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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain why a mammal born with a hole between two ventricles becomes tired with lack of enegry 3m

A

• less oxygen available for aerobic respiration

• deoxygenated blood mixed with oxygenated blood

• reduces concentration of oxygen in vlood

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2
Q

Explain how a diet of a person could affect development of CVD 3m

A

• damage to endothelium

• Hugh LDLs link to plaque forming

• high intake of cholesterol= high LDL

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3
Q

Explain how athersclorisis can cause damage to heart muscle 3m

A

• narrowing of lumen
• reduces blood flow
• reduces aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Describe the role of thrombin in blood clotting 3m

A

• thrombin is an enzyme
•which catalysed the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
•a mesh of fibrin traps platelets to form a blood clot

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5
Q

Explain how a blood clot can form in a blood vessel 4m

A

• blood clots form when collagen is exposed if the walls of a blood vessel is damaged

• leading to release in thromboplastin
• thromboplastin catalyses the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
• thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
• fibrin forms a mesh of fibres + traps platelets to form a clot

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6
Q

Explain how platelet inhibitors would reduce risk of heart attack 2m

A

• platelet inhibitors reduce risk of blood clotting
•so less likely for blood clot to block arteries

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7
Q

Devise a procedure for measuring heart rate daphnia w caffeine

A

• daphnia immobilised on cavity slide
• acclimation time as a control in caffeine solution
• use diff concentrations
•use a method to count heart rate
•use daphnia of same sex size species as control

• repeat calc for mean

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8
Q

Explain how pressure differences in headset ensure efficient pumping of blood into arteries 4bp

A

• pressure increases in ventricles
• greater pressure in ventricles than in atria
• causing atrioventricular calves to close
• causes semilunar valves to open forcing blood into arteries

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9
Q

Compare and contrast the process of transcription w process of dna replication 4m

A

• both use enzyme helicase to unzip dna
• both involve formation of phosphodiested bonds
• transcription uses RNA nucleotides
•replication uses DNA polymerase

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10
Q

Explain how a change of one amino acid could lead to a change in the
structure and properties of the haemoglobin protein. 4 m

A

• change in primary structure
• diff amino acids will have diff R groups
• secondary structure will change
• may not bond to haem

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11
Q

Describe the role of tRNA in production of …3m

A

• trna molecules transport amino acids to the ribosome
• trna molecule has an anticodon that binds to a codon on the MRNA
• each tRNA carries a particular amino acid

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12
Q

Describe how the primary structure of leptin enables it to be soluble in water ,

A

• primary structure of amino acids determines the folding of the polypeptide
• forming a globular structure
• hydrophobic R groups located in centre of protein + hydrophilic R groups located on outsides
• hydrogen bonds form with the hydrophilic R group

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13
Q

Describe how a frameshift mutation could result in the production of lepton (anything) w a shorter primary structure 3m

A

•adding or removing one or two nucleotides changes the triplet code so diff codons produced

• introducing a new star/ stop codon

• coding for a shorter sequence of amino acids c

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14
Q

Describe how translation leads to production of polypeptide 5m

A

• mRNA binds to ribosome
• ribosome finds start codon
• tRNA has specific anticodon, complementary to codon so they bind

• ribosome moves along to next codon
• amino acids join by condensation reactions to form polypeptides

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15
Q

Compare and contrast endocyyosus and exoytosis 3m

A

• both require energy from ATP

• both involve vesicles

• exocytosis is molceucles leaving cell whereas endocytosis is molecules entering cell

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16
Q

Explain some of the symptoms a person w cystic f could have 6m

A

• mucus thicker than normal
• pancreatic enzymes cannot whether intestines coz pancreatic duct blocked w mucus
• high energy diet required coz digestion less efficient

• pancreatic enzymes trapped behind mucus damage pancreatic cells such as those that produce insulin
• cysts form in pancreas

• sperm cannot leave testes coz sperm duct blocked w mucus

• gene mutation
• non functioning CFTR protein channel

• chloride ions cannot move out of epithical cells
• accumulation of sodium and chloride in cells prevent water mocing into mucus

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17
Q

Definition of allele

A

• caused by a faulty allele that is only experessed in absence of normal allele

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18
Q

State what is meant by term allele 2m

A

• diff version of a gene
• found at same locus on chromosome

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19
Q

Describe role of TRNA in production of leptin 3m

A

• trna molecule transports amino acids to ribosome

• trna molecule has anticodon that binds to a codon on the mrna

• each trna carries a particular amino acid

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20
Q

Describe how the primary structure of leptin enables it to be soluble in water 3m

A

• primary structure determines the folding of polypeptide

• forming globular structure

• hydrophobic R groups located in centre and hydrophilic outside of protein

• water forms hydrogen bonds with the hydrophilic

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21
Q

Explain why diff mutations have diff effects on protein structure 4m

A

• deleting could affect every codon on MRNA whereas substitution will only affect one codon

• deletion more likely to affect position of stop or start codon

• deletion results in a diff sequence of amino acids/ substitution may not affect the sequence of amino acids

• substituoon may code for same amino acid

•
Same amino acid due to degenerate nature of genetic code

22
Q

Deduce what happens to lactate in these cells after liver cells absorb lactate in blood 2m

A

• lactate in oxidised to form pyruvate
• pyruvate conveyed to glucose

23
Q

Explain the importance of primary structure for functioning of enzyme 3m

A

• primary structure determines interaction between R groups

• primary structure determines folding and 3D shape

• thus shape of active site is affected

24
Q

Explain how a single base mutation can lead to an altered primary structure of enzyme G

A

• change in base results in a change in triplet code

• this changes codon in MRNA

• resulting in diff amino acid sequence

25
Q

Describe what happens to these proteins following the process of translation until they are released from the cell 3m

A

• proteins folded in rough w do plastic reticulum
• proteins then packed into vesicles
•proteins modified in in Golgi apparatus
• exoytosis

26
Q

Compare and contrast molecular structures of globular and fibrous proteins 4m

A

• both are long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

• both contain hydrogen bonds holding tnem in shape

• globular proteins have hydrophilic groups on outside whereas fibrous have hydrophobic on outside

• fibrous proteins are long chains globular proteins are folded compactly

27
Q

Explain why the nucleus cannot be observed at the end of prophase in eukaryotic cell 2m

A

• because the nuclear membrane is broken down

• coz dna is coiled into individual chromosomes

28
Q

Describe how polypeptide chain is processed to make AFGP 4m

A

• polypeptide chain moves through endoplasmic reticulum then the Golgi apparatus

• in the RER (rough endo) the polypeptide chain in folded

• in Golgi apparatus carbohydrate added

• polypeptide chain then transported around cell in vesicle

29
Q

What is function of plasmodesmata 2m

A

• cytoplasmic connection between cells
• allows communication

30
Q

Describe the events of fertilisation that occur after the acrosome reaction

A

• fusion of sperm cell membrane with egg cell membrane

• cortical granules release contents into zona pellucida

• contents of cortical granules react w zona pellucida and it thickens

• fusion of sperm and egg

31
Q

Explain why offspring may be genetically different even w same dad and mum 2m

A

• difference gametes
• each gamete contains diff combintuaoons of alleles

32
Q

Explain why a second sperm cell cannot fertilise the egg cell 3m

A

• cortical reaction- fusion of cortical granules with egg cell surface membrane

• resulting in thickening of zona pellucida

• therefore other sperm cells can’t reach egg cell surface membrane

33
Q

Explain what is meant by a sex linked disorder 2m

A

• disorder caused by a mutated gene

• on x/y chromosome
• so disorder more likely in one gender than igher

34
Q

Explain how vesicles are involved in the successful fertilisation of an egg cell by only one cell 2m

A

• cortical granules fuse with egg cell surface membrane

• releasing enzyme that hardens the zona pellucida

35
Q

Describe how meiosis leads to genetic variation in the gametes produced 2m

A

• produces non indenfuxak gamete’s due to indepdeng asornement of chromosomes

• crossing over between chromatids

36
Q

Explain why some genes show linkage and others shiw sex linkage 3m

A

• there are more genes than chromosomes

• linkages relate to genes for diff characteristics located on same non sex chromosome

• sex linkage relates to genes in x/y chromosome

37
Q

Explain how crossing over and independent assortment can produce gametes w new combinations of the alleles shown on the diagram of the 2 pairs of chromosomes 4m

A

Crossing over
• chromatids are produced w diff combinations of alleles
• eg Ab/aB

Independent assortment
• diff combinations of chromosomes r produced
•therefore alleles for A and B could be in same gamete as C or c

38
Q

Explain how crossing over may differ in sex chromosomes 2m

A

• crossover cannot form between some sections of the x and Y chromosome

• coz they are not homologous chromosomes

39
Q

Explain why dna is replicated before mitosis begins 2m

A

• to ensure diploid number of chromosomes in each daughter cell

• to ensure daughter cells r genetically identical

40
Q

Explain how large numbers of cells.with the same phenotype can be produced in a tissue 2m

A

• phenotype determined by the genotype + effect of environment

• mitosis produces cells with the same genotype

41
Q

Explain why the nucleus cannot be observed at the end of prophase in a eukaryotic cell 2m

A

• because nuclear membrane is broken down

• coz dna is cookies into individual chromosomes

42
Q

Describe how the acrosome is involved in digestion of zona pellucida

A

• membrane of acrosome fuses with membrane of sperm

• releasing enzymes from acrosome by exocytosis

43
Q

Describe the events that occur during prophase in an animal cell 3m

A

• nucleus breaks down

• spindle fibres formed

• centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell

44
Q

Describe role of acrosome in fertilisation 3m

A

• acrosome fuses with the cell surface membrane of the sperm cell

• digestive enzymes released

• to break down zona pellucida

45
Q

Describe appearance of chromosome in the cells undergoing metaphase 3m

A

• visible
• seen as pairs of chromatids held together by a centromere

• joined to spindle fibres aligned in middle

46
Q

Describe how clinical trials of a vaccine would be conducted 3m

A

• small groups of healthy volunteers given drug to see side effects

• healthy volunteers tested for presence of antibodies

• a group of ppl at risk of contracting diseases given vaccine

• n. Ppl who get disease aftwr vaccine monitored

47
Q

Describe the role that zoos play in animal conservation 3m

A

• zoos protect animals from hunters

• breeding programmes in place to increasee numbers

• used for research purposes or educating

48
Q

3 phases kn drug testing + what they do 3m

A

• phase 1 to test if drug to make surenot harmful

• phase 2 to see if effective in treating illness

• phase 3 to gather as much info from statistical tests

49
Q

Describe structure of starch 3m

A

• is a polysaccharide made from alpha glucose

• monomers held by 1,4 glycosidic links

• starch contains unbranched amylose chains and branched amylopectin chains

• branches joined to chains by 1,6 glycosidic links

50
Q

Explain the role of the middle lamella when a plant cell completes mitosis 2m

A

• produced between adjacent new cells
• because middle lamella holds cell walls together

Bio TQ wrong (1 decks)

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