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ELL WEST-E > Wright Text > Flashcards

Wright Text Flashcards

1
Q

Academic Language proficiency

A

Refers to the level of language proficiency students need to successfully comprehend and perform grade-level academic tasks. The level of proficiency needed varies widely depending on the language demands and nature of the tasks.

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2
Q

Accommodations

A

Refers to modifications in the testing environment or testing procedures, or modifications to the test instrument itself, that are intended to make up for the student’s lack of proficiency in the language of the test.

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3
Q

Additive Bilingualism

A

A situation in which a second language is eventually added to a student’s native language without replacing it.

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4
Q

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

A

The amount of progress a school or school district must make each year towards reaching target objectives under the federal NCLB act of 2001.

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5
Q

Affective filter

A

Refers to affective factors, such as fear, anxiety, that can block comprehensible input and thus prevent second language acquisition. Lowering the affective filter allows learners to receive more comprehensible input and thus enables them to acquire more of the second language.

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6
Q

Analytic Scoring

A

A form of assessment that focuses on several aspects of a student’s performance, normally guided by a rubric that includes separate analytic scales.

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7
Q

Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives (AMAOs)

A

Targets set by each state, as required by the federal NCLB act of 2001, that indicate the percentage of students at each grade level expected to pass each state test. The AMAOs increase toward the goal of 100% of students passing each test by 2014.

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8
Q

Assessment

A

The process of collecting and analyzing a wide variety of data from students that provides evidence of their learning and growth over an extended period.

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9
Q

Bias

A

In testing, refers to the unfair advantages or disadvantages that may be given to certain students that can impact their performance.

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10
Q

Bilingual Education Act or Title VII

A

Added in 1968 as Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Before NCLB, it provided federal support for bilingual and other programs for ELL students and their families on a competitive grant basis.

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11
Q

Bilingual Immersion Programs

A

For language minority students who are English dominant and native English speakers who desire to become bilingual. 2 years 90%-100% second language, after that 50% both languages.

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12
Q

Cognates

A

Words that are similar in two languages because they come from the same root.

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13
Q

Comprehensible Input

A

Oral or written language that is slightly above an ELL’s current level of proficiency in the second language and thus provides linguistic input that leads to second language acquisition.

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14
Q

Comprehensible Output

A

Oral or written language produced by an ELL speaker that is comprehensible to the individual or individuals with whom s/he is communicating.

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15
Q

Concepts of Print

A

Refers to such reading-related issues as understanding the difference between letters/words/spaces, reading left to right, etc.

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16
Q

Concurrent translation

A

Line by line exact translation into native language, not good because it takes away the need to learn the second language.

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17
Q

Content-based Instruction (CBI)

A

An approach to second language instruction in which content-area subjects and topics are used as the basis of instruction.

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18
Q

Cooperative learning

A

A process in which small groups of students collaborate and interact to accomplish a specific task or activity.

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19
Q

Developmental bilingual education (DBE)

A

A form of bilingual education for ELL students, who initially receive about 90% of content-area instruction in their L1, and 10% through sheltered instruction.

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20
Q

Dual Language Programs

A

A variety of bilingual program models for ELL and English-proficient students designed to help them become bilingual and biliterate. Also called two way immersion.

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21
Q

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

A

The main body of federal education policy and law and source for education funding to state and local educational agencies. Passed in 1965.

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22
Q

Emergent, Early, Early fluency, and fluency levels of literacy development

A

The stages/levels beginning readers go through during their literacy development

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23
Q

Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)

A

Federal law: “No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his/her race, color, sex, or national origin.” Mandates that educational agencies take appropriate actions to help ELL students overcome language barriers that impede equal participation in school.

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24
Q

Fluent English Proficient (FEP)

A

The official designation for former ELL students who have attained sufficient English proficiency to meet their state’s criteria for redesignation.

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25
Q

14th Amendment

A

Ratified in 1868 “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Several lawsuits regarding ELL education have been argued under this law.

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26
Q

Guided reading

A

Literacy instruction for small homogenous groups of students are matched to texts at their appropriate instructional level, and the teacher provides support as students attempt to read the texts on their own.

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27
Q

Heritage language programs

A

For language minority students to develop of maintain their heritage language. I.E. bilingual programs for ELLs, foreign language classes, community-based after school/weekend.

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28
Q

Holistic Scoring

A

A form of assessment in which a student’s performance is given a single score that represents an overall judgment of the performance as a whole.

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29
Q

Independent reading

A

Reading students are able to do on their own with little or no support

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30
Q

Independent writing

A

Writing students are able to do on their own with little or no support.

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31
Q

Interactive writing

A

Writing instruction for ELL students who are at the beginning stage of writing, in which the teacher and the students compose a short sentence or paragraph. The teacher helps the students construct the sentence or sentences in enlarged text by guiding individual students as they come up to add individual letters or words, and helping them to make relevant sound-symbol correspondences.

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32
Q

Invented spelling, developmental spelling, transitional spelling, or temporary spelling

A

Temporary stage emergent writers may go through as they rely on their knowledge of sound-symbol correspondences to write words as they sound them out.

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33
Q

Journals

A

Notebooks in which students write regularly to practice and develop their writing skills.

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34
Q

language experience approach

A

students dictate stories based on their own experiences and teachers transcribe the students’ dictations into texts and then use these texts for reading instruction

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35
Q

language majority students

A

students who are native speakers of the standard language variety spoken by the dominant group of a given society

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36
Q

language minority students

A

students who are not native speakers of the dominant language

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37
Q

Lau Remedies

A

regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights following the U.S. Supreme Court Decision Lau v. Nichols (1974), outlining requirements for school districts and schools to address the needs of ELL students.

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38
Q

lexicon

A

the vocabulary of a language

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39
Q

limited English proficient (LEP)

A

label for students who have not yet attained proficiency in English. Official legal designation in federal and state legislation.

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40
Q

minimal pairs

A

words that differ by a single phoneme, used to help students distinguish specific sounds that change the meanings of words and help students improve their pronunciation

41
Q

modeled writing

A

writing instruction: teacher makes a text in enlarge print, demonstrating a variety of writing strategies and techniques students are expected to learn and use in their own writing.

42
Q

morphology

A

the study of the structure of words. the smallest unit of study is the morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function

43
Q

Morpheme

A

the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function

44
Q

multiple measures

A

different forms of formal and informal formative and summative assessments used together to provide accurate measures of what a student knows and can do.

45
Q

multi-trait scoring

A

scoring a piece of student writing by considering several traits.

46
Q

narrow reading

A

independent recreational reading on several books of the same subject, author, or genre

47
Q

native language instruction

A

instruction in one or more content areas in the native language of ELL students

48
Q

newcomer programs

A

for beginning level ELL students who have been in the US for only 1-2 years. Intensive English instruction, maybe some native language instruction and primary language support

49
Q

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)

A

a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Places heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing.

50
Q

peer assessment

A

students’ assessments of each others’ work or performances

51
Q

Performance assessment

A

students are evaluated on their ability to perform a specific academic task or set of related tasks.

52
Q

personal word book

A

a book for each student that contains a list of high frequency words and other words students commonly ask for when they write. room to record own words during the year

53
Q

phonics

A

reading instruction in which student learn the phonetic value (sounds) of individual letters and combinations of letters.

54
Q

phonology

A

the study of the sound systems of languages

55
Q

portfolio assessment

A

assessment of student work collected throughout the school year and organized in a portfolio. Enables the assessment of students’ progress and growth based on authentic samples of student work.

56
Q

pragmatics

A

The study of language in use, that is, how individuals produce and interpret language in social interaction in specific contexts

57
Q

preview-review

A

A form of primary language support in which a lesson or read-aloud to be conducted in English is previewed, and then reviewed, in the native language of the ELL students

58
Q

primary language support (PLS)

A

Using student’s native language during ESL or sheltered English content-are instruction to make the English instruction more comprehensible.

59
Q

primary trait scoring

A

scoring a piece of student writing by focusing on one writing trait.

60
Q

process writing

A

writing instruction in which students are guided through five stages: pre-writing, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Associated with Writer’s Workshop.

61
Q

Proposition 203

A

an English for the Children voter initiative passed in Arizona in 2000, placing restrictions on bilingual education. (Only English instruction)

62
Q

Proposition 227

A

an English for the Children voter initiative passed in California in 1998, placing restrictions on bilingual education. (Only English instruction)

63
Q

pull-out ELL

A

Students are placed in Gen Ed classrooms/ sheltered English immersion classrooms, but are regularly pulled out for English instruction by an ESL teacher.

64
Q

read-alouds

A

Anytime a proficient reader reads books/texts to a student or students

65
Q

Reader’s Workshop

A

A structure for reading instruction often used in secondary schools that enables teachers to tailor instruction to students’ strengths, interests, and needs.

66
Q

reading self-assessments

A

tools or procedures used by students to assess their own reading performance

67
Q

reading wars

A

phonics vs. whole language debate

68
Q

Read/Write Web

A

The interactive feature of the internet that allows users to both read and write Internet content

69
Q

redesignation

A

reclassification of a student from ELL or LEP, to fluent English proficient (FEP), based on district or state criteria

70
Q

register

A

Variation in the use of language based on the context in which the language is used.

71
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency with which a test or assessment measures what it is measuring.

72
Q

running record

A

a reading assessment tool that provides a visual record of a student’s reading performance word by word on a specific text

73
Q

sample performance indicators

A

a feature of TESOL ELPS that provides examples of how to implement the standards. Grade-level academic tasks are broken down into descriptions of the level of performance that can be reasonably expected from ELL students at each of the five levels of English proficiency.

74
Q

scaffolding

A

support/assistance provided to a student withing his/her ZPD by a more knowledgeable other to help the student learn a new concept of develop new skills

75
Q

self-assessment

A

students’ assessment of their own performances, typically guided by a checklist or rubric

76
Q

semantics

A

the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

77
Q

shared writing

A

reading instruction in which the teacher, in collaboration with the students, constructs an enlarged text. Students suggest sentences and revisions and the teacher models the use of a variety of writing strategies students are expected to use in their own writing.

78
Q

sheltered English immersion (SEI)

A

a program model for ELLs that combines ESL, sheltered content-area instruction, and primary language support. Also structured English immersion.

79
Q

sheltered instruction

A

grade-level content area instruction provided in English in a manner that makes it comprehensible to ELLs while supporting their English language development

80
Q

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

A

A tool for planning, implementing, and evaluating sheltered English content-area instruction

81
Q

silent period

A

a period many new learners of a second language go through before they feel comfortable speaking in the new language

82
Q

Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM)

A

as assessment of student’s oral language proficiency using an analytic scoring rubrics that focuses on the aspects of comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

83
Q

specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)

A

another term for sheltered instruction, preferred in California and other states because it places emphasis on the fact that such instruction is academically rigorous but specially designed to match the linguistic needs of the student.

84
Q

standard error of measurement (SEM)

A

a statistical measure that indicates a range of trustworthiness of an individual student’s standardized test score. (50 +/- 3)

85
Q

submersion

A

the process of placing ELL students in a mainstream classroom where they do not receive any ESL, sheltered content instruction, or primary language support (sink or swim).

86
Q

subtractive bilingualism

A

the second language replaces the first language

87
Q

summative assessment

A

assessments that provide a summary of what a student knows or can do. End of year, unit, semester

88
Q

syntax

A

the study of the rules governing the relationships between words and the ways they are combined to form phrases and sentences.

89
Q

thematic teaching

A

teaching all subjects using one central topic

90
Q

thematic word chart

A

a list of vocabulary words for the current topic/theme

91
Q

total physical response (TPR)

A

a language teaching approach in which students physically respond to language input to internalize the meaning and to demonstrate their comprehension of the language

92
Q

transitional bilingual education (TBE)

A

a program model for ELL students in which native language content-area instruction is provided of the first few years of the program, in addition to sheltered English content-area instruction and ESL. Native language gradually decreases

93
Q

validity

A

the accuracy of a test or assessment in measuring what it purports to measure

94
Q

whole language

A

a philosophy of reading instruction that takes a top-down approach to literacy development, focuses on reading comprehension of the whole text.

95
Q

word study

A

short lessons focusing on the morphological or semantic properties of words and related sets of words.

96
Q

word wall

A

an enlarged list of words organized alphabetically and displayed on a classroom wall to support students’ vocabulary and literacy development.

97
Q

Writer’s Workshop

A

an instructional approach to writing in which students work independently and at their own pace as they move through the five stages of process writing with teacher and peer guidance and support.

98
Q

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

refers to a metaphorical space between what an individual can do on his/her own, and what s/he can do with support from a teacher or more knowledgeable person.

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