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Wrong Answers From PPs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of development?

A
  • Increase in complexity

- cells (named) become specialised

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2
Q

Why is oxygen passed out of the leaf during daytime?

A

O2 is a product of photosynthesis.
More O2 is produced than used in respiration.
Concentration inside leaf is greater than outside
O2 moves down the concentration gradient and diffuses out of leaf.

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3
Q

Describe the path of a carbon dioxide molecule after it has passed through stomata?

A

CO2 molecules passes through air spaces.
Molecule dissolves in water into mesophyll and diffuses through cell wall.
It then diffuses through cytoplasm to chloroplast where it reacts water.

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4
Q

Why do hydrophytes have no stomata on lower epidermis but lots on upper and why do xerophytes have the opposite?

A
  • Hydrophytes have stomata on upper surface for ++ absorption of CO2 and O2. There’s no stomata in contact with water because diffusion rate is faster in air than water. Large no. of stomata as plant does not need to restrict water loss.
  • Xerophytes have all stomata on lower epidermis in shade away from sun. This is to reduce transpiration/evaporation, to reduce water loss.
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5
Q

How to bacteria reproduce asexually?

A

They MULTIPLY, by binary fission.

The DNA is replicated/copied as bacteria produces two more bacterium.

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6
Q

How are strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria formed/spread?

A
  • Formed by a mutation and change to a gene. Produces new/different proteins.
  • Spread as when antibiotics are used, normal bacteria die and es competition for resistant bacteria. So resistant bacteria multiply and gene is passed to offspring meaning more and more resistant bacteria over time.
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7
Q

Outline how sewage should be treated before entering a stream?

A
  • solids are removed and mixture is allowed to sediment
  • use of microorganisms in aerobic conditions to decompose complex compounds to soluble compounds
  • water is chlorinated
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8
Q

What are the advantages of surveying invertebrates when studying pollution in water systems?

A
  • Invertebrates are present all the time
  • pollutant accumulates in animal’s body
  • pollutant is detectable when concentration of pollutant is low in particular part of river
  • no need for lab facilities
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9
Q

Explain how increases in CO2 concentration contributes to global warming?

A
  • CO2 i s a greenhouse gas
  • There is an enhanced greenhouse effect due to increase CO2
  • Heat/infra-red radiation is emitted from earth after being received from sun
  • Most radiated back into space but some is absorbed by greenhouse gases (CO2)
  • The heat here cannot leave the atmosphere and in turn makes Earth warmer
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10
Q

Describe what happens at ovulation

A
  1. Egg is released from follicle

2. Egg moves down Fallopian tube leaving corpus luteum (follicle) behind

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11
Q

Describe what happens after fertilisation until a woman continues to secrete progesterone?

A
  1. Embryo is formed which is a hollow ball of cells
  2. It goes down Fallopian tube towards uterus due to PERISTALSIS
  3. It implants in the lining of the uterus
  4. The growth of the placenta occurs
  5. The follicle left behind becomes corpus luteum which secretes progesterone - progesterone maintains lining of uterus and prevents menstruation
  6. Inhibition of FSH - & prevention of more eggs being produced
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12
Q

Which are the two places where progesterone is produced during pregnancy?

A
  • Corpus luteum/ovary

- Placenta

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13
Q

Describe&explain how fertility drugs improve chances of becoming pregnant?

A
  • Drug (e.g. FSH) is injected early in the menstrual cycle
  • This inhibits the action of oestrogen and instead stimulates production of FSH
  • The drug makes sure there is enough FSH in order to stimulate development of follicle
  • LH stimulates more eggs released
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14
Q

Two social implications of fertility drugs?

A
  • Stress
  • Multiple births
  • Issue with elderly parents
  • Religious objections
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15
Q

What is function of hepatic portal vein?

A

It sends blood TO THE LIVER for poisons to be broken down. It comes directly from the gut, not the heart so therefore it’s NOT an artery.

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16
Q

How does blood return to the heart in the veins against the pull of gravity?

A

It is due to muscle contraction (e.g. In legs). The veins push/squeeze the blood and semi-lunar valves ensure there is not back-flow of blood. There is also negative pressure in the chest which helps this push

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17
Q

What are two factors that influence the numbers of a top predators?

A
  • Shelter
  • Mates
  • Competition
  • Pollution
  • Disease
  • Poaching/hunting
  • Habitat loss
  • Rate of reproduction
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18
Q

How is energy lost at each tropic level?

A
  • Movement
  • Muscle Contraction
  • Ingestion
  • Maintaining body temperature
  • Excretion
  • Respiration
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19
Q

Name 3 functions of nucleus and 2 functions of cell membrane?

A

Nucleus

  • Holds genetic information (DNA)
  • Controls cells actions
  • Controls how cells reproduce

Cell membrane

  • Forms a barrier from surroundings
  • Controls substances that enters and leaves cell
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20
Q

Role of mucus and cilia in trachea?

A

Mucus
- traps particle and protects lining of trachea

Cilia

  • beat and create wave motion to move mucus away
  • they reduce risk of pathogen entering lungs
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21
Q

What does dominant allele mean?

A

Allele that is expressed if present
Allele is always seen in phenotype
Masks the effect of recessive allele

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22
Q

Why is it important for newborns to have antibodies?

A
  • it provides passive immunity
  • antibodies recognise disease and kill it quickly so protects newborns against infections
  • protects newborns against diseases mother has had
  • newborns have a weak immune system: suffer more to effects of disease
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23
Q

Advantages of breast feeding ?

A
  1. Reduces risk of allergies
  2. Mother child bonding
  3. Contains all essential nutrients in correct amounts
  4. Doesn’t cost anything
  5. Doesn’t need to be prepared - easily available
  6. No need to sterilise - already sterile
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24
Q

Feature is xylem and how it adapts it to its function?

A
  • it is hollow: maximum space for water
  • it has thick cell walls: maximum support
  • it has a pit: for lateral movement
  • it has lignin cell walls: makes them waterproof
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25
Q

Explain the mechanism of water movement from roots up to tree to leaves?

A
  • root pressure
  • there is a transpirational pull which creates tension and negative pressure
  • this causes a continuous column of water due to cohesion (water mols sticking together) and adhesion (water mild sticking to walls of xylem)
  • osmosis into leaf cells
  • water evaporates into airspaces in mesophyll
  • then water vapour diffuses out of stoma (continuous - transpiration)
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26
Q

Why would there be different water conduction rates between trees?

A
  • different rates of: transpiration/evaporation. Transpiration effected by trees in ++ sun, ++ temp, ++ humidity, ++ wind speed
  • different no. of leaves on trees
  • different species of trees/ages of trees
  • different: lengths of roots/diameter of xylem
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27
Q

What are five distinguishing features of bacteria?

A 
No nucleus
Loop of DNA
No mitochondria
No chloroplasts 
No RER
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28
Q

Four advantages & Four disadvantages of food additives in yogurt?

A

+ longer shelf-life
+ reduce growth of bacteria
+ better taste
+ better appearance

  • causes asthma
  • nausea/vomiting
  • allergies to it
  • hyperactivity
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29
Q

How is nitrogen from proteins in dead leaves recycled to be absorbed by plants?

A
  1. Nitrogen in proteins of dead leaves is decomposed by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in soil
  2. Proteins are converted into amino acids by protease
  3. Amino acids are converted into ammonia (deamination)
  4. Ammonia is nitrified and converted intro nitrites
  5. Nitrifying bacteria converts nitrites to nitrates
  6. Nitrates are absorbed (assimilated) into the plants
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30
Q

How does nitrogen fixation happen?

A

Happens in root nodules where free-living bacteria are. These nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen to ammonia.

31
Q

Why are there concerns about hormones injected in cows for increased milk yield?

A
  • hormone may have negative side effects on the cows: become ill
  • humans who think milk may consume hormone which may make person sick-dangerous
  • consumer concerns about hormones in milk
  • lack of consumer choice
  • unnecessary when there is no shortage of milk
32
Q

Explain the process of dialysis in full steps

A
  1. Blood is drawn out from arm to dialysis unit
  2. Blood flows through the machine and passes over dialysis membrane where blood& dialysis fluid are separated
  3. Dialysis fluid has glucose, salts and no urea
  4. Substances move across membrane by diffusion
  5. Urea leaves blood & enters dialysis fluid
  6. Dialysis fluid refreshed
  7. Excess salts leave blood and excess water leaves blood
  8. Glucose and some salts in same concentration in dialysis fluid as there should be in blood
  9. This means no concentration gradient & no net loss of glucose
33
Q

Function of liver other than breakdown of toxins?

A

Breaks down amino acids to ammonia which is deamination.

The ammonia than combines with CO2 to form urea.

34
Q

How are tubers formed (asexually produced by potatoes) from the underground cells in potatoes?

A
  1. Sucrose is transported to the underground cells
  2. Through the phloem (translocation), sucrose is converted to starch
  3. Stem swells
35
Q

Structural adaptations for wind pollinated and insect pollinated plants?

A

Wind: stigma/anther hanging out, long filaments, small pollen but lots produced, feathery stigma, no petals, no nectar, no scent

Insect: bright petals, nectar, sweetly scented, sticky pollen, anther/stigma inside flower, stigma has sticky coating

36
Q

Why would self-pollination be more advantageous?

A
  • more chance of fertilisation

- no need for pollinators

37
Q

How has modern technology increased food production?

A
  • machines e.g. tractors growing crops in short time
  • pesticide stop crop destruction
  • herbicides reduce competition
  • genetic engineering creating qualified features
  • selective breeding with a qualified feature
  • fertilisers increasing plant growth
38
Q

Why is eating less meat and more fruit/veg more energy efficient?

A
  • it means a shorter food chain as energy from plants goes directly to humans instead of via animals
  • if it goes through animals, animals use up energy so there is less available
  • energy is lost at each tropic level
39
Q

Why is the inner membrane of mitochondria folded?

A

To have a large SA for more surface for respiration and increased/faster respiration

40
Q

How do impulses travel across synapse from one neurone to another?

A

Chemical neurotransmitter is released from vesicles.

It then diffuses across synaptic cleft.

Then binds with receptors on the other end on the post synaptic neurone.

41
Q

Four withdrawal symptoms of heroin?

A
  1. Sleeplessness
  2. Nausea
  3. Sweating
  4. Hallucination
42
Q

Definition of gene?

A

Length of DNA that codes for a protein

43
Q

Problems that may occur to red blood cells & body due to sickle cell anaemia?

A
  • The cells are less flexible and can get stuck in capillaries of patient.
  • It can starve vital organs of oxygen
  • There is less oxygen for aerobic respiration
  • Reduced removal of CO2
  • There is a chance of thrombosis
  • The death of cells& tissues
  • PAIN
44
Q

Describe what is meant by an involuntary action?

A

An action down without conscious though, very fast and responds to a stimulus

45
Q

If a species is endangered, why is it important to conserve their food supply and all species that inhabit their ecosystem?

A
  • this is because of interdependence
  • if they become extinct then it could lead to others becoming extinct
  • conserving habitats ensures that species continue for future generations
  • this means increased biodiversity
46
Q

Explain in steps how adrenaline prepares body for extreme sport

A
  1. Breathing rate increases - more oxygen taken in
  2. More aerobic respiration and more energy released
  3. Vasodilation in muscles/brain (more blood to them)
  4. More oxygen to muscles
  5. Vasoconstriction in gut/skin (less blood to them)
  6. Increased glucose concentration (glycogen-> glucose)
  7. Dilated pupils
  8. More blood pumped around body (heart beating faster)
  9. Heightened sensitivity
47
Q

Uses of sucrose within a pea plant?

A
  1. Converted to starch (energy source)
  2. Converted to cellulose (cell wall)
  3. Energy for respiration
48
Q

Two effects of FSH?

A
  1. Makes follicle form

2. Causes release of oestrogen

49
Q

Describe what happens during fertilisation

A
  1. Sperm cell digests through jelly coat and uses enzymes for this
  2. Sperm attaches to egg and whole of cell enters egg
  3. Egg membrane changes so no other sperm cell can enter
  4. Haploid nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote
50
Q

Chromosome definition?

A

Strands of DNA that contains genes

51
Q

What is concentration of rods and cones like at the yellow spot?

A

Yellow spot is fovea - there are no rod cells but v high concentration of cons cells.

52
Q

Why is it important that CO2 uptake in day is greater than CO2 released at night?

A

CO2 is used in photosynthesis and respiration.
Uptake in day has to be greater so there is more photosynthesis occurring than respiration at night.
This means plant will grow.

53
Q

Haploid definition?

A

One set of chromosomes

54
Q

How does increase of food population contribute to sever food shortages?

A
  • increased competition
  • more urbanisation for more people means less land to grow corps
  • difficult to distribute food
  • desertification
55
Q

In yogurt making, why does pH only decrease after oxygen in milk has been used up?

A

Because respiration is anaerobic and so lactic acid is produced which is acidic waste product

56
Q

Where is auxin produced and describe how it controls the growth response of positive phototropism?

A

Auxin is produced in the tip (shoot). It then diffuses down the stem and grows on the darker side of stem. It will cause cells there to elongate as plant absorbs + water and then plant will tilt towards light.

57
Q

Definition of gene

A

Length of DNA that codes for a protein

58
Q

Definition of gene mutation

A

A change in base sequence of DNA

59
Q

How do cell walls prevent cells from being damaged if too much water goes into cell?

A
  • cell walls are inelastic and do not stretch
  • they resist any increase in volume
  • they are turgid and have high turgor pressure
  • cells with cell wall do not absorb any excess water
60
Q

Ways government can maintain stocks of wild fish or any creature that is being hunted?

A
  • international agreements
  • licenses
  • fines/sanctions to those doing it illegally
  • restriction times on hunting/fishing
  • exclusion zones and total ban for some species
  • regulations on methods of fishing/hunting
  • captive breeding
  • restocking of wild stocks
  • encouraging alternatives: farmed fish/animals
  • tax on fish/animals
61
Q

What does sustainable resource mean and why is forest an example?

A

It is a renewable resource - it will not run out. Forests are examples as you can always replant/grow trees.

62
Q

Five uses for carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis by a plant?

A 
For respiration
Cell walls
Convert to sucrose
Used to make amino acids
Make chlorophyll 
Storage
63
Q

Why is there no more than a certain no. Of trophic levels?

A
  • There is not enough energy to sustain life above fourth trophic level.
  • Energy is lost to surroundings at each trophic level.
  • Percentage of energy from sun is fixed by photosynthesis.
  • 10% energy transfer between levels
  • small percentage of energy even reaching 4th level: much is inedible/indigestible
64
Q

Disadvantages of intensive farming?

A

Feed for fish/animals is expensive.
Waste feed (IN FISH FARMING) causes eutrophication
Disease spreads easily in captivity
Animal welfare concerns

65
Q

Define involuntary action other than it being automatic?

A

Stimulus always leads to same response AND no higher centres in brain are involved.

66
Q

2 differences between nervous and hormonal control systems?

A

Nervous control is faster, hormonal is slower

Hormonal control is longer lasting, nervous is shorter lasting

67
Q

Effects of self-pollination of a species?

A
  • Offspring becomes homozygous over time.
  • Chances of inbreeding as limited gene pool
  • Variation is due to mutation only and low chances of mutations expressed
  • Offspring are well adapted to environment near parent if it doesn’t change
  • V little variation
68
Q

Why is water jacket placed around fermenter?

A
  1. To maintain a constant temp and prevent enzymes denaturing
  2. As fungus respires, it releases heat so temp in fermenter increases which would kill fungus, therefore no product! So temp needs to be controlled.
69
Q

Type of nuclear diffusion in a fungus growing?

A

Mitosis

70
Q

Why do antibiotics affect bacteria but not viruses?

A
  • viruses have no metabolism
  • viruses have no target for antibiotics
  • viruses have no cell wall and antibiotics stop cell wall growth
  • antibiotics stop enzymes working
71
Q

Define genetic engineering?

A

Modifictiation of genes from an organism by adding, removing or changing them

72
Q

How can a fermenter be sterilised?

A

Sterilise nutrients before entering .
High temperature and pressure
Steam
Bleach

73
Q

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • frequent urination
  • thirst
  • hunger
  • weight loss
  • blurred vision
  • glucose in urine
  • vomiting
  • itchy skin
74
Q

Treatment of type 1 diabetes?

A

Regular blood tests,
Regular meals,
Exercise
Carb meal restriction

Biology (2 decks)

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