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Wrist and hand Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

the Radoiocarpal joint is a synovial joint

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2
Q

The articular disc can be found

A

between the ulna and the wrist joint

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3
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm?

A

FCU
FCR
Palmaris longus
Pronator teres

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4
Q

What muscle is in the middle layer of the anterior forearm?

A

FDS

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5
Q

What muscles are in the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

A

FDP
Flexor pollicus longus
Pronator quadratus

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6
Q

What muscle adducts the wrist?

A

FCU

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7
Q

What muscle abducts the wrist?

A

FCR

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8
Q

What does the median nerve supply in the anterior arm?

A

All muscles apart from FCU and the medial half of FDP

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9
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?

A 
Extensor carpi ulnaris 
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis 
Extensor digitorum 
Extensor digiti minimi
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10
Q

What muscles are in the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A 
Supinator
Abductor pollicus longus
Extensor pollicus brevis 
Extensor pollicus longus 
Extensor indicis
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11
Q

Which intrinsic muscles are not supplied by the ulnar nerve?

A

Thenar muscles

Lumbricals 1&2

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12
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A

Flexor pollicus brevis
Opponens pollicus
Abductor pollicus brevis

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13
Q

Where do the lumbricals originate from? What do they do

A

The tendons of FDP

Flex the MCPJ whilst extending the IPJ

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14
Q

What are they hypothenar muscles?

A

Opponens digit minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

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15
Q

What muscle in the thenar region is innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

Adductor pollicis

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16
Q

What do the dorsal interossei do? How many are there?

A

abduct

4

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17
Q

What runs through the carpal tunnel?

A

FDP
FDS
Median nerve
Flexor pollicus longus

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18
Q

What is Guyon’s canal?

A

Where the ulnar nerve (and artery) run through before splitting into sensory and motor components

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19
Q

what gives the main branch of the superior palmar arch?

A

the ulnar artery

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20
Q

what gives the main branch of the deep palmar arch?

A

the radial artery

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21
Q

What UL nerve lesion is obvious when the patient is asked to make a fist?

A

median nerve lesion

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22
Q

Which vein is found on the lateral side of the wrist?

A

Cephalic

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23
Q

Klumple’s palsy will cause paralysis to

A

the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand

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24
Q

decreased active and passive movement in the shoulder points to a

A

joint problem

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25
decreased active movement only points to a
muscle problem
26
The painful stage of frozen shoulder tends to last
2-9 months
27
Wartenburg syndrome is due to
entrapment of the radial nerve
28
Why is the dens more prone to fracturing?
It is less dense The dens is a feature of CII
29
Is the nucleus pulposus or annulus fibrosus a shock absorber?
Nucleus pulposus
30
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament do?
Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
31
What prevents posterior herniation of IV discs?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
32
What ligament can be injured in whiplash?
anterior longitudinal ligament
33
What does the pubofemoral ligament do?
prevent excessive abduction
34
What does the iliofemoral ligament do?
prevents hyperextension during standing It is the strongest ligament
35
What is the weakest ligament around the hip?
The ischiofemoral ligament
36
What occurs to the hip when there is posterior dislocaition?
It is internally rotated, flexed and adducted It commonly occurs when an accident occurs in a seated position in a car
37
What is the blood supply to the head of the femur?
Medial circumflex and lateral circumflex arteries The primary supply to the joint is from the medial circumflex
38
What are examples of congenital abnormalities of the hip?
Subluxation Low dislocation High dislocation
39
What are the adductor muscles innervated by?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
40
what does g. maximus do at the hip?
powerful extensor innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve
41
What are the hip flexors?
Iliopsoas Sartorius Rectus femoris
42
What are the short hip flexors? What do they do
Piriformis Obturator internus Gemelli Quadratus femoris (L5-S1) Lateral rotators of the hip
43
Name the hamstrings. What are they innervated by?
Biceps femoris Semitendinous Semimembranous Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
44
How does the PCL travel?
Supero-anteriorly It inserts onto the medial femoral condyle and restricts posterior displacement of the tibia
45
How does the ACL travel?
Supero-posteriorly It inserts on the lateral femoral condyle and restrict the anterior displacement of the tibia It is weaker than the PCL
46
Is the tibial collateral ligament attached to the menisci?
Yes, the medial meniscus It prevents abduction of the leg at the knee
47
What is the 'unhappy triad'?
Lateral twisting of the flexed knee that causes a tear of: - ACL - tibial collateral ligament - medial meniscus
48
When is the knee joint most stable?
When extended At full extension, the femur undergoes medial rotation on the tibia
49
Why is patellar dislocation more common in women?
Larger Q angle due to a wider pelvis and strong quad contraction
50
In genu varum, what occurs to the tibia?
It is adducted with respect to the femur
51
What type of back pain is made better by lying flat?
Mechanical backache
52
Backpain with nerve root involvement will often lack what reflex?
Ankle jerk Foot drop may also be present
53
What are 'Looser Zones' seen on Xray?
pseudofractures associated with osteomalacia
54
Where is the COG located in the body?
Anterior to S2 vertebra, posterior to the hips and anterior to the knee and ankle
55
Damage to what nerve can cause a Trendelenberg gait?
Superior gluteal nerve the pelvis drops to the side of the raised foot
56
What can cause pes cavus?
Charcot Marie Tooth | Freidreich's ataxia
57
``` In the supine position, what is the maximum hip flexion hip abduction hip adduction internal/external rotation ```
HF- 120 HA- 45 HAd- 30 IR/ER- 45
58
What is important about Ilazarov frame?
It uses 3 dimensions It has 4 fixation elements per segment It is a powerful tool in bone healing
59
How do statins work?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors lower levels of LDL to stabilise plaques
60
How is limb ischaemia classified?
Fontaine classification 1. asymptomatic 2. intermittent claudication 3. ischaemic rest pain 4. critical ischaemia
61
What are signs of critical ischaemia?
Pain on rest Ulceration Gangrene
62
What are the 6 Ps of acute limb ischaemia?
``` pain pale perishing cold pulseless paralysis parasthesia ```
63
what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament adductor longus sartorius
64
What are risk factors for DVT?
OCP containing oestrogen immobility pregnancy!!! IVDU
65
What types of imaging of the vascular system have no ionising radiation?
Duplex scanning | MR angiography
66
What type of Xray contrast is less nephrotoxic?
CO2

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