Wound Healing

Question 1

What is colorectal cancer?

Answer 1

Colorectal cancer starts in the colon or rectum, depending on the site of origin.

Question 2

What is the global ranking of colorectal cancer in terms of commonality and mortality?

Answer 2

It is the third most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death.

Question 3

What is the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer?

Answer 3

Approximately 55%.

Question 4

What percentage of colorectal cancers are sporadic?

Answer 4

Nearly 70% of cases.

Question 5

What hereditary syndromes are associated with colorectal cancer?

Answer 5

Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP).

Question 6

What is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence?

Answer 6

The progression of normal colonic mucosa to adenoma (polyp) and then to invasive adenocarcinoma.

Question 7

What dietary factors increase the risk of colorectal cancer?

Answer 7

High intake of red and processed meat, low fiber diet, high saturated fat consumption.

Question 8

What lifestyle factors contribute to colorectal cancer risk?

Answer 8

Tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and obesity.

Question 9

What anatomical structure marks the beginning of the colon?

Answer 9

The cecum, where the terminal ileum enters.

Question 10

How long is the colon?

Answer 10

Approximately 1.6 meters.

Question 11

What arteries supply blood to the colon?

Answer 11

Superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries.

Question 12

Which artery supplies the rectum?

Answer 12

Branches of the internal iliac artery.

Question 13

What is the primary venous drainage of the colon and rectum?

Answer 13

Veins running parallel to the arteries, draining into the portal system.

Question 14

Which nerve fibers innervate the colon and rectum?

Answer 14

Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers from the lower thoracic and lumbosacral spinal cord.

Question 15

What is the most common histological type of colorectal cancer?

Answer 15

Adenocarcinoma.

Question 16

Which gene mutations are involved in colorectal cancer?

Answer 16

APC, KRAS, TP53, PTEN, and TGFβ mutations.

Question 17

What are the three major molecular pathways in colorectal cancer?

Answer 17

Chromosomal Instability (CIN), Microsatellite Instability (MSI), CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP).

Question 18

Which oncogene is involved in colorectal tumorigenesis?

Answer 18

RAS proteins encode small GTP hydrolases that function as a growth switch.

Question 19

What role does the APC gene play in colorectal cancer?

Answer 19

Mutation of the APC gene initiates the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.

Question 20

Which dietary factors are protective against colorectal cancer?

Answer 20

High fiber diet, vitamin D, and calcium intake.

Question 21

What are the typical symptoms of right-sided colon cancer?

Answer 21

Abdominal pain, iron-deficiency anemia, melena, and a palpable mass in the right iliac fossa.

Question 22

What are the symptoms of left-sided colon cancer?

Answer 22

Abdominal pain, constipation, change in bowel habit, rectal bleeding, tenesmus, and progressive weight loss.

Question 23

What is the gold standard investigation for colorectal cancer?

Answer 23

Colonoscopy with biopsy.

Question 24

What tumor marker is used to monitor colorectal cancer?

Answer 24

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA).

Question 25

Which imaging studies are used for tumor staging in colorectal cancer?

Answer 25

CT scan (chest, abdomen, pelvis), MRI rectum, and Endo-anal ultrasound.

Question 26

What is the TNM staging system used for?

Answer 26

It classifies colorectal cancer based on tumor size (T), nodal involvement (N), and metastasis (M).

Question 27

What is the treatment for stage I-III colorectal cancer?

Answer 27

Surgical resection with curative intent.

Question 28

What is the treatment for stage IV colorectal cancer?

Answer 28

Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and palliative surgery if necessary.

Question 29

What is the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer?

Answer 29

Used in stage III disease to reduce recurrence risk.

Question 30

Which chemotherapy drugs are commonly used for colorectal cancer?

Answer 30

Capecitabine, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Irinotecan, Oxaliplatin.

Question 31

What is regional chemotherapy for colorectal cancer?

Answer 31

Direct administration of chemotherapy into the hepatic artery to treat liver metastases.

Question 32

Which targeted therapies are used for metastatic colorectal cancer?

Answer 32

Bevacizumab, Cetuximab, Panitumumab, and Encorafenib.

Question 33

Which immunotherapy drugs are used for colorectal cancer?

Answer 33

Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab.

Question 34

What surgical procedure is used to remove colorectal polyps?

Answer 34

Polypectomy via colonoscopy.

Question 35

What is total mesorectal excision (TME)?

Answer 35

A precise surgical technique used for rectal cancer to remove the rectum and surrounding lymph nodes.

Question 36

What is an anastomosis in colorectal surgery?

Answer 36

Reconnection of the bowel ends after resection.

Question 37

When is a colostomy required in colorectal cancer treatment?

Answer 37

When bowel continuity cannot be restored after resection.

Question 38

What is radiofrequency ablation used for in colorectal cancer?

Answer 38

It destroys cancer cells using heat, often for liver metastases.

Question 39

What is cryosurgery in colorectal cancer treatment?

Answer 39

A technique that freezes and destroys cancer cells.

Question 40

What is neoadjuvant therapy?

Answer 40

Chemotherapy or radiation given before surgery to shrink the tumor.

Question 41

What is metastatectomy?

Answer 41

Surgical removal of cancerous deposits in organs such as the liver or lungs.

Question 42

What is the most common site for colorectal cancer metastasis?

Answer 42

The liver.

Question 43

What is the recommended follow-up after colorectal cancer treatment?

Answer 43

Regular colonoscopies, imaging, and CEA monitoring.

Question 44

What lifestyle changes help prevent colorectal cancer?

Answer 44

Increased fiber intake, reduced red meat consumption, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and alcohol.

Question 45

What pharmacologic agents can help in colorectal cancer prevention?

Answer 45

Aspirin and NSAIDs in high-risk individuals.

Question 46

What is the significance of microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer?

Answer 46

It predicts response to immunotherapy and prognosis.

Question 47

What is the role of the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) pathway?

Answer 47

Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, contributing to colorectal cancer.

Question 48

What is the survival rate of colorectal cancer with early detection?

Answer 48

Significantly higher, as early-stage disease is highly curable.