Written Language Development Flashcards
What is the passive voice
Tells us what is done to a person/object. “ the house was painted by Anna”
What is the active voice
tells us what a person/thing does. the subject performs the action on the object. “Anna painted the house”
What is likely to be done in the classroom before children write pieces to help them
classroom discussions
Which maxim has been used if a child successfully uses genre specific lexis after a classroom discussion
The maxim of relevance - They can successfully communicate through writing and portray relevant ideas.
What are the four stages that Kroll identified in children’s writing development
- Preparatory stage
- Consolidation stage
- Differentiation stage
- Integration stage
Preparatory stage
Motor skills develop, spelling principles acquired.
Consolidation stage
From around 7 years old, Writing is written in the same way they speak. Colloquialisms used along with short declarative sentences e.g. ‘He runs’ ‘she sings’. Strings of clauses linked with a lot of conjunctions e.g. ‘and’. Unfinished sentences.
Differentiation stage
From around 9 years old, writing begins to diverge from speech and errors are common. They recognise the different writing styles such as letters or essays. Writing can also reflect thoughts and feelings now. Experimental writing - crossings out as child learns to draft, redraft and edit.
Integration stage
From middle teenage years - child develops personal style. Child comprehends that you can change your style according to audiencee.
What are the seven stages that Barclay identified in children’s writing
- Scribbling
- Mock handwriting
- Mock letters
- Conventional letters
- Invented spelling
- Approximated/phonetic spelling
- Conventional spelling
Scribbling (Barclay)
Random marks on a page. To encourage children at this stage, adults can offer blank paper and writing tools to help them develop their writing.
Mock handwriting
Often appears with drawings. Children produce lines of wavy scribbles.
Mock letters
Children make letter - like shapes that resemble conventional alphabet letters.
Conventional letters
Adults will often see a string of letters across a page that a child will read as a sentence. Children will be confidant using letters from their name.
Invented spelling
As the child writes conventional letters, they begin to cluster letters to make words. Although the words may not appear conventional, children will often ask an adult, “what did I write?”.
Approximated/phonetic spelling
Children begin to associate sounds with letters.
Conventional spelling
A child’s approximated spelling becomes more and more conventional.
Coordinated conjunctions used to connect two phrases
Begins to show a child’s developing understanding of how two thoughts can be connected within a sentence. (and, but, or).
What does the correct use of subject, verb, object structure suggest
The child can form grammatically correct sentences to indicate a person carrying out an action. E.g. “She found treasure”.
Also, children generally don’t make grammatical errors like wrong order of SVO. It supports Chomsky’s theory of nativism as they’re automatically aware that a sentence doesn’t sound cohesive without following subject, verb, object.
What does using the third person suggest
The child can write from the perspective of someone else.
Tasks children do in school
To help children write pieces, there is likely to be a classroom discussion beforehand about the genre and the details of the genre they’re going to write about. Therefore, high frequency, genre - specific lexis will be common. Being able to do this supports Grice’s maxim of relevance as they can successfully communicate through writing, giving relevant details.
What is the significance of a child writing in the passive voice
It’s unusual for young children between the ages of 5 - 6 as it is a more advanced technique in writing. The active voice is more common since children tend to mainly focus on the subject. The likely reason for the child using the passive voice is because they have seen it before, like in a story book.
How are nouns pre - modified
With the use of adjectives
What does it suggest when a child is able to pre - modify nouns
It indicates progressed understanding to give detail in writing and has enabled her to label out specific objects to the reader, giving clearer communication.
What does the correct usage of discourse markers suggest
The child has the ability to tell a story in the correct order of events successfully.
A child being able to use contrasting words in the same phrase
The child has the ability to articulate two contrasting ideas within the same sentence which is a complex skill.
What is the significance of teachers providing written feedback on a child’s piece of work
It supports and build on Skinner’s behaviourist theory, that positive reinforcement will help progress the child’s learning.
