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BPK 142 Lab Exam > Written Questions > Flashcards

Written Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the atria?

A
  • upper two cavities of the heart – passes blood to the ventricles
  • left atrium = receives oxygenated blood from veins
  • right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from pulmonary vein
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2
Q

Which vessels enter or exit the atria?

A
  • right atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
  • left atrium = receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein
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3
Q

What are the ventricles?

A
  • large lower chambers that collect + expel blood received from one of the atria
  • right ventricle = receives blood from the right atrium
  • left ventricle = receives blood from the left atrium
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4
Q

What vessels enter or exit the ventricles?

A
  • right ventricle = pulmonary artery – sends blood to the lungs
  • left ventricle = aorta/aortic arch – pumps blood to rest of the body
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5
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart

A
  1. Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava,
    and the coronary sinus – carries deoxygenated blood
  2. From right atrium, it goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
  3. From the right ventricle, it goes through the pulmonary semilunar valves to
    the pulmonary trunk
  4. From the pulmonary trunk it moves into the right and left pulmonary
    arteries to the lungs.
  5. From the lungs, oxygenated blood is returned to the heart through the
    pulmonary veins.
  6. From the pulmonary veins, blood flows into the left atrium.
  7. From the left atrium, blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into
    the left ventricle.
  8. From the left ventricle, it goes through the aortic semilunar valves into the
    ascending aorta.
  9. Blood is distributed to the rest of the body (systemic circulation) from the
    aorta.
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6
Q

Discuss the importance of the elasticity and contractility of the arteries

A
  • elasticity = allows vessels to respond to + accommodate changes in blood pressure that comes from the pumping of the heart
  • contractility = allows vasoconstriction + vasodilation – comes from signals in the nervous system
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7
Q

Explain how blood returns to the right atrium.

A
  • assisted by skeletal-muscle pump + thoracic pump – breathing
  • squeeze veins that run through them
  • veins have one-way valves – pushes blood through valve + close to prevent backflow
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8
Q

Why should one “cool down” after
vigorous exercise rather than stop abruptly?

A
  • strenuous activity causes blood vessels in legs to expand – brings more blood to legs + feet
  • heartbeat slows abruptly if no cool down portion
  • sudden drop in HR causes blood to pool in lower body – can cause dizziness + fainting
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9
Q

Describe the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity

A

medially between the lungs in the mediastinum
- separated from other structures by membrane – pericardium
- sits in own space – pericardial cavity
- dorsal surface of heart lies near bodies of vertebrae
- anterior surface = sits in sternum + costal cartilages
- base of heart = located at level of third costal cartilage
- inferior tip of the heart = left of the sternum between junction of 4th + 5th ribs
- right side = faces slightly anteriorly
- left side = faces slightly posteriorly

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10
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

higher forces needed to pump blood through the systemic circuit as compared to the pulmonary circuit – must pump blood throughout the body

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11
Q

Why are the heart valves important?

A
  • opens so that blood can empty into the proper chamber
  • closes when blood flows through so that blood doesn’t flow back to where it just was
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12
Q

Can the heart function with leaky valves?

A

can function if not too major but can cause many problems:
- lightheadedness
- rapid heartbeat
- heart fluttering
- fatigue
- congestive heart failure
- edema = swelling of the legs, abdomen, veins in neck
- chest pain/tightness

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13
Q

Describe the step by step procedure for measuring blood pressure

A
  1. patient should be seated with arms flexed + elbow placed around heart level – do not measure over clothes
  2. choose the sphygmomanometer proper blood pressure cuff + ensure that it isn’t wrapped too tightly – should be able to fit two fingers in between cuff + subject’s arm
  3. wrap cuff around upper arm approx. 1 inch above antecubital fossa
  4. lightly press the stethoscope over the brachial artery just below the cuff’s edge
  5. rapidly inflate the cuff to approx. 180mm Hg then release the air slowly by turning the knob slightly
  6. listen w/ the stethoscope while also looking at the sphymomanometer – first Korotkoff (knocking) sound = systolic pressure
  7. when knocking sound disappears = diastolic pressure
  8. release air all the way and remove cuff
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14
Q

When measuring blood pressure you must listen for Korotkoff sounds at the brachial
artery using a stethoscope. Why can’t you hear these sounds before the cuff is
inflated?

A
  • as cuff inflates, brachial artery is constricted – blood flow through lower arm = turbulent
  • turbulent blood flow causes walls of artery under stethoscope will vibrate
  • no pressure = blood flow more smooth = no sounds heard
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15
Q

If blood pressure was measured at the level of a subject’s calf rather than at the level
of the upper arm, would you expect the blood pressure readings to be different?
Explain

A
  • yes blood pressure readings would be different
  • pull of gravity causes more blood to stay in lower extremities = greater pressure in legs
  • vessels in legs narrower = higher reading
  • blood pressure in legs shouldn’t be lower = can be indication of blocked arteries
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16
Q

Describe four sources of error when recording blood pressure from an exercising
subject.

A
  1. using the wrong size cuff – too large cuff will give falsely low readings, too small cuff will give falsely high readings
  2. incorrect limb position – limb must be at heart level = if too high, low reading, if too low, high reading
  3. cuff placed incorrectly – match up with antecubital fossa w/ stethoscope placed at the brachial artery
  4. subject not calm/rested/exercised before reading – eaten/smoked before test
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17
Q

Give a physiological explanation for the changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure which you theoretically would expect to observe for your subject on the bicycle ergometer as exercise intensity increased from a low level to a higher level

A
  • blood pressure should increase then plateau
  • subject works harder w/ increasing work rate – heart would need to pump faster = raises systolic + diastolic blood pressure
  • increase in SV, VO2, HR = increase in blood pressure
18
Q

Describe three of the assumptions that test protocols to predict VO2
max using submaximum exercise heart rates are based on

A
  1. linear relation between HR + oxygen uptake = heavy work rates may cause VO2 to increase more than HR
  2. similar max HR for all subjects = standard deviation of approx. 10 beats/min on avg for subjects of same age group – use age correction factor as max HR decreases w/ age
  3. fixed mechanical efficiency assumed if VO2 is predicted from work rate = mechanical efficiency can vary by 6% on a bicycle ergometer
19
Q

Why is an age correction factor needed during the Astrand-Rhyming Test for predicting VO2max?

A

max HR declines with age so age correction factor helps to make up for this to provide a more accurate reading for older people

20
Q

How would the predicted VO2 max. of a 40 year old subject be affected if the age
correction factor was not used? Explain

A

increased error by 15%
- VO2 max peaks at 25 and goes down from there – VO2 max will seem lower than actual results

21
Q

Do you think that the Astrand bicycle ergometer test for predicting VO2
max is a “well designed” physical fitness test? Explain.

A

well designed but not the best test
- good = less expensive, portable, doesn’t require electricity, patient more stable, body weight is supported, easier to quantify work rate
- bad = most people not used to cycling so muscles being used aren’t ones that are normally being used, can’t reach as high a VO2 max in comparison to the treadmill test

22
Q

A well-conditioned individual has a heart rate of 122 bpm at a power output of 900
kpm/min., while a poorly conditioned subject has a heart rate of 164 bpm at the
same power output. Does this mean that the cardiac output is approximately one-third higher in the untrained subject (assuming that the two men are the same
height and weight)? Explain.

A

no b/c cardiac output is also dependent on stroke volume – trained individuals have lower heart rate but can have higher stroke volume so not always correlated

23
Q

If you modified the Astrand Test such that you measured heart rate 20-30 seconds after cessation of exercise rather than during exercise, then used the same tables to predict the subject’s VO2 max., what effect would this have on the estimation of the
subject’s aerobic fitness level? Explain

A

HR would be lower – gives illusion that they have a higher VO2max than in reality
- VO2 max dependent on HR at a given work rate – lower HR = higher VO2 max

24
Q

Which cycle ergometer test do you consider to be the best submaximal test for predicting VO2 max - the Astrand Test or the YMCA Test? Explain.

A

Astrand test is better because:
- more concise – results are obtained without tiring the subject more than need be
- involves correction factor to maintain accuracy in older people

25
Q

You have been asked to set up a lab for testing maximum oxygen consumption.
Itemize all of the equipment that you will need

A
  • 2 way valve
  • meteorological balloons
  • heart rate monitor
  • stop watch
  • electronic O2 + CO2 analyzer
  • electrically braked bicycle ergometer
  • non-kinkable hose
  • low resistance respiratory valve + mouthpiece + nose plug
26
Q

In the maximum oxygen uptake test, what is the purpose of measuring barometric pressure and gas temperature?

A
  • barometric pressure = affects ability for air to move into lungs – pressure difference between thoracic cavity + outside pressure
  • gas temperature = proportional changes in gas volume in a constant pressure – Charles Law = affects amount of gas in a given space
27
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas? What is vapor pressure?

A
  • partial pressure = pressure of a gas if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature – important for predicting movement of gases
  • vapour pressure = pressure caused by the evaporation of liquids – influenced by: surface area, intermolecular forces, temperature
28
Q

List three criteria which can be used to determine whether or not a subject has really exercised to exhaustion and reached VO2 max. in a maximum oxygen uptake test performed on a bicycle ergometer?

A
  1. respiratory exchange ratio > 1.05 to 1.15 = breathing out more CO2 than taking in O2
  2. max HR is +/- 10 beats to age predicted max HR = 220 - age in years
  3. plateau of oxygen consumption as workload increases
  4. blood lactate level of 8 to 10mm/L = extreme build-up of lactic acid – signifies high rate of ATP production
29
Q

Describe the shape of a typical graph of VO2 versus power output and give a
physiological explanation for the shape of this graph

A
  • graph = should increase linearly together then plateau once subject reaches VO2 max – VO2 + power output increases at around the same rate
  • physiological explanation = linear increase due to body responding to increasing power output needs with more oxygen intake, plateau means body can’t obtain oxygen any faster + means VO2 max has been reached
30
Q

Describe the shape of a typical graph of heart rate versus VO2 and give a physiological explanation for shape of this graph

A
  • shape = HR should be increasing linearly while VO2 is also increasing
  • physiological explanation = HR increases to pump more blood to the body to increase oxygen intake and distribution
31
Q

Is it more appropriate to express VO2 max. in liters per minute or in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute? Explain

A

better to express VO2 max in ml/min x kg because it illustrates VO2 as relative to size – shows how much oxygen is being consumed per kg of body mass

32
Q

Outline the chain of steps in the movement of oxygen from room air to its ultimate utilization in skeletal muscle. Which “link” in the chain normally limits oxygen transport and uptake during maximum exercise in healthy individuals?

A
  1. inhalation = decrease in thoracic pressure, intercostals contract, diaphragm depresses – air moves in
  2. air goes through nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, respiratory + terminal bronchioles, alveoli
  3. blood capillaries at alveoli drop off CO2 into the lungs + O2 picked up and moved through systemic circulatory component
    **limitation = oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin – saturation + speed of movement
33
Q

What effects would you expect from an injury that severs the spinal cord at the fifth cervical vertebra?

A
  • effects vocal cords, biceps, deltoid muscles in the upper arms
  • may be able to breathe and speak on their own – breathing may be weak
  • paralysis in torso, legs, wrists, hands – can be more prominent on just one side or both
  • may be able to bend elbows and/or raise arms
34
Q

How many spinal nerves and vertebrae are there? What is the anatomical relationship between them?

A
  • vertebrae = 33 individual bones but only 24 can move – C7, T12, L5, S5, coccyx(x4)
  • spinal nerves = 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off of spinal cord – each has two roots = sends/receives signals to brain
  • anatomical relationship = matches up with vertebrae = spinal nerve comes up through opening between adjacent vertebrae + numbered by the vertebrae above
35
Q

Describe the location of the spinal cord. What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A
  • located in the vertebral foramen, begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine
  • cervical + lumbar enlargements = enlargement of gray matter needed to operate the limbs
36
Q

Define a “cranial nerve”. How are cranial nerves named and numbered?

A
  • cranial nerve = emerge directly from brain + brain stem – relay info between brain + other parts of the body (primarily around the head + neck)
  • how they’re numbered = based on the order in which they emerge from the brain – front to back
  • how they’re named = based on the location it comes out of the brain – matches up with lobe
37
Q

What role does the muscle spindle play in the knee jerk reflex?

A

partners with spinal cord to keep track of where the body is in space + how stretched/contracted the muscles are – work together in the reflex arc

38
Q

Draw the reflex arc for the patellar tendon tap

A

Picture

39
Q

Distinguish between the direct light reflex and the consensual light reflex. What is the purpose of these reflexes?

A
  • direct light reflex = pupillary response to light that enters same eye
  • consensual light reflex = pupillary response to light that enters the opposite eye
  • purpose = regulates the intensity of the light entering the eye – light = constrict, dark = dilated
40
Q

Why would an injury to a peripheral nerve cause loss of both sensory and motor functions?

A
  • muscles receives signals from nerves to contract/relax
  • if nerve is damaged, can’t send signals to muscles = limits or stops movement – may also lose feeling in those areas
41
Q

What evidence is there that both negative transfer and bilateral transfer occurred during the course of your mirror-trace experiment.

A
  • negative transfer = brain is used to drawing things in a certain manner, using the mirror causes this to be reversed so previous experience can hinder new skill
  • bilateral transfer = using dominant hand then switching to non-dominant provided practice and allowed for improvement in the non-dominant hand after several practice trials
42
Q

Based on the results of the knowledge of results experiment that you performed in the BPK 142 lab with the linear arm positioning apparatus, what conclusions can you draw regarding the importance of knowledge of results for learning?

A

knowledge of results can provide a means of error correction and problem solving while also reinforcing correct performance

BPK 142 Lab Exam (2 decks)

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