Written Exam Study Flashcards
______regulates blood flow through the skin and controls secretions of sweat glands to conserve or dissipate heat.
hypothalamus of the brain
Name the modified epidermal structures
Hair, Nails, and Skin glands
__________is a surface epithelium derived from ectoderm and it is a self-regenerating stratified squamous epithelium composed primarily of keratinocytes that produces a protective layer of keratin and lipids and other cells for pigmentation, sensation and immunity.
Epidermis
________ is the underlying layer of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue derived from mesoderm that contains many collagen fibers, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, sensory receptors, nerves, and connective tissue cells.
Dermis
Adipocytes are located here
Hypodermis
The stratum basale, also known as the
stratum germinativum
________are touch receptors associated with nerve fibers found in the stratum basale.
Tactile Cells (Merkel Cells)
_______are from bone marrow and migrate into the stratum spinosum and help protect against pathogens by engulfing them then presenting characteristic parts of the antigens to lymphocytes.
Dendritic Cells (also called Langerhans cells)
_________can be involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions like contact dermatitis
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells
In the common skin disease,___________, dermal neutrophils invade the epidermis. This inflammation stimulates keratinocytes in the stratum basale to proliferate abnormally fast so cells move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum in about 7 days resulting in a thicker stratum corneum that forms plaques or flakes (dandruff).
psoriasis
An Autoimmune Blistering Disease targets Desomosomes
Pemphigus Foliaceus/vegetans
Three Immigrant Cells of the Epidermis
Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
is a mixed polymer of tyrosine and cysteine that ranges in color from yellow to brown to reddish.
phaeomelanin
The key enzyme in the production of melanin is
tyrosinase
Each melanocytes produces and transfers melanin pigment granules called _________into about 36 adjacent keratinocytes by the process of _______ _______
melanosomes
cytocrine injection
Tanning involves gene activation______ in keratinocytes in response to UVR-induced DNA damage, leading to an upregulation of ____________
(p53)
proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
Posttranslational cleavage of POMC produces
β-endorphin and α-MSH
MSH stimulates receptor __________ on adjacent melanocytes.
(MC1R)
is blueness resulting from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood. Hemoglobin becomes a bluish color when it is not bound to oxygen.
Cyanosis
Is redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels which can be caused by anger, sunburn, heat, allergy, embarrassment.
Erythema
is a patterned albinism thought to be caused by an autoimmune disorder that attacks melanocytes.
Vitiligo
Is a bruise caused by visible clotted blood in the dermis and hypodermis. Color change during healing is due to the breakdown of hemoglobin.
Hematoma
discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries
Hemangiomas
_______are composed of a fibrous capsule around a nerve ending. These sense light touch, shapes and texture and are located in dermal papillae in fingers, hand, foot, forearm, tongue and are particularly abundant in the vermillion zone of the lips.
Meissner’s (Tactile ) Corpuscles
_______are sensitive, high resolution tactile receptors in the epidermis used for sensing textures, edges and shapes. They
are derived from the neural crest.
in basal layer of epidermis.
Merkel’s cells
penetrate into the epidermis are bare dendrites that lack a Schwann cell covering and are sensitive to pain (nociceptors) and change in temperature (hot and cold).
Free Nerve endings
sense pressure, stretch, tickle and vibration. A nerve ending is wrapped with many layers of flattened cells that increase the sensory field. Found in hypodermis of hands, feet, breasts and genitals.
Pacinian Corpuscles
look similar to pacinian corpuscles, and are sensitive to displacement of surrounding collagen fibers due to slow, sustained mechanical stress (stretch or compression) of skin, ligaments, tendons and joint capsules.
Ruffini’s Corpuscles
is composed of a vascular, sensitive, loose
connective tissue arranged into dermal papillae. Meissner’s
corpuscles are found in the papillary layer. Dermal papillae are
upward extensions of the dermis that interdigitate with down
growths of the epidermis and correspond to the ridges of the
fingerprints.
Papillary Layer of the dermis
is the deeper part of dermis and is composed of
dense irregular connective tissue.
Reticular Layer of the dermis
is also called
the subcutaneous tissue or the
superficial fascia.
The hypodermis
Fine fetal hair is called?
Lanugo
fine, unpigmented hair of children and adults.
Vellus
At the base of each hair bulb there is a
Dermal Papilla
is
vascular tissue that
provides nutrients to the
hair bulb
outermost layer of a hair shaft.
Cuticle of a Hair Shaft
Hair grows on average about
0.3mm/day in young adults
Stages of hair growth are?
growth stage (anagen): at any point in time, about 90% of
scalp follicles are in the growth stage.
– shrinking stage (catagen) lasts 2-3 weeks follicle shrinks
– resting stage (telogen) lasts 1-3 months
__________ is baldness that can occur in
patches or across the entire body.
Alopecia
Hairloss that is is under genetic and hormonal control.
Pattern Baldness
_________ is excessive hair growth
usually caused by a hormone imbalance
(excessive ovarian or adrenal cortex
testosterone secretion).
Hirsutism
Nail root grows out of the
- *nail matrix**, which is
- *equivalent** to the stratum basale of the epidermis.
millions all over the body open directly onto the surface of the skin and function to cool the skin
Eccrine Glands
_______is sebum collected from lamb
wool and is used in skin creams to
soften the stratum corneum, lip balms
like Carmex and leather conditioners.
Lanolin
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_are only found in the skin of the external auditory meatus (ear canal).
Ceruminous
– arises from stratum basale and invades
dermis – treated by surgical removal and radiation
basal cell carcinoma
– arises from melanocytes
– ABCD: asymmetry, border irregular, color
mixed, diameter over 6 mm
Melenoma
______is called “tanning rays” and _______
“burning rays” but both can burn as well as
tan depending upon exposure conditions.
UVA
UVB
Cutaneous wound healing involves release of
numerous growth factors from a variety of cells
including…….
fibroblasts, macrophages, platelets and
keratinocytes.
Some growth factors attract cells into the wound
and other factors stimulate growth of the cells in
the epidermis and dermis.
There are four basic catagories of connective tissue. What are they for our class?
– Embryonic Connective Tissue
– Connective Tissue Proper
– Specialized Connective Tissue
– Supporting Connective Tissue
________cells line blood vessels and ________cells line body cavities. These cells develop from meshenchyme during embryogenesis.
Endothelial
Mesothelial
_________ are thin, branched type ___collagen
fibers that form an interconnected network in distensible
or spongy tissues including the walls of blood vessels,
skin, lymph nodes, spleen, liver. Stain darkly with silver.
Reticular Fibers
III
Thin fibers found in hyaline and elastic cartilage
Type II Collagen.
Collagen found in the basal lamina of epithelia and endothelia. Does not form visible fibers but is discriped as “Sticky”.
Type IV Collagen
Abundant Collagin in the placenta
Type V
Collagen that is located in most interstitial tissue, associated with type I collagen.
Type Vi
Collagen thatfForms anchoring fibrils of the basal lamina
Type VII
Collagen most abundant in Descement’s membrane of the cornea, as clear as glass
Type VIII
Associated with type II collagen in hyaline cartilage.
Type IX
Collogen found in hypertrophic and mineralizing cartilage.
Type X
_______are polymers of repeating disaccharides composed of monosaccharides including glucosamine, galactose and galactosamine.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
_______have a net negative charge that attracts Na+ and holds water which helps regulate water and electrolyte balance in connective tissues
GAGs
GAGs linked to a protein core form large, bottlebrush-
shaped molecules called…..
proteoglycans
Multiple proteoglycans can link to a hyaluronan molecule to form large….
proteoglycan aggregates
_______mark pathways for cell migration especially
during development.
Glycoproteins
_______are protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind to
plasma membrane integrins or extracellular collagen or
proteoglycans.
Glycoproteins
- Important glycoproteins include ______, _______,
_______, ________, _______and ________.
laminin
fibronectin
chondronectin
osteonectin
entactin
tenascin
Glycoproteins are protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind to
plasma membrane integrins or extracellular collagen or
proteoglycans.
_______ and _______are derived from epithelial cells, and _______ is made by glial cells of the embryo, whereas the remainder (1_______2 ______3_______) are manufactured by cells of connective tissue.
Laminin, entactin
tenascin
1.fibronectin 2 chondronectin 3 osteonectin.
Cartilage is surrounded by a fibrous vascular membrane called….
the perichondrium
______are type I collagen fibers that connect the periosteum and the bone matrix.
Sharpey’s fibers (also called perforating fibers)
In the flat bones of the skull the middle layer is spongy bone called the _______, but there is no marrow cavity as in long bones.
diploe
________are long thin extensions of the mature
dendritic osteocytes that produce bone matrix around the cell.
Pseudopods (also called filopodia, cytoplasmic extensions, dendritic processes)
Bone Matrix produced by bone cells is about __% organic and __% inorganic.
35
65
_______has a high binding affinity for hydroxyapatite and is required for bone mineralization. Vitamin D3 regulates the expression of the latter.
Osteocalcin
________regulates the formation and remodeling of
mineralized tissues and mediates the formation of the osteoclast sealing zone.
Osteopontin
Mediates binding of osteoblasts to the
extracellular matrix through integrins.
Bone Sialoprotein
Inorganic matter of bone consists of about:
– 85% hydroxyapatite (crystals are distributed along collagen fibers and organized by osteocalcin)
– 10% calcium carbonate
– 5% other minerals (fluoride, sulfate, potassium, magnesium)
Also called cancellous bone or trabecular bone
Spongy Bone
_________is lined with endosteum and contains a neurovascular bundle.
Haversian Canal (also called the central canal)
______are perpendicular
branches of the central (Haversian) canal.
Perforating Canals (Volkmann’s canals)
Bony_______branch off the inner layers of compact bone filling the epiphyses with spongy bone.
trabeculae
__________is a layer of resting hyaline
cartilage. This becomes the epiphyseal cartilage on long bones.
Zone of Reserve Cartilage
_________is a layer of chondrocytes that
multiply forming columns of flattened lacunae
Zone of Cell Proliferation
_______ is a region of swollen
chondrocytes
Zone of Cell Hypertrophy
___________is where the cartilage matrix calcifies
and the chondrocytes die
Zone of Calcification
__________is where macrophages remove dead chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix creating voids that are filled with growing blood vessels surrounded by osteogenic periosteum or endosteum that contains fibroblast like cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteons will form around the blood vessels.
Zone of Bone Deposition
Bones increase in width by _________
growth of bone matrix produced by new osteons. This process can continue throughout life.
appositional
is a genetic disorder resulting in short
staturebutnormal-sized head and trunk
because the long bones of the limbs
stop growing in childhood but other
bones are unaffected. Supplemental
growth hormone does not correct the
abnormal growth.
Achondroplastic Dwarfism
__________is due to a lack of
growth hormone and results in short
stature with normal proportions. Daily
growth hormone injections over several
years may help the person achieve the
average adult height for their family.
Pituitary Dwarfism
_______is a group of
disorders in which growth is
proportional but severely delayed,
beginning in the womb. This results
in some of the smallest people in
the world.They arenot responsive
to supplemental growth hormone.
Primordial Dwarfism
Osteoprogenitor cells are mesenchymal cells that develop into osteoblasts under the influence of?
transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenic protein.
_________helps the osteoblast bind to the
matrix through integrins.
Bone sialoprotein
osteoclasts seal their membrane to the bone matrix with the protein ___________ to contain the bone eroding secretions of the ruffled border.
osteopontin
Osteoclasts release lysosomes from their ruffled border that contain enzymes and acids that erode bone matrix and produce pits in the matrix called “__________ ______” or ________ ________.
resorption bays
Howship’s lacunae
Osteoblasts have parathyroid hormone receptors, and in the presence of parathiroid hormone, they release ____________________.
macrophage colony–stimulating factor (M-CSF)
Calcium phosphate homeostasis depends on
________, ________and_________________
calcitriol, calcitonin, andparathyroid hormone (PTH)
– stimulates intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate
– promotes urinary reabsorption of calcium ions
– promotes osteoclast activity to release calcium from bone into blood
Actions of the hormone Calcitriol
secreted by C cells of the thyroid gland when plasma calcium concentrationrises too high.
• Functions:
– reduces osteoclast activity by as much as 70% in
15 minutes
– increases the number and activity of osteoblasts
Calcitonin
___________receptors in bone, kidney, and the gastrointestinal tract to restore a normal plasma Ca2+ concentration.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
mobilizes Ca2+ from bone by stimulating osteoblasts to release macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) that stimulates osteoclast multiplication and activity.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
The alveolar bone lining each alveolus is radiographically dense and is referred to as the __________
Lamina Dura.
The PDL is composed of groups of Types ______,_____, and ______collagen fibers produced by fibroblasts and cementoblasts.
I, III and XII
The alveolar bone directly lining a tooth alveolus is called _______ ________where there are many conspicuous bundles of collagenous Sharpey’s fibers inserted into the bone.
bundle bone
The PDL is innervated by maxillary and mandibular branches of the __________
Trigeminal nerve (CN V).
_________fibers are bundles of elastic fibers distributed in the PDL that run vertically from the apical root cementum to nerves and blood vessels in the cervical region of the PDL. These fibers are thought to regulate vascular flow in response to variations in tension on the tooth.
Oxytalan
_____________canals are cords of fibrous tissue that connect the tooth follicle to the lamina propria of the oral mucosa.
Gubernacular
The PDL undergoes __________
which is loss of cells from an area of the ligament due to trauma.
hyalinization
An immovable joint formed when the
space between two bones ossifies and the two bones fuse into a single bone
Bony Joint (synostosis)
3 types of fibrous joints:
1) sutures,
2) gomphoses
3) syndesmoses
slightly movable joints where two bones bound to each other by cartilage
Cartilaginous Joints (amphiarthrosis)
1) synchondroses and 2) symphyses
Joint type at carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb
Saddle joint
Joint type between dens and atlas or radioulnar joint at elbow
Pivot Joints
Joint between carpals of wrist or between tarsals of foot
Gliding Joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers.
Condyloid Joint
______% of body heat production results from skeletal muscle metabolism.
85
________are flat sheet-like tendons as under
the scalp, palm, foot and other areas that attach
muscle to the collagen fibers of the dermis.
Aponeuroses
is a loss of muscle tone and voluntary function that can be caused by loss of innervation to muscles.
Flaccid paralysis
is the swollen end of an axon that
contains vesicles of neurotransmitter. Vesicles
in motor neurons contain Acetylcholine (ACh)
terminal bouton (TB)
___________is the folded, specialized region of sarcolemma under the terminal bouton
motor end plate (MEP)
_____blocks sodium movement into the neuron and the action potential along the nerve membrane ceases.
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
causes flaccid paralysis with limp muscles that are unable to contract.
– a South American plant toxin used by indigenous people to make poison darts.
– blocks ACh receptors.
– Used as a muscle relaxant for surgery, but can causerespiratory arrest.
Curare
