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🧪 > Wrong Questions - C4 to C6 > Flashcards

Wrong Questions - C4 to C6 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are pharmaceutical drugs made in a batch process?

A
  • easier for quality control/idea that batches can be
    traced and recalled
  • matching seasonal demand
  • often only a small amount of the drug is needed / not in high demand
  • you can switch to making a different drug
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2
Q

What state are Group 7, Group 1 and Group 0 at room temperature?

A
  • Group 0 - all gas state
  • Group 1 - all in the solid state
  • Group 7 - some in a gas state
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3
Q

What happens when Group 1 elements are added to water?

A
  • some float
  • H2 gas made
  • alkaline solution produced
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4
Q

How does a mass spectrometer work?

A
  • Sample enters mass spectrometer
  • sample molecules are ionised to form molecular ions
  • as molecular ions gain energy they break up to form fragments
  • these ions then pass through the machine
  • detector record the amount of each fragment present
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5
Q

How do fertilisers increase crop yield?

A
  • replaces essential elements (used by previous crop) /
    provides extra essential elements
  • (more) nitrogen used to make plant protein (so
    increased growth) / nitrogen used to make amino acids
  • more phosphorous for ATP
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6
Q

How do you know if a reaction is endothermic?

A
  • need to heat it for it to react
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7
Q

What are the features of a dynamic equilibrium reaction?

A
  • In a sealed container the products cannot leave which means that they are able to react together = enclosed system
  • Forward and backwards reactions both happen (simultaneously) and have the same rate
  • Concentrations of all reacting substances remain constant before and after
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8
Q

Describe the theory of how the world evolved?

A
  • Degassing from earth’s crust
  • ammonia and co2 atmosphere
  • formation of water - condensed into oceans
  • photosynthetic organisms make oxygen
  • more o2 and nitrogen levels
  • co2 cycle keeps composition of atm constant
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9
Q

How is nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant, made?

A
  • fuel burning in engine gives high temp
  • nitrogen and oxygen from air react together
  • nitrogen oxide made
  • nitrogen oxide oxidised in air
  • nitrogen dioxide made
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10
Q

How is nitrogen dioxide removed from the air?

A
  • reacts with water and oxygen - NOT used by plants - they only use NITRATES
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11
Q

How can toxic chemicals cause environmental problems?

A
  • enter soil or water through acid rain

- enter human tissue such as lungs and cause breathing problems

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12
Q

How was nitrogen monoxide formed in engines?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen (from the air);(1)

react at) high temperature (inside engine);(1

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13
Q

Why is reinforced concrete is good?

A
  • buildings made of reinforced concrete will be able to
    flex more without collapsing
  • reinforced concrete is more flexible because of the
    flexibility of steel
  • both materials are very hard
  • steel is stronger than concrete so reinforced can hold a bigger load without breaking
  • reinforced concrete steel is more flexible
  • reinforced concrete is stronger
  • reinforced concrete is a composite material because - it is a mixture of steel and concrete
  • a composite material is a mixture
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14
Q

What happens when Group 1 reacts with dilute acids?

A
  • salt and hydrogen are produced

- these reactions are more violent that water so dangerous in the lab

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15
Q

When do metal hydroxides and metal oxides form?

A
  • hydroxide if metal and water

- oxide if less reactive metal and steam

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16
Q

What are the chemical properties of transition metals?

A
  • less reactive than the alkalis and react very slowly - if at all
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17
Q

How are the transition metals compared to alkali metals?

A
  • stronger and denser
  • harder
  • higher m.p
  • relatively unreactive
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18
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

A chemical reaction in which the rate of the reactants is equal to the rate of backward products.

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19
Q

Why would a yield be less than expected?

A
  • lost in transfer/ separation
  • reversible
  • not all reacted
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20
Q

Why do industrial processes want a high atom economy?

A
  • more sustainable
  • fewer reactants wasted so cheaper
  • less unwanted by-products
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21
Q

How does potassium react with water?

A
  • floats on the surface
  • ignites the H2 gas
  • burns with a lilac flame
  • disappears quickly
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22
Q

How does lithium react with water?

A
  • fizzes and slowly disappears
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23
Q

How do you carry out a flame test?

A
  • nichrome wire loop, dip into concentrated HCl into Bunsen’s roaring blue flame
  • dip into test powder + distilled water/ solution
  • hold in roaring blue flame and note colour
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24
Q

How can you detect halogen’s reactivity?

A
  • eyewear needed
  • bromine water and potassium chloride
  • note change
  • repeat with other pairs
  • asthmatics - don’t breathe in an irritant
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25
Q

What are the differences between transition and alkali metals?

A
  • denser, stronger, harder, high mp and bp
  • less reactive
  • colourful compounds
26
Q

How can you detect carbonate ions?

A
  • add dilute HCl and if present = bubbles produced - limewater check for CO2
27
Q

How can you detect sulfate ions?

A
  • add BaCl = white precipitate of BaSO4
  • add dilute HCl
  • no fizzing should occur and a white precipitate should be left
28
Q

What links reaction time to the rate of reaction?

A
  • 1/reaction time is directly proportional to the rate of reaction
29
Q

How do catalysts work?

A
  • they provide alternative energy partway with a lower activation energy
  • so more colliding particles can reach it
30
Q

Why do some gasses have no effect on the equilibrium position?

A
  • they are inert gases

- e.g Helium or Neon

31
Q

What is the equilibrium yield?

A
  • amount of desired product made at equilibrium
32
Q

What is a disadvantage of low percentage yield?

A
  • waste a lot of starting material/wastes reactants (1)
33
Q

What’s a disadvantage of using universal indicator?

A
  • does not give a sudden colour change / colour

changes slowly / continually changes colour / (

34
Q

What are the advantages of a high atom economy?

A
  • more sustainable / make less or no waste products (1)
35
Q

How does an increase in pressure affect the rate of reaction?

A
  • more crowded
  • are closer together
  • more molecules in the same volume
  • number of collisions per second
36
Q

How does an increase in concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A
  • more crowded
  • acid particles are closer together
  • more acid particles per unit volume
  • more (successful) collisions per second
37
Q

Why do reaction rates decrease near the end?

A
  • acid particles used up
  • so concentration decreases
  • less frequent collisions / fewer collisions per second
  • so rate decreases/reaction slows down
38
Q

What functional group do amino acids have?

A
  • polyamides
  • amino = NH2 and carboxylic = COOH
  • monomers are joined by 2 functional group to make an amide group
39
Q

How do chemical cells work?

A
  • have an exothermic reaction that develops a p.d

- if cell connected to a circuit = current flows

40
Q

What are the electrolyte and electrodes made from hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells?

A
  • electrolyte is phosphoric acid (or potassium hydroxide
  • electrodes = porous carbon with catalyst (nickel)
  • hydrogen in anode and oxygen in cathode
41
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?

A
  • Cn-1H2n-1COOH
42
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A
  • vapourised hydrocarbon is passed over the powdered catalyst at 600 degrees C and 70atm
  • aluminium oxide as catalyst
  • long-chain molecules crack on the surface
43
Q

How did our atmosphere form?

A
  • earth’s surface molten, then cooled = crust
  • earth degasses = CO2, steam and ammonia released
  • when earth cooled - early atm was CO2, water vapour condensed to form oceans, and not much O2
  • CO2 dissolved in ocean and N2 gas put into atm by lightning and identifying bacteria (not very reactive so not broken down)
  • green plants evolved and photosynthesised so less CO2 and more O2 in air
  • CO2 locked in sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels
  • build-up of O2 killed early organisms as complex organisms used O2 evolved
  • oxygen created O3 = blocked harmful rays from the Sun
  • very low CO2
44
Q

What is photochemical smog?

A
  • air pollution caused by sunlight acting on oxides of nitrogen which combines with oxygen in the air to make O3
  • can cause breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness
  • ground level ozone is not useful ozone in atm
45
Q

What solvents are needed to make nylon?

A
  • 1-6 hexanediol

- 1-6 diamino hexane

46
Q

How is ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate?

A
  • ammonia and nitric acid
  • ammonia and sulfuric acid
  • phosphoric acid and ammonia
  • potassium hydroxide and nitric acid
47
Q

What is an ore?

A
  • rock mineral that has enough metal to make it economical to extract
48
Q

What is an alloy?

A
  • mixture of a metal and atleast one other element
49
Q

What is duralumin, bronze, solder, brass and steel?

A
  • duralumin = aluminium and copper
  • bronze = copper and tin
  • solder = copper and tin
  • brass = copper and zinc
  • steel = iron and carbon
50
Q

Why is ammonia used?

A
  • can be neutralised by acids to make ammonium salts
51
Q

What is the formula for ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate?

A
  • NH4NO3
  • (NH4)2SO4
  • (NH4)3PO4
  • KNO3
52
Q

What is bioleaching

A
    • copper can be separated from copper sulphide when:
  • bacteria oxides iron (II) and sulphide ions using the energy transferred from the bonds= forming sulphuric acid when O and H2O present
  • sulphuric acid breaks down copper sulfide ores to release the Cu(II) ions
  • copper turns into a leachate (solution produced by the process - has Cu ions) has metal ions = extracted by electrolysis/ displacement with a more reactive metal (iron)
53
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bioleaching?

A

Advantages:

  • low grade ores can be used
  • cheaper than traditional mining/ processing
  • bacteria occur naturally and don’t need special treatment
  • doesn’t release sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere

Disadvantages

  • slow
  • toxic substances may be produced
54
Q

What is a composite?

A
  • It’s made from two materials, the reinforcement is embedded into another (binder/matrix)
55
Q

What is concrete?

A
  • composite from aggregate (mixture of sand and gravel) embedded in cement, which is blinded with water
  • has high compressive strength = doesn’t break if squashed = good for foundations (building materials)
56
Q

What is a life cycle assessment?

A
  • analysis of the impact of making, using and disposing of manufactured products and its potential environmental impact
57
Q

Why is brass stronger than copper but more brittle?

A
  • addition of other components to a metal disrupts its regular lattice of metal nuclei = layers of metal can’t slide over each other as easily
  • alloy has more strength as the layer can’t over move each easily so the rigidity of metal structure increases
  • alloy is more brittle as nuclei in alloy are not all the same size so if layers of atoms move, the alignment of the nuclei will not be favourable and will cause repulsive forces to form = causes metal to break a
58
Q

What are the conditions and raw materials of the Haber process?

A
  • air, natural gas and steam ( nitrogen is made from the fractional distillation of liquified air) ( hydrogen = natural gas with steam)
  • 450 temp, 200atm and iron catalyst (works above 400)
59
Q

What is an LCA?

A
  • looks at each stage of the life of a product to work out the potential environmental impact at each stage
60
Q

What is the flame colour of calcium?

A
  • orange-red
61
Q

What happens at the anode of electrolysis of aluminium oxide?

A
  • 20^2- —> O2 + 4e- (oxidation = lose e-) = oxygen made
  • C + O2 —> CO2 = reacts with graphite (carbon) = CO2
  • so anode needs to be replaced frequently
62
Q

What is cement made from?

A
  • limestone and clay

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