Written Exam Flashcards
The term “dorsal” for humans are more complex than it is for quadrupends. Why is that?
Due to the pronounced bend in the NS of humans in the approx. level of the midbrain.
Where in humans is the term dorsal referring to?
Side of the spinal cord nearest to our back as well as the part of the brain, when viewed from above.
Where in humans is the term ventral referring to?
Ventral refers to the front or bottom, the chest side.
What does the directional term Medial refer to?
Towards the middle or midline.
What does the directional term Lateral refer to?
Towards the side or away from the midline.
What does anterior refer to, and what are the alternate names?
Front of the brain. AKA rostral and cephalic.
What does posterior refer to, and what are the alternate names?
Towards the tail, back of the head. AKA Caudal.
What does Superior refer to, and what are the alternate names?
Superior refers to dorsal to or rostral to
What does Inferior refer to, and what are the alternate names?
Ventral to or caudal to.
What does the term unilateral and bilateral refer to?
Unilateral is used to indicate the involvement of just 1 half of the brain, while bilateral refers to both sides.
What does the term ipsilateral and contralateral refer to?
Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the brain, while contralateral refers to the opposite side of the brain.
If a brain is cut in Vertical sections that are made perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axist, what is this cut referred as?
The Frontal or Cross Section, or Coronal, or Transverse section cut.
What are the 3 major divisions of the brain, and how are they subdivided?
3 Major divisions of the brain:
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
- Forebrain
a. Telencephalon
b. Diencephalon - Hindbrain
a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
What are the divisions within the Nervous System?
PNS and CNS.
PNS
a. Somatic
i) Afferent
ii) Efferent
b. Autonomic
i) Sympathetic
ii) Parasympathetic
What does the PNS system include? Where does PNS nerves enter and leave through?
All the cell bodies and axons not included in the CNS. PNS is mainly composed of nerves that enter or leave the spinal cord, or “spinal nerves”
What are the 2 divisions in the PNS, Somatic system? What do they do?
PNS Somatic system has 2 parts:
1) Afferent cells or Sensory and fibers that send sensory information into the CNS from the periphery.
2) Efferent fibers (Motor) that innervate striated skeletal muscles. “Voluntary”
What are the prominent nerves in the PNS? Where are the nerve cells located?
Where does the nerve cells extend out to?
The PNS is composed of mostly MIXED nerves- Sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent) axons.
The motor nerve cells are located in the ventral part of the Central Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord, aka Ventral Horn. These axons extend out of the Ventral Roots of the spinal cord, then enter into Mixed Nerves that go into other body parts.
Sensory nerve fibers in the Dorsal Root Ganglia bring info from peripheral sensory receptors into the spinal cord. The spinal cord’s ascending fibers inform the brain about Sensory input.
The spinal cord also has Descending fibers that help initiate much of the muscle cell activities.
What does Segmental arrangement mean in relevance to Spinal Cord?
The spinal cord has a segmental arrangement where fibers innervating a specific level of the brain come from a specific level of the spinal cord.
Explain in detail what Autonomic nerves do. What are the two divisions that distinguish Autonomic Component?
Autonomic nerves are motor in function and they innervate smooth muscles, the cardiac, and glands. The two divisions are distinguished on both Anatomical AND Functional bases.
In what division would you find the Tectum?
You would find the Tectum in the mid-brain.
In what division of the brain would you find the Basal Ganglion?
This subcortical structure is in the Telencephalon.
The Amygdala is part of which subcortical surface?
Both the subcortical structures of Limbic and Basal Ganglion
The diencephalon contains which subcortical structures?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
What is the main function of the Parietal lobe?
Processing Somatosensory information and Spacial relationships.
How is the primary Motor Cortex organized?
Somatatopically. Body parts adjacent to each other is represented int he neurons adjacent to each other in the gyrus.
What is the difference between a cranial nerve and a spinal nerve?
Depends on where the nerves exit the Central Nervous System. Cranial nerves exits from the brain, and spinal nerves off the spine.
What is a cluster of neurons OUTSIDE of the Central Nervous System known as?
It is known as a GANGLION.
What is a cluster of neurons INSIDE of the Central Nervous System known as?
It is known as a NUCLEUS.
Brain cells are about how old?
How old is the brain?
How old is the first human brain-ish?
How long has current form of human brain been around for?
Brain cells are about 700 million years old
The “brain” is about 250 million years old
First human-ish brain is about 6 million years old
Current form of human brain has only been around for about 200,000 years!
How is CSF removed? Where does it go into?
Removed from the system through arachnoid granulation into superior sagittal sinus
PARTS of the Forebrain (Prosencephalon) Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Lateral ventricles
PARTS of the Forebrain (Prosencephalon) Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
3rd ventricle
PARTS of the Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex 4 lobes Fissures/Sulci Primary areas Association cortex
Name the parts and subparts of the Basal Ganglia.
Basal Ganglia Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus >External >internal Substantia nigra >Pars compacta >Pars reticulata
Name the parts in the Limbic System.
Limbic System Septum Hippocampus Fornix Amygdala Mamillary body Cingulate gyrus
What is the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus referred to as?
Corpora Quadrigemina (body of four)
Parasympathetic NS -
Which parts of the spine does the ganglion come from?
Anabolic or catabolic?
What does it control?
Parasympathetic NS
Cranial & sacral
Anabolic (energy making)
Usually controls organs
Sympathetic NS -
Which parts of the spine does the first and second ganglion come from/to?
Anabolic or catabolic?
What does it control?
Thoracic and lumbar and synapse in the sympathetic chain parallel to the cord. A second axon leaves the sympathetic chain and innervates the target organ.
Catabolic (energy spending)
Fight or flight response
What’s another for hippocampal gyrus?
Pyriform lobe
What is the diagonal band’s function?
It is the connection between olfactory areas and hippocampus
What are the parts involved in olfactory pathways?
Diagonal bands Connection between olfactory areas and hippocampus Lateral olfactory stria Medial olfactory stria Anterior perforated substance Olfactory area
What is the alternate name of pituitary stalk?
Infundibulum
What is the alternate name of pituitary gland?
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
What is the Olives function?
Motor, auditory
What is the Trapezoid body’s function?
Auditory pathway
What is the function of the Pyramids?
Area of decussation - this is where descending motor axons decussate to the CNS
What is the function of the Cerebral peduncles?
Cerebral peduncles
Portion of the descending pyramidal motor pathway
What is the function of the Mammillary bodies?
Part of the hypothalamus, important for recollective memory and associating odor with memory
What is the function of each the cerebellar peduncles?
Superior (1)/Conjuntivum – connects cerebellum to cerebral hemisphere
Middle (2)/Pontis – connects sides of cerebellum to each other
Posterior (3)/Restiform Body – connects cerebellum to spinal cord
What are the 2 parts of the Dorsal sensory columns?
What are their functions?
Fasiculus gracilis (lower limbs) Fasiculus cuneatous (upper limbs, trunk, neck)
Identify the following structures: Genu Body Splenium Cingulate gyrus Septum Pellucidum
AMAZING!!!!! GOOD JOB!!!! :):):):):)
What is the habenula and habenula commissure function?
Involved in pain
processing, learning, particularly negative reward/punishment processes
What is the Pineal body’s function?
Makes melatonin, involved in sleep/wake cycles, circadium rhythyms
Lamina terminalis contains what and is involved in what?
Contains OVLT; involved in regulation of fluid balance (CSF)
What is the purpose of mammillary body?
Recollective memory, olfactory memory
Which part of the somatic component of the PNS sends sensory information into the CNS from the periphery?
Afferent cells and fibers
Motor nerve cells have their cell bodies in the_________ of the central gray matter of the ______________ .
Motor nerve cells have their cell bodies in the ventral part of the central gray matter of the spinal cord (ventral horn).
Sensory nerve fibers that have their bodies in the _________________________ bring information from the peripheral sensory receptors into the spinal cord.
Sensory nerve fibers that have their bodies in the Dorsal Root Ganglia bring information from the peripheral sensory receptors into the spinal cord.
The spinal cord has _______________ fibers that are responsible for initiating much of the activity in the muscle cells.
Descending
The spinal cord has a ______________ arrangement in that fibers innervating a special level of the body come from a specific part of the spinal cord.
Segmental
What is an adaptive circumstance of the body that permits the CNS to receive information from a body region even after the primary dorsal root has ceased to function?
Dermatome - the skin region innervated by one dorsal root.
Autonomic nerves are _________ in function - they innervate __________ muscles.
Motor in function
Innervates smooth muscles
Which regions of the spinal cord does axons from the sympathetic division leave from?
It leaves from the thoracic and lumbar and synapses in the sympathetic chain parallel to the cord.
A second axon leaves the sympathetic chain and innervates the target organ.
What are the consequences of sympathetic activity for:
Certain arteries
Heart rate
Stomach contractions
Pupils
Constricts certain arteries
Increase heart rate
Inhibit stomach contractions
Dilate pupils
Axons in parasympathetic division leave the brainstem and a specific region of the spinal cord- explain what the axons leaving the brainstem is aka.
Cranial nerves and sacral region.
The 2 functions of the 2 divisions of autonomic nerves have often been referred to as what?
Antagonistic
What are the functions of the Spinal cord?
Mediates spinal reflexes (skeletal muscle and autonomic responses to bodily and environmental stimuli).
T or F. Reflexes can persist even after the spinal cord has been separated from the brain.
True.
What region do most of the cranial nerves come from?
Medulla and pons.
What type of nerve nuclei does the Medulla contain? What does this nerve nuclei control?
Medulla contain autonomic nerve nuclei. It regulates respiration, heart rate, and gastro-intestinal functions.
What areas of the brain is a passage for ascending and descending fibers?
The spinal cord, medulla, and the pons.
The pons contains the _______________ fibers that connect one side of the cerebellum to the other.
Transverse fibers connect the 2 parts of the cerebellum together.
Cranial nerve nuclei and relays in the ___________________ system are located at the level of the pons.
Auditory system.
Where does the cerebellum receive inputs from and send outputs to?
Input:
Vestibular system
Spinal sensory fibers
Cerebral cortex
Outputs to:
Thalamus
Spinal cord
The tegmentum is the __________(directional plane) of the mid-brain, and contains the _______ and _______ cranial nerve nuclei and the large ________________ that are part of the voluntary motor system.
The tegmentum is the ventral part of the mid-brain, and contains the third (occulomotor) and fourth (trochlear) cranial nerve nuclei and the large cerebral peduncles that are part of the voluntary motor system.
What are the biological functions of the hypothalamus?
Eating, drinking, sex, sleeping, temperature regulation.
What is the major brain area concerned with the autonomic function?
Hypothalamus
Which part of the hypothalamus controls the parasympathetic and the sympathetic NS?
anterior hypothalamus controls para
posterior hypothalamus controls sympathetic
The hypothalamus is directly connected to which gland, from what system?
The pituitary gland, from the endocrine system.
Which part of the Thalamus processes visual, auditory, and somatosensory information?
The lateral geniculate nucleus processes visual info, medial geniculate nucleus processes auditory info, and the ventrobasal complex process somatosensory info.