alcohol - Honey, dried stone fruit, candied peel, flowers - Among the best sweet wines in the world

267
Q

What are PGI wines in Germany labelled?

A

Landwein

268
Q

What are wines without GI in Germany labelled?

A

Deutscher Wein

269
Q

How many PDO’s are in Germany?

A

13

270
Q

Name all Pradikat levels from least must weigh to the most

A
  • Kabinett
  • Spatlese
  • Auslese
  • Beerenaulese
  • Eiswine
  • Trockenbeerenaulese
271
Q

What are dry wines in Germany labled?

A

Trocken

272
Q

What are off-dry wines in Germany labelled?

A

Halbtrocken or Feinherb (not legally defined)

273
Q

Does Germany have premiere and grand crus

A

No

274
Q

What is Verband Deutsher Pradikatsweinguter?

A

An independent group that have classified their vinyards. Some of the best sites in Germany.

275
Q

What does VDP call dry Qualitats wines? How can you tell on the bottle?

A

Grosses Gewachs. GG + embossed grapes on neck of bottle.

276
Q

Is Grosses Gewachs German law?

A

No. It is an VDP trademark

277
Q

What two grapes were crossed to create Muller-Thurgau

A

Riesling & Madeline Royal

278
Q

How does Muller-Thurgau ripen compared to Riesling

A

Earlier

279
Q

What is the second most widely plant grape varietal in Germany?

A

Muller-Thurgau

280
Q

Why is Muller-Thurgau in steady decline in popularity in Germany?

A

Less demand for inexpensive medium dry - medium sweet Qualitatweins

281
Q

What is the third most planted white grape in Germany?

A

Silvaner

282
Q

Where in Germany is Silvaner traditionally planted?

A

Rheinhessen & Franken

283
Q

Grauburguner / Rulander is which grape?

A

Pinot Gris

284
Q

What is Pinot Blanc called in Germany?

A

Weisburgunder

285
Q

What is the third most planted grape in Germany?

A

Spatburgunder (pinot noir)

286
Q

What are two of the most important growing regions for Spatburgunder in Germany?

A

Pfalz and Baden

287
Q

What are the most important red varietals in Germany?

A

Spatburgunder, Dornfelder, Portugieser, Trollinger, and Schwartzriesling

Only Spatburgunder and Dornfelder sold as Pradikatwein.

288
Q

What are the North and South parameters of Mosel

A

North: where River Mosel meets River Rhine
South: German border

289
Q

What are the two small tributaries in Mosel?

A

The Saar & The Ruwer

290
Q

What is the only grape in GG wines in Mosel?

A

Riesling

291
Q

What are the best-known villages in middle Mosel

A

Piesport, Bernkastel, and Wehlen

292
Q

Where are the best villages in middle Mosel located?

A

on steep slopes with slate soils next to River Mosel

293
Q

What are some characteristics of Riesling in Middle Mosel?

A

Floral & green fruit predominate. Lighter in body, lower in Alcohol, and higher in acidity than Riesling grown in Pflaz, Rheinhesswn, and Rheigau

294
Q

What two areas in Mosel can make similar Riesling to Middle Mosel but in cooler years make sparkling wine

A

Saar and Ruwer

295
Q

What two regions does Nahe (Germany) lie between?

A

Mosel and Rheinhessen

296
Q

Where are the best vineyards in Nahe located?

A

on South facing banks of River Nahe between Schlossbockelheim and Bad Kreuznach

297
Q

What are the best wines in Nahe made from?

A

Riesling (slightly more fuller body than Mosel)

298
Q

What grape is permitted by Grosses Gewachs in Nahne?

A

Rielsing

299
Q

Where are most vineyards in Rheingau located?

A

North bank of River Rhine and River Main with Southernly facing aspects

300
Q

What hills offer protection to Rheingau?

A

Tannus Hills

301
Q

What two areas in Rheingau are the majority of the vineyards to the west of?

A

Johannisberg & Rudesheim

302
Q

What are some characteristics of Riesling in Rheingau?

A

Made in dry style, med to full body, distinct ripe peach characters

303
Q

Why can Rheingau make some of the best Beerenauselese and Trockenbeerenauselese wines?

A

Humidity from The Rhine

304
Q

What grape varietals are permitted by Grosses Gewachs in Rheingau?

A

Riesling and Spatburgunder

305
Q

What area in Rheingau is known for excellent Spatburgunder?

A

Assmannshausen

306
Q

What is the largest grape-growing region in Germany?

A

Rheinhessen

307
Q

What are the two most planted grape varietals in Rheinhessen?

A

Muller-Thurgau and Riesling

308
Q

What are the most popular black grapes grown in Rheinhessen?

A

Dornfelder, Portuguiser, and Spatburgunder

309
Q

What grape varietals are permitted in Grosses Gewachs wines in Rheinhessen?

A

Spatburgunder and Riesling

310
Q

What region are the fullest body Rieslings in Germany from?

A

Rheinhessen

311
Q

Where is Rheinhessen located?

A

on steep slopes on West bank of Rhine around a village called Nierstein

312
Q

What is Neirstein in Rheinhessen often alternatively called?

A

Rheinterrase

313
Q

Why has Rheinhessen gained a reputation for innovation and excellence?

A

Growers are making top quality wine in areas that have a low standing reputation ( ex South near Worms)

314
Q

What is the second largest wine growing region in Germany?

A

Pfalz

315
Q

What mountain range are the majority of vineyards in Pfalz a continuation of?

A

Vosges in Alsace

316
Q

What is the driest wine region in Germany?

A

Pfalz

317
Q

What is the most planted varietal in Pfalz?

A

Riesling

318
Q

What is the most planted black grape in Pfalz?

A

Dornfelder

319
Q

What varietal can Grosses Gewachs wines in Pfalz be made of?

A

Riesling, Weisburgunder, Spatburgunder

320
Q

The most established quality vineyards in Pfalz surround which towns?

A

Frost & Deidsheim

321
Q

What is the warmest region in Germany?

A

Baden

322
Q

Where do the fullest body German wines with the highest alcohol come from?

A

Baden

323
Q

What is the third-largest vine-growing region in Germany?

A

Baden

324
Q

Where are most vinyards in Baden located?

A

Spread out on narrow strip of land that follows Rhine to the Swiss border

325
Q

Where are the best vineyards in Baden located?

A

On South facing slope of Kaiserstahl (an extinct volcanoe)

326
Q

What varietal does Kaisersthal, Baden have a top-quality reputation for?

A

Spatburgunder

327
Q

What are the three most planted white grapes in Baden?

A

Muller-Thurgau, Garuburgunder, Weisburgunder

328
Q

Do black or white grapes dominate in Franken?

A

White (not Riesling)

329
Q

What white grape is planted in the warmest regions in Franken?

A

Silvaner

330
Q

What varietals can Grosses Gewachs wines be made of in Franken?

A

Silvaner, Riesling, Weisburgunder, Grauburgunder, Spatburgunder

wset 3 (2 decks)

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