Written Evaluation 1

Question 1

In what langauge domain does semantics exist?

Answer 1

Context

Question 2

Semantics defintion

Answer 2

An individual’s learning and storage of the meaning of words. How to organize words into sentences to specify

Question 3

Semantics vs Lexicon

Answer 3

Lexicon

The volume of words one understands (receptive lexicon) and the uses (expressive lexicon)
Like your internal word bank

Semantics is how you use those words

Question 4

Receptive vocabulary

Answer 4

Receptive Lexicon (usually larger)
The volume of words one understands

Question 5

Expressive Vocabulary

Answer 5

Expressive Lexicon

The volume of words that one uses

Question 6

In what language domain does syntax exist?

Answer 6

Form

Question 7

Syntax defintion

Answer 7

internalization of the rules of language that govern how words are organized into sentences.
How to organize words into sentences– developed through gradual internalization of the grammatical system of one’s language

Question 8

What are the 3 major syntactical achievements (along with parameters is syntactic deveopment described) from infancy to adulthood?

Answer 8

3 major sytactic achievements:

• Increase in utterance length
• Increase in sentence variety
• Development of a complex syntax

Question 9

what is a declarative

Answer 9

• Declaratives sentences make a statement
• Siimple declarative organizational schemes
  Subject + verb phrase
  Subject + verb phrase + object
  Subject + verb phrase + complement
  Subject + verb phrase + adverb phrase
  Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
  Subject + verb + direct object + indirect object
• Fairly common for 3 year olds to have mastered the majority of these patterns and to use

Question 10

How is MLU calcualated

Answer 10

It is calculated by the total number of morphemes divided by number of utterances

Question 11

what is counted in MLU

Answer 11

What is counted is words (utterances) and morphemes

Question 12

Identify some major milesones in MLU development

Answer 12

• Transitioning out of the two word stage
• Children gradually add more words to their utterances
• They add more content and functional words
  Mommy cookie > mommy eat cookies
  More ball> more big ball
  – Sentence modalities
• Longer utterances produce sentences of various types or modalities
• Increasing skill at producing different sentence types that vary in pragmatic intent and syntactic organization
• Differences among sentence types reside in how words are grammatcally organized at surface level

Question 13

Phonology Domain

Answer 13

Form

Question 14

Phonology Definition

Answer 14

• Governs the sounds we use when we make syllables and words
• Phonemes: meaningul sounds (in any given language)
• 39 phonemes in general american english
• 15 vowels and 24 consonants

Question 15

Phonotactic

Answer 15

• Developing sensitivity to legal rules that specify the order of sounds and syllables in words
• Learn the ‘chances’ that two adjacent sounds will signal in the beginning or end of a word

Question 16

Phonological Awareness

Answer 16

A broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as words syllables and onsets and rhymes.

Question 17

Prosody

Answer 17

• Children show preference for stress pattern, or “rhythm” of their language from infancy
• The awareness of the rhythm helps them parse words from speech stream
• English is strong-weak

Question 18

What sounds can a 6 month old hear, and how is that different from a 12 month old? (think about exposure to sounds in the child’s specific language environment

Answer 18

• 6 month year old children have an easier time discriminating sounds and a 12 month old is having a harder time discriminating sounds
• There is a reorganization of the brain in the first year of life so any baby can learn any language and that’s refined more after 12 months
• Exposure to certain environments creates neural pathways that help us learn one langauge as we lose the ability to percieve others

Question 19

Describe (very basically) place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing.

Answer 19

Place
Dimension specifies where in the vocal tract the constriction is
Voicing
The parameter specifies whether the vocal folds are vibrating
Manner
How narrow the constriction is, whether air is flowing through the nose, and whether the tongue is dropped down on one side

Question 20

Know some contrasts: e.g., how do /b/ & /d/ differ and how are they the same? How do /s/ & /t/ differ and how are they the same? How do /p/ & /b/ differ/ are same?

Answer 20

Ex:
B and d are both stops however D is a stop when you block air blo to the alveolar ridge and B is a bilabial stop. B is a place and D is the manner.
T is another alveolar stop in which airflow stops and S a fricative in which there is a turbulent air stream that cuases the hissing s sound. They are both manners of articulation.
P and b are both bilbial stops.

Question 21

In what language domain does morphology exist?

Answer 21

form

Question 22

Morphology definition

Answer 22

: governs internal organization of words; the smallest unit of language that cange meaining. Individual root words are morphemes (e.g. sun cat moon light). There are also grammatical morphemes (that are not stand alone words) and derivational morphemes (that may or may not be words.

Question 23

4 types of morphemes

Answer 23

free morphemes
bound morphemes
grammatical
derivational

Question 24

free morphemes

Answer 24

Can stand alone; these are words; sometimes words that serve primarily grammatical purposes

Question 25

bound morphemes

Answer 25

two types | must be attached to other morphemes

Question 26

grammatical

Answer 26

add precision to language cat > cats (not stand alone words)

Question 27

derivational

Answer 27

expand vocabulary exponentially sunlight > moonlight ( may or may not be words)

Question 28

when do we first show grammatcial morpheme use in our expressive languag

Answer 28

2 years old

Question 29

what are the first two grammatical morphemes we use

Answer 29

ing | 's' plural

Question 30

Explain how a child demonstrates morpheme mastery in his/her expressive language

Answer 30

- Children include a grammatical morpheme in 75% or more of obligatory contexts - Obligatory contexts “ instances in which a mature grammar specifies use of a grammatical marker

Question 31

What language domain is pragmatics

Answer 31

use

Question 32

what is the definition of pragmatics

Answer 32

Govern how language is used for social purposes Rules that govern: Using language for different discourse functions or intentions (communication intentions) Organizing language for discourse (conversation) Knowing what to say and how to say it (social conventions)

Question 33

what kinds of langauge skills does pragmatics encompass

Answer 33

``` Joint attentiion register conversations schemas conversational schema sensitivity to extralinguistic cues theory of mind ```

Question 34

Joing attention

Answer 34

infants and caregivers focus attention on a mutal object; the infant must

Question 35

Register

Answer 35

stylistic variations in language that occur in different situational contexts -- Changes in register can include changes in syntax, morphology, semantics, phonology

Question 36

converstaions

Answer 36

exchanges with others

Question 37

schemas

Answer 37

buildign blocks of cognition; internalized representations fo the organizational structures of various events

Question 38

converstional schema

Answer 38

= intiation and establishment of a topic, a series of contingent turns that maintain the topic, and resolution and closure

Question 39

sensitivity to extralincguistic cues

Answer 39

posture, gesture, facial expression, eye contact, proximity, pitch, loudness, pausing

Question 40

theory of mind

Answer 40

knowing your mind is independent. Knowing others have their own minds

Question 41

Describes the purposes of communicative intent

Answer 41

``` Instrumental = to ask for something Regulatory = to give directions and direct others Interactional = to interact in a social way Personal = to express state of mind feelings Heuristic = to find out information , to inquire Imaginative = to tell stories and role play Informative = to provide organized description of an event or object ```