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Spring Pharm Block 2 > Worms > Flashcards

Worms Flashcards

1
Q

Name and describe the three large groups of helminths.

A

Nematodes: aka roundworms - cause both intestinal and tissue infections
Trematodes: aka flukes - have characteristic hookers/suckers
Cestodes: aka tapeworm

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2
Q

Describe an infection from pinworms and state how it is transmitted.

A

Mate in colon and migrate to the anus to deposit eggs

Transmitted fecal-oral or by inhalation

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3
Q

What is the test used to diagnose pinworms?

A

Tape test

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4
Q

Describe the treatment after a diagnosis of pinworm infection is made.

A

Two doses albendazole given 2 weeks apart

Treat the entire household s/p easy transmission

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5
Q

Describe an infection from roundworm and state how it is transmitted.

A

Reproduce in the SI then eggs are transmitted in the feces

Transmission by fecal-oral or contaminated soil

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6
Q

What is the most common nematode infection?

A

Roundworm

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7
Q

What is the drug of choice for treatment of roundworm?

A

Albendazole

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8
Q

Describe an infection from hookworm and state how it is transmitted.

A

Infection of small intestine transmitted from contact with infected soil –> walking barefoot through soil is most common method of transmission.

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9
Q

In what part of the US is hookworm most common and why has the infection rate decreased in recent years?

A

Southeastern US –> improved sanitation has decreased infection rates

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10
Q

What is the significant AE associated with hookworm infection?

A

Anemia in children and pregnant women

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11
Q

What is the drug of choice for treatment of hookworm?

A

Albendazole

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12
Q

Describe how an infection from strongyloidiasis (threadworm) is transmitted and in what regions it is most common.

A

Transmitted cutaneously from infected soil or person to person. Common in areas with warm, moist soil - tropical regions.

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13
Q

What is the drug of choice for treatment of strongyloidiasis (threadworm)?

A

Ivermectin

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14
Q

Describe an infection from tapeworm and state how it is transmitted.

A

Very long (3-10 m) nematode with a hook that attaches itself to GI wall. Transmitted by eating undercooked meat.

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15
Q

What is a dangerous sequelae that can form from tapeworm infection?

A

Development of a solium that can lead to cysticercosis (muscle/eye damage from cysts) and neurocysticersosis (cysts in the brain causing seizures)

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16
Q

What is the drug of choice for treatment of simple tapeworm?

A

Praziquantel

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17
Q

Describe the treatment of a Taenia Solium infection.

A

Cysticercosis: albendazole
Neurocysticercosis: albendazole, praziquantel, and dexamethasone

18
Q

Describe an infection from the tissue nematode filariasis (worm that causes river blindness) and state how it is transmitted.

A

Vector borne (black flies) larvae introduced into skin and grow to adult worms in subcutaneous tissue.

19
Q

What causes river blindness from a filariasis infection?

A

Reversible lesions on the optic nerve.

20
Q

Describe the treatment of a tissue nematode infection (river blindness).

A

Drug of choice is ivermectin –> only kills larvae. May add doxycycline.

21
Q

Describe an infection from schistosomiasis and state how it is transmitted.

A

Vector borne (snails) through contaminated fresh water. Larvae enter human skin and grow into adults in the blood vessels.

22
Q

What is the drug of choice in the treatment of schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

23
Q

Describe an infection from Hydatid Disease (echinococcosis) including the main areas of the body where the disease manifests.

A

Fecal-oral transmitted worm that creates cysts that can grow asymptomatically for years in the lungs, liver, and CNS

24
Q

What more common infection does Hydatid Disease mimic?

A

Streptococcal Abscess

25
Q

What is a life threatening potential complication of Hydatid Disease?

A

Cystic rupture releases larval organisms that can cause anaphylaxis.

26
Q

Describe the treatment of Hydatid Disease.

A

Can be medical or surgical. Drug of choice is albendazole with praziquantel added if surgery is needed.

27
Q

What are the two broad mechanisms by which antihelminth medications work?

A

Paralysis of the worm

Damage to the worm altering its metabolism or allowing the immune system to eliminate it.

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of albendazole?

A

Paralysis of the worm

29
Q

Differentiate administration of albendazole for an intestinal parasite vs a tissue parasite.

A

Intestinal: administer on an empty stomach
Tissue: administer with a fatty meal

30
Q

Differentiate use of mebendazole vs albendazole.

A

Mebendazole is mostly used for intestinal infections.

31
Q

What are the concerns with mebendazole regarding other medications?

A

Can’t be administered with metronidazole and interacts with anti-seizure medications

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ivermectin?

A

Paralysis of the worm

33
Q

How is ivermectin administered?

A

Given on an empty stomach

34
Q

T/F: Ivermectin is indicated in pregnancy and nursing mothers.

A

False: cannot be given in pregnancy or nursing mothers

35
Q

Name a describe a reaction that is an AE of ivermectin.

A

Mazzotti reaction: fever, hives, tachycardia, hypotension –> key sign is ophthalmic reactions

36
Q

What drug interaction is common with ivermectin?

A

Enhances the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of praziquantel?

A

Paralysis of the worm

38
Q

How is praziquantel administered?

A

Take with food because it increases the drug level.

39
Q

What results if praziquantel is administered within 24 hours of dexamethasone?

A

Bioavailability of praziquantel is decreased by 50%

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of pyrantel pamoate?

A

Paralysis of the worm –> MOA similar to succinylcholine

41
Q

In what patients is there a precaution in administering pyrantel pamoate?

A

Patients with liver disease.

42
Q

Name two drugs not available in the US unless specifically approved by the CDC.

A

Diethylcarbamazine and niclosamide

Spring Pharm Block 2 (7 decks)

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