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Parasite 2 > Worms > Flashcards

Worms Flashcards

1
Q

Cestoda

A 
dorsal-ventral flat
suckers
no gut
hermaphroditic
eggs with hexacanth larvae
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2
Q

Pseudophyllidea

A

scolex with two grooves, no suckers

operculate eggs

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3
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A
  • live in small intestine, eggs in feces
  • Hosts: human, dog, bear
  • egg embryonates, coracdiium hatches–>ingested by copepod (water flea)–>ingested by fish, larvae goes to infected stage–>mammal ingests fish and larvae released–>tapeworm develops in intestine
  • competes for Vit. B12
  • non-specific abdominal disturbance
  • Tx: praziquantel, epsiprantel
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4
Q

Spirometra mansonoides

A
  • Hosts: cats, dogs, carnivores
  • intermediate: 1st- copepods, 2nd-birds, reptiles,
    amphibians
  • asymp in definitive
  • larval stage=sporganum–>sporganosis in humans
  • egg is small and operculate
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5
Q

Cyclophylidean Tapeworms

A
  • body covered by tegument
  • scolex has suckers and rostellum and row of hooks
  • proglottids are shed and eggs released as segment degrades
  • 4 forms: cysticercoid, cysticercus, coenurus, hyatid
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6
Q

Davainea proglottina

A
  • Host: poultry
  • Intermediate: snail or slug
  • Patho: hemorrhagic enteritis, necrosis, wasting
  • Dx: adults in duodenum, small egg w/ 6 hooks
  • Tx: not, practiced, keep away from snails
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7
Q

Railletina echinobothridia

A
  • VERY pathogenic
  • Host: poultry
  • Intermediate: ant
  • TB type nodules in gut
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8
Q

Anoplocephalids (magna, perfoliata, paranoplocephala mamillana)

A
  • scolex with 4 suckers, no rostellum, no hooks
  • two repro systems
  • egg has piriform app with 6 hooks
  • intermediate host: oribatid mite, cysticercoids
  • host: horses, mules, donkeys, zebras
  • Magna: small intestine. Perfoliata: jejunum. Mamillana: proximal small intestine (most common in US)
  • Upper midwest, summer into fall/winter
  • not major patho, digestive problems
    *magna- catarrhal enteritis
    *perfoliata- most patho, ileocecal valve, occlusion
    and ulceration
    *mamillana- clinically insignificant
  • Dx: egg with pyriform app
  • Tx: manure dispersal, pasture rotation, deworming-praziquantel
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9
Q

Moniezia (expansa, benedeni)

A
  • Host: expansa-sheep, benedeni-cattle
  • intermediate: oribatid mites
  • no hooks or rostellum
  • ingest mites while grazing
  • non-patho
  • Tx: albendazole, fenbendazole
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10
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides

A

Fringed tapeworm

  • Host: sheep, goats–>small intestine, bile and pancreatic ducts
  • western mountain states
  • eggs seldom seen
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11
Q

Taeniid of livestock

A

associated with intermediate host infection
- metacestode infections–>ruminants serve as intermediate host–>larval stage=cysticercus
- causes little damage unless migrate to brain
- most of time in the muscle
- Taenia saginata: larva=cysticercus bovis in beef
muscle
* DH: human IH: cattle
* proglottids pass in feces then release eggs
* hexacanth embryo penetrates gut mucosa
* go through circ–>cysticercus ingested by human and it develops in small intestine
* humans- non-specific gastritis
* cattle- asymp
- T. Solium: cysticercus cellulosae
* DH: humans IH: swine
* humans can also be intermediate
* neurotropic in humans
* Tx: albendazole, praziquantel, no Tx for swine

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12
Q
  1. Taenia hydatigena (cysticercus tenuicollis)
  2. Taenia ovis (cysticercus ovis)
  3. Taenia krabbei (cysticercus tarandi)
  4. Taenia multiceps (coenurus cerebralis)
  5. T. pisiformis
  6. T. serialis
  7. T. taeniaeformis
A
  1. DH: dogs IH: pigs, sheep, ruminants
  2. DH: dogs IH: sheep
    cysticercus in skeletal muscle and cardiac m.
  3. DH: canids IH: cervids
  4. DH: adult-dogs, canids. larvae-sheep (bladderworm found in brain)
  5. DH: dog IH: rabbit
  6. DH: dog IH: rabbit, rodent
  7. DH: cat, felids, canids IH: mice, rats
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13
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A
  • DH: dogs IH: sheep, gaots, pigs, human(accidental)
  • Hydatid cysts (metacestodes-unilocular)- liver, lungs, peritoneum, brain
  • TX: surgical removal
  • 2 rows of hooks, 4 suckers
  • becomes hydatid cyst in IH, then DH ingests cyst
  • meat condemned, otherwise no patho
    Human patho: pressure necrosis, rupture–> anaphylaxis
  • depends on predator-prey relationship
  • DX: eggs don’t float
  • TX: dog-praziquantel, epsiprantel
    sheep- condemned
    human- surgery, albendazole
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14
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

A
  • alveolar hydatid cyst- multilocular
  • in MN
  • patho: fox- no clinical prob
    rodent- fatal
    human- most lethal parasite, 50-70% cases
    die
  • TX: surgery, albendazole
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15
Q

Dipylidium caninum

A

double pored worm, flea tapeworm, cucumber seed tapeworm

  • DH: dog, cat, children IH: flea, biting louse
  • small intestine, cycticercoid in flea or louse
  • egg packets
  • little patho- diarrhea, weight loss,
  • TX: prazi, epsiprantel
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16
Q

Mesocestoides

A
  • DH: dog, cat IH: 1st-oribatid mite, coprophagous
    2nd-amphibians, reptiles, dog,
    cat, rodents–>develops to
    tetrathyridium (long division)
  • harmless in DH, peritonitis and ascites in IH
  • DX: eggs and proglottid in feces
    TX: prazi
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17
Q

Nematodes

A
  • unsegmented
  • females larger, male has curved tail
  • cuticle
  • alae and bursa
  • body cavitiy
  • muscle- locomotion
  • alimentary tract- simple tube, prominent esophagus
  • excretory system
  • nervous system- rudimentary
  • egg–>L1, hatches–>L2, L3 (infective)–>L4 in the host–>L5 (needs to moult to grow)
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18
Q

Ascaris suum–swine roundworm

A
  • adults: cream, 3 lips, spicules, no bursa
  • eggs: thick shelled, mammilated surface, very resistant (last FOREVER)
  • host: swine and human–small intestine, stomach, bile duct, liver
  • develop to infective L2 in egg, egg is ingested, moults in liver–>mig via circ, into air space–>trach mig up bronchial tree–>coughed up, swallowed and to intestine
  • paratenic host: earthworm, maybe rodent
  • patho: Liver- scarring, hem, fibrosis (milk spots)
    Lung- hem, cough, edema, pneumonia
    Intestine- catarrhal enteritis, obstruction if migrate up bile duct
  • impact productivity
  • DX: thumps, malaise, debilitation, eggs
  • TX: endectocides (ivermectin, doramectin)
    bendzimidazoles (fenbendazole)
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19
Q

parascaris equorum- large roundworm of horses

A
  • 3 lips, thick shelled and sub-globular eggs
  • horses, small intestine
  • direct life cycle with trach migration
  • horizontal trans- foals
  • eggs weak, killed by lysol
  • summer colds in foals
  • DX: eggs, clinical signs
  • TX: deworm foals, fenbend, iver, moxi, oxibend, oxfendazole, pyrantel
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20
Q

Toxocara vitulorum (neoascaris)- cattle

A
  • thick shelled and sub-globular eggs, 3 lips
  • cattle, water buffalo, common in calves- small intestine
  • NOT in MN , recently in FL
  • direct with tracheal and somatic mig
  • ingestion, LACTOGENIC, and PRENATAL trans
  • TX: none approved
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21
Q

Ascaridia galli- poultry

A
  • ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys
  • 3 lips, males has narrow caudal aloe and preanal sucker
  • direct cycle, no migration, burrow in mucosa
  • severe in young bids, hem destruction, blockage, weight loss, diarrhea
  • may get to chicken egg
  • TX: piperazine, fenbend and iver
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22
Q

Heterakis gallinarum- cecal worm

A
  • most common poultry worm
  • vector for histomonas
  • 3 lips, male preanal sucker
  • ingestion of L2 in egg, direct to gut, some mig into mucosa
  • paratenic host- earthworm
  • little patho
  • DX: thick, smooth shelled egg, adults in cecum
  • TX: levamisole, fenbend, iver
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23
Q

Toxocara Canis

A
  • common roundworm of dogs, small intestine
  • cream,grey,white worms
  • eggs: round to sub-globular, thick finely PITTED shell, brown, little space b/t cell and shell
  • ingestion of L2 in egg, tracheal migration (mig to liver via mesenteric vein to lung, into alveoli, up bronchial tree, reswallowed
  • somatic migration: penetrate intestine, to liver via mes vein, to lung, return to heart, migrate through body, enter muscle and become dormant–>dead end cycle unless eaten by something
  • PRENATAL tran–somatic resume mig and go to placenta, enter fetus and go to liver, after birth have trach mig
  • LACTOGENIC trans–mig into mammary glands, ingested during suckling
  • paratenic hosts: rodents, pigs, birds
  • patho: fetal puppy-accum in liver and fatal
    newborn-pulm hem
    nursing-digestive
    dogs-asymp, aberrant mig=neuro
  • DX: worms in stool and vomit, eggs
  • TX: heartworm drugs, fenbendazole, pretty much everything ***treat puppies at 2,4,6,8 weeks and bitch 2-3 weeks post-whelping
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24
Q

toxocara cati

A
  • cats, small intestine
  • arrow like cervical alae
  • eggs: thick, finely pitted shell, brown
  • most, trach mig
  • some, somatic
  • NO prenatal
  • LACTOGENIC trans
  • paratenic hosts
  • can infect humans
  • not pathogenic–kittens coughing and some diarrhea, adults asymp
  • DX: worms and eggs in feces
  • TX: kittens at 6, 8, 10 weeks, and nursing queens, pretty much any drug will work
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25
Q

Toxascaris leonina- dogs and cats

A
  • long narrow cervial alae
  • eggs: slightly oval, smooth, space b/t shell, light yellow to brown, resistant
  • direct cycle
  • paratenic hosts: chickens, mice, rabbits
  • more common in dogs
  • NO prenatal or lacto trans
  • least pathogenic, maybe intestine irritation
  • DX: eggs
  • TX: anything
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26
Q

Visceral Larva Migrans

A

prolonged somatic migration of larval parasites in an abnormal host

  • human infection with toxacara canis
  • migrate to liver, lungs, brain, or eye
  • irritating, fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, hyperglobulinemia
  • DX: clincial, larvae on biopsy, ELISA
  • ocular is often misdiagnosed as retinoblastoma
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27
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis

A
  • raccoon
  • paratenic host: mice, rabbits, squirrels
  • in MN
  • eggs: round/oval, golden brown, thick pitted shell
  • direct cycle, tracheal migration
  • non-patho
  • human VLM: very patho and neurotropic
  • dog can be DH
  • TX: deworm captive raccoons, most drugs work
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28
Q

Oxyuris equi

A
  • Equine pinworm
  • Well-developed bulb
  • Direct life cycle, live in colon/rectum
  • Eggs: flattened on one side, operculum, LARVATED
  • Adults migrate out of anus and lay eggs in perianal region , eggs fall off, develop to L3, ingested, go to crypts
  • Adults do little damage, larvae can cause problems, eggs are irritatingrat tail
  • DX: eggs in perianal region, adults in feces
  • TX: remove eggs, treat with and drug
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29
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • Human pinworm

- Do NOT come from dog or cat

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30
Q

Subulara brumpti

A
  • Avain pinworm
  • Caeca
  • Not common
  • Thin shelled egg in feces
  • TX: none
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31
Q

Rodent pinworms

A
  • Syphacia abvelata- mouse
  • Syphacia muris- rat
  • Aspicularis tetraptera- mouse
  • Passalurus ambiguous- rabbit
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32
Q

Pelodera strongyloides

A
  • Free living nematodes, found in decaying matter
  • Host: dog, horses, cattle, swine, rodents
  • Skin and hair follicles
  • Loss of hair, erythema, pruritis, crusting, pustules
  • DX: skin lesion, larvae from skin scraping
  • TX: remove wet bedding, none approved, avermectin off label
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33
Q

Strongyloides

A
  • Tiny worms in itestines
  • LACTOGENIC
  • Parthenogenesis—development from an unfertilized egg
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34
Q

Strongyloides ransomi

A
  • Swine
  • Females in small intestine, larvae in somatic tissue
  • Thin shelled, larvated egg
  • Parthenogenetic females buried in small intestine
  • Indirect life cycle—free living organism—adults mate and lay eggs on ground that attach and develop to infective stage on ground
  • If weather is unfavorable—direct life cycle—homogonic cycle
  • Parthenogenetic females produce eggs that are 1X, 2X, or 3Xhatch to male 1X and female 2Xthey mate and lay 3X eggs—indirect or hetergonic cycle
  • Parthenogenetic females in small intestine lay 3X eggshatch to infective L3 on ground—direct or homogonic cycle
  • Larvae ingested or penetratetrach migration
  • Some migrate to mammary gland and arrestcan mobilize during preg—LACTOGENIC trans
  • Infection primarily penetration and lactogenic
  • Patho: skin hypersensitivity, hemorrhage in lung, catarrhal enteritis, 75% of babies die, acute dysentery
  • DX: egg in feces is larvated, parallel sides
  • TX: ivermectin, levamisole
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35
Q

Strongyloides westeri

A
  • Threadworm of equines
  • Females in small intestine, larvae dispersed in somatic tissue
  • Young foals (2wk-6mo)
  • Eggs: long filariform app, thin shelled, larvated
  • Patho: catarrhal enteritis , diarrhea, self-limiting
  • DX: larvated eggs
  • TX: iver, oxibend
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36
Q

Strongyloides papillosus

A
  • Intestinal threadworm of ruminants
  • Females in small intestine, larvae in somatic tissue
  • Eggs: long filiform app, thin shelled, larvated, parallel, blunt ends
  • Not pathogenic in cattle, more severe in sheep—diarrhea, self-limiting
  • DX: clinical, larvated eggs
  • TX: albend, doramectin, fenbend, iver, moxi
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37
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • Threadworm of dogs and primates
  • Host: dogs, cats, primates (humans)
  • Small intestine, larvae in somatic
  • Eggs same as rest
  • Diarrhea, ZOONOTIC
  • DX: larvae in feces
  • TX: fenbend, iver
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38
Q

Strongyloides fuelleborni

A
  • Threadworm of primates

- Egg in feces, not larvae

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39
Q

Equine Strongyles

A
  • Adults in small intestine, life cycle in direct, females are oviparous, male well developed bursa
  • Large buccal capsule with leaf crowns
  • S. vulgaris
    o Larvae pen gut wallL4mig to arteriesmesenteric veinback to cecum—nodules around larvaeruptures nodule, mature, mate, eggs
    o Patho: large # in foals due to mig, verminous colic, fever, anorexia, depression, infarct of caecum and colon, stasis of intestine, intestine problems most common
  • S. edentatus
    o Penmig to portal veinliverabdominal wall—subperitoneal cysts (hemorrhagic)back to bowel (edema)back to lumen
    o Patho due to larvae mig—damage liver, peritonitis, inflammation, ect.
  • S. equinus
    o Pen large bowelencyst in subserosal nodulesliver via peritoneal cavitylumen of large bowel
    o No patho unless lots
  • Small strongyles
    o Pen large bowelcysts remain for long time or short—L4lumen
    o Patho from cysts—acute onset, fever, diarrhea, depression—larval cyathostomiasis: potential death—natural cyathostome infection: lots of adults, ulceration, weight loss
  • Assumed all horses have it
  • Temp and moisture determine larval devel
  • DX: eggs, clinical, culture to infective for ID
  • TX: management, deworming rotate drugs:
    o fenbendazole—against migrating and inhibited larvae
    o macrocyclic lactones (iver)
    o some resistance
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40
Q

Parasitic gastroenteritis

A
  • mixed infections

- haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus

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41
Q

Trichostrongylidae axei

A
  • Small, in stomach and intestine
  • Direct life cycle
  • Abomasum of ruminants and stomach of horses
  • Usually secondary to ostertagia
  • Catarrhal enteritis
  • Don’t grade cattle and horses together
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42
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm)

A
  • Median or Western stomach worm
  • Abomasum of cattle—most important nematode in cattle
  • Strongyle type eggs
  • L3 ingested while grazing—direct life cycle
  • Larvae enter gastric glandL4, increasing in size 10X, L5leave gastric gland, destroying itlumen
  • Can be HYPOBIOTIC—enter gastric gland and stop developing, wait for better conditions
  • Can survive winter under snow, or hypobiotic in animal—susceptible to sunlight
  • Patho: MOROCCAN LEATHER
    o phase 1- L3 invade gastric—damage secreting cells, replaced by un-differentiated cells
    o Phase 2- leave gland—parietal cells destroyed—HCl production stops, bac prolif, no pepsinogen to pepsin, cell junctions break down and pepsinogen moves into plasma, plasma proteins lost to gut—mucosa is hyperplastic and non-functioning—hyperemia and edema
    o Phase 3- gradual loss of worms, return to normal function
    o Type I—rapid acquisition of larvae, late summer/early fall or late winter/early spring, high morbidity (diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, submandibular edema), hyperplastic abomasum, elevated pH
    o Pre-type II—non-clinical when larvae are inhibited—fall to spring (north), spring to fall (south)
    o Type II—large numbers of larvae resume development—based on timing
    o DX: clinical (weight loss, bottle jaw, diarrhea), eggs, abomasal lesions
    o TX: must remove inhibited larvae, short acting (fenbend, albend, oxfend), long-acting (iver, moxi, dora—kill hypobiotic larvae)
    o Cattle may develop immunity slowly—eggs drop first, then adults start to die off
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43
Q

Haemonchus contortus

A
  • Barberpole worm, wire worm, eastern stomach worm
  • Abomasum of sheep—most important parasite of sheep
  • H. placei—abomasum of cattle
  • Largest stomach worm
  • Barberpole from uterus wrapping around gut, vulval flap
  • Direct cycle—L3 ingested, exsheath in rumenL4 to adult
  • Periparturient rise or Spring rise—hypobiosis ends with lambing
  • Patho: bloodsucking leads to anemia, diarrhea NOT in pure infection
    o Hyperactue: rare, extreme anemia, mortality
    o Acute: morbidity high, anemia, edema, lethargic
    o Chronic: widespread, anemia, edema, blood loss
  • DX: history, clinical, fecal, FAMACHA (measures anemia)
  • TX: management, deworming (need to remove hypobiotic larvae)
44
Q

Cooperia

A
  • Mainly cattle
  • Small redish, very prolific
  • Direct cycle—small intestine, do NOT pen mucosa, go b/t cells—hypobiosis
  • It is pathogenic—impact on intake and growth
  • Endectocides tend to leave behind
45
Q

Nematodirus

A
  • Thread-necked worm
  • Long, thin esophageal region, well developed bursa
  • Very large eggs
  • Direct cycle, larvae develop in egg, hatch as L3, exsheath in abovilli sm. intest—hypobiosis
  • Survive freezing
  • Clinical w/ eggs over 10-15
46
Q

Chabertia ovina

A
  • Large mouthed bowel worm
  • Sheep
  • Very large bucal capsule
  • Direct cycle
  • Diarrhea with blood
47
Q

Oesophagostomum

A
  • Nodular worms
  • Cylindrical buccal capsule, leaf crowns, cephalic vesicle, bursate
  • O. columbianum—sheep and goats
  • O. venulosum—sheep and goats
  • O. radiatum—cattle
  • Large intestine—direct cycle, ingested or pen skin—form cysts—mature in colon
  • Patho: inflame response, nodule formation—nodules caseate or calcify, worms die—obstruction, ulcers, adhesions, peritonitis if rupture, diarrhea
  • DX: no eggs when larvae in mucosa, eggs when adults are in lumen, strongyle type
  • Swine nodular worm
    o O. dentatum, O. brevicaudum
    o In MN
    o Ingestion, pen mucosa, form nodules, return to lumen
    o 5000 adults=subclinical, more than 5000weight loss, reduced litter, reduced weaning weights
    o Most drugs TX
48
Q

Hyosterongylus rubidus

A
  • Red stomach worm of swine
  • Direct cycle, ingestion, enter gland pits, moult twice, back to lumen
  • Patho: suck blood, # dependent, not very patho
  • TX: fenbendazole, iver, dora
49
Q

Stephanurus dentatus

A
  • Swine kidney worm
  • Tropical, south US
  • Strongyle type egg in urine
  • L3 ingestedstomachliver
  • L3 pen skinL4 in skin or muscleliver
  • Earthworm paratenic host
  • ALL L4 in liver, mig a few months, a lot of damage
  • Go to kidney—lie in pairs inside cyst
  • Patho: irritation, liver damage, not patho in kidney
  • DX: egg in urine
  • TX: guilt’s only breeding, dora, fenbend, levamisole, iver
50
Q

Syngamus trachea

A
  • Gapeworm or Y worm of birds
  • Trachea of chickens, turkeys, and pheasants
  • Bright red, male attached to female
  • Direct cycle, ingestion of L3 or paratenic host=earthworm—pen gut wall, mig to lung via circ
  • Patho: young, obstruction, suck blood
  • DX: eggs (bipolar plugs), worms in airway
  • TX: iver, fenbend
51
Q

Ancylostoma caninum

A
  • Dogs, fox, wolves, coyotes—small intestine
  • Reddish, white worms, 3 pairs of teeth, bent dorsally
  • Eggs: thin shelled, strongyle type, 2-8 cells passed fresh—females lay up to 20,000/day
  • L3 ingested—enter mucosa—may be hypobiotic—trach mig—some somatic
  • Pen skin—mig via lymph and circ—trach route, mature in intestine—somatic hypobiotic in m.
  • LACTOGENIC trans and PRENATAL
  • Paratenic host=mice, rats, beetles and roaches
  • Can deworm and worms are back in a week due to hypobiotic larvae
  • Patho: plug feeders, blood loss, multifactorial
    o Asymp=fatal
    o Peracute—lactogenic, blood loss, puppies, no eggs in feces
    o Acute—massice infec, pale mem, tarry stool, eggs in feces, anemia, need to TX
    o Chronic—small # worms, appear healthy, eggs in feces
    o Secondary/decompensated—moderate, anemia, pale mem, lethargic, tarry stool
    o DX: eggs, signs
    o TX: deworm pups 2,4,6,8, monthly preventative for heartworm
52
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeformae

A
  • Cats—small intestine—not in UK
  • Small than caninum
  • LACTOGENIC, no prenatal
53
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense

A
  • Dogs and cats—more cats—not as patho
  • Major cause of cutaneous larva migrans in humans
    o Larvae pen skin and remain there
    o Inflame, itchy—plumbers itch
54
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala

A
  • Carnivores, dogs
  • Eggs survive freezing
  • No teeth
  • Develop at lower temps
  • LACTOGENIC, no prenatal
  • Little patho
55
Q

Uncinaria lucasi

A
  • Fur seals
  • Sig disease and mortality
  • 1st worm where LACTO trans was observed
56
Q

Human hookworms

A
  • Necator americanus

- Ancylostoma duodenale

57
Q

Ruminant hookworms

A
  • Bunostomum phlebotomum—cattle
  • Bunostomum tirgonocephalum—sheep and goats
  • Hooked anterior end, blood suckers
  • Direct cycle, trach mig, skin pen or ingestion
  • Patho:
    o Phlebotomum—rare patho, blood loss in calves
    o Trigonocephalum—progressive anemia, tarry stool, bottle jaw
  • TX: most drugs
58
Q

Dictyocaulus of ruminants

A
  • Direct cycle—live in air passages—eggs swallowed, hatch in intestine, LARVAE in feces—L3 ingested—mig via lymph to mesenteric lymph, then via circ to lung
  • D. viviparous
    o Cattle, buffalo, camel, wild ruminant
    o Infrequent in MN
    o Patho: sporadic severe disease—pen phase: intestine to lung, minor prob—pre-patent phase: larvae in lungs, eosinophilic exudate, moderate signs, death with massive—patent phase: in bronchi and trach, great mortality, bronchitis, cellular exudate—post-patent: worms expelled, impaired pulm func, steady recovery
    o DX: signs, herd prob, larvae in feces (baermann technique)
  • D. filariae
    o Sheep and goats
    o MN sheep
    o Emphysema and pneumonia
    o Milder than in cattle
  • May use pilobolus (fungus)
  • TX: pasture mangagement, albend, dora, lav, fenbend, iver, moxi, eprinomectin
59
Q

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A
  • Donkeys, horses, ponies
  • Rare in MN
  • Eggs are larvated—DON’T hatch in gut
  • Direct cycle—ingestion or pen—trach mig
  • Donkeys are primary host
  • No patho, persistent cough
  • DX: eggs in fresh, larvae in older feces
  • TX: fenbend, iver, leva, mebend, moxi, oxibend
60
Q

Metastrongylus

A
  • Apri, pudendotectus, salmi
  • DH: pigs IH: earthworms
  • Adults in bronchi and bronchioles, hook or double hook
  • Eggs MUST be ingested by earthworm, develop to L3 in worm, pigs ingest earthworm—trach migration
  • Can survive years in earthworm and soil
  • Patho: hem, blockage, nodules around dead worms, cough, reduced growth
  • DX: signs—husky cough, eggs (thick shell, mamillated), adults in bronchioles
  • TX: dora, fenbend, iver, leva
61
Q

Crenosoma vulpis

A
  • Fox lungworm
  • Thin metastrongylid nematode in bronchi
  • Eggs hatch shortly after production—larvae in septum or feces
  • IH: land snail
  • Rhinotracheitis, bronchitis
  • Really hard to find on fecal
62
Q

Protostrongylid lungworms

A
  • Sheep, goats, lagomorphs
  • Fine hair like worms in bronchioles and lung parenchyma
  • IH: molluscan
  • Dorsal spine on tail of larvae
  • P. rufescens
    o Sheep, goats, deer
    o IH: land snail
    o Bronchitis, focal pneumonia
    o 2nd most pahto worm of sheep
  • P. stilesi, rushi—bighorn sheep
  • P. sylvilagi, boughtoni—rabbits
63
Q

Muellerius capillaris

A
  • Hair lungworm
  • Sheep, goats, chamois
  • IH: land snails
  • Subpleual pulm alveoli, deep in lung tissue
  • Adults in alveoli and gramulamatous nodules
  • Eggs hatch in lung, L1 coughed up and swallowed, pass in feces, enter snail—ingest snail, intestine, lymph, blood, heart, lungs
  • Patho: sheep—nodules, most asymp, goats—interstitial pneumonia, often severe
  • DX: L1 in feces
  • TX: extra label fenbend, moxi, and eprinomectin
64
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

A
  • Non-lungworm protostrongylid
  • Meningeal worm of deer
  • Thin worms—cranial venous sinuses and sudural spaces
  • NEED snail IH
  • DH=white tail, aberrant hosts=moose, elk, other deer, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas
  • Common in MN
  • Adults on meninges, eggs hatch, larvae to lungs into airspace, swallowed pass in feces
  • Pen snail, ingest snail, intestine, mig via peritoneal cavity to vertebral canal, invade dorsal horns of gray matter, enter subdural space, mig to cranium
  • Most asymp, blindness rare—deer
  • Moose—severe mad disease, sheep/goats—highly patho
  • DX: larvae in feces
  • TX: dora, fenbend, iver, moxi, preventative TX with ectins
65
Q

Parelaphostrongylus andersoni

A
  • Muscleworm of deer
  • Adjacent to or in vessel in muscle of hind body
  • White tail produced paralysis
66
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

A
  • Cat lungworm
  • Small adults in bronchioles and parenchyma
  • Eggs in nests in parenchyma, larvae coughed up, swallowed, in feces
  • IH= land snail
  • Cat ingest snail, mig via abdominal and thoracic cavities
  • Most asymp
  • No TX
67
Q

Filaroides osleri

A
  • Tracheal worm
  • Verminous nodular bronchitis
  • Dogs—submucosal nodules in parenchyma, junction of trachea and bronchioles
  • Larvae have S shaped tail
  • L1 infective in feces—no IH—ingested, mig via lymph and blood to heart then lungs—nodules in trachea
  • DX: larvae, bronchoscopy, baermann of tracheal wash
  • TX: fenbend, dora, iver
68
Q

Filaroides hirthi

A
  • Granulomatous lesions in lung parenchyma
  • L1 in trachea are infective
  • In lab reared beagles
  • TX: ivermectin
69
Q

Spirurids

A
  • ALL have IH—most arthropods

- Not generally major pathogens

70
Q

Stomach worms of horses

A
  • Draschia megastoma (tumor-like lesions, summer sores)
  • Habronema muscae, majus
    o Larvae parasitic in skin, eye, and lung
    o Adults—habronemiasis, parasitic gastritis
    o Larvae—cutaneous habronemiasis, summer sores, bursati, granular dermatitis
    o Adults live in stomach wall, eggs hatch in stomach, larvae in feces, larvae ingested by fly, L3 passed when fly feeds, deposited on lip or nostril (or wounds—can’t find way to stomach, die in skin, itchy), pass to stomach
    o Most asymp, heavy infections may cause gastritis
    o Larvae in eye—granular conjunctivitis, inflammation, lacrimation
    o DX: larvae in feces, larvae in lesion, adults in stomach
    o TX: fly control, deworming, meds on wounds
71
Q

Thelazia lacrymalis, others

A
  • Mainly horses, some cattle, buffalo, and dog—CA, MY, KY
  • IH: musca autumnalis, fannia or morellia
  • In lacrimal ducts, conjunctival sac, aqueous humor
  • Females viviparous—produce larvae—larvae picked up by fly feeding—L3 in fly—deposited and mature in or on eye
  • Most asymp, some lacrimation, conjunctivitis, keratitis
  • DX: worms in lachrymal fluid, examine third eyelid, flush lachrymal duct
  • TX: mechanical removal, fenbend, maybe avermectin, fly control
  • T. californiensis
    o DH: dogs
    o IH: muscid flies
    o Lacrimal ducts, conjun sac
    o Not MN
  • T. gulosa and skyjabini
    o Cattle
    o Little patho
72
Q

Spirocerca lupi

A

esophageal worm-dogs

  • IH: coprophagous (dung) beetles
  • fibrous nodules in esophagous and stomach
  • not MN
  • blood red, in nodules,
  • eggs: small, cylindrical, thick shelled
  • eggs in feces, beetle ingests eggs, L3 in beetle, ingest beetle, pen gut, mig via blood (coeliac to aorta), L5 in aorta, GI, nodules
  • nodules may become malignant
  • most asymp
  • DX: signs, eggs in feces
  • TX: dora
73
Q

Gongylonema pulchrum

A

oesophageal worm or gullet worm

  • DH: swine, sheep, goats, and cattle
  • IH: dung beetle
  • worms in zigzag fashion, oval thickening, lumpy
  • larvated eggs in feces
  • no patho
  • DX: visual
  • TX: none
74
Q

Ascarops strongylina

Physocephalus sexalatus

A

large stomach worms of swine

  • spiral thickenings of pharynx
  • eggs in feces
  • DX: eggs
  • TX: dichlorvos, ivermectin
75
Q

Physaloptera

A
  • DH: dogs, cats, basically everything
  • IH: orthoptera and beetles
  • mucosa of stomach and upper duodenum
  • larvated eggs in feces
  • light infect is asymp
  • no TX
76
Q

poultry spirurids

A
  • oxyspirura mansoni
  • tertrameres
  • cheilspirura hamulosa
  • disharynx nasuta
  • echinuria uncinata
77
Q

Oxyspirura mansoni

A
  • poultry eyeworm
  • not in MN
  • thread like
  • eggs pass down lacrimal ducts, swallowed, pass in feces
  • ingested by cockroaches, go to L3, cock is ingested, esophagus, pharynx, lacrimal, eye
  • conjunctivitis, opthalmia, blindness, white cheesy material
  • DX: adults in eye, direct smear, deimentation
  • TX: mechanical removal, 5% creolin sol, levamisole, ivermectin
78
Q

tetrameres

A
  • globular worm
  • mouth with six lips
  • T. americana: chickens and turkeys
  • T. fissispina: chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese
  • T. crami: ducks
  • females in glands of proventriculus, males in lumen
  • eggs are larvated, thick shell
  • arthropod ingests eggs
  • suck blood, inflammation, glands atrophy
  • DX: eggs
  • TX: levamisole, piperazine adipate (immature worms)
79
Q

Cheilospirura hamulosa

A
  • gizzard worm
  • chickens, turkeys, pheasants, pscittacines, waterfowl, raptors
  • four cordons, entire length of worm
  • arthropods ingest egg, L3, birds eat bug, larvae pen gizzard and mature
  • go off feed, death, ulcers, necrosis
  • DX: worms in gizzard, eggs in feces
  • TX: none
80
Q

Dispharynx nasuta

A
  • proventriculus, gizzard, esophagus–chickens, turkeys, pheasants
  • cordons reflex back, but don’t connect
  • sow bug eats egg, L3, bird eats bug
  • burrows in proventriculus, forms tumor-like bodies, ulcers, death
  • DX: eggs-thick shell, larvated, don’t float well
  • TX: none
81
Q

Echinuria uncinata

A
  • ducks, geese, and swans
  • most common
  • cordons reflex back and connect
  • water flea eats egg, L3, bird eats flea
  • inflammation and nodule formation, obstruct food passage, can be lethal
  • TX: none
82
Q

dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)

A
  • long, thin, white
  • dogs, cats, fox, raccoon, horses, otters, ferrets
  • IH: mosquito!!!
  • adults in R heart, microfliariae in blood, organs, and tissues
  • Mf ingested by mosquito, L3, proboscis, deposit on skin, L3 pen through bite site
  • Mf can’t develop without mosquito!!
  • can release up to 12 larvae/bite
  • larvae enter CT, muscle, L5, heart by 90 days
  • incomplete nocturnal periodicity–peak at night but some still around during day (go to pulm cap beds during day)
  • most asymp, signs with acute or chronic–cough, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmias, anorexia, weakness, venal caval syndrome
  • eosinophilia, basophilia, granulocytosis, anemia
  • enlarged pulm conus, enlarged R heart
  • elevated BUN, SGPT, SAP
  • albumunuria, hemoglobinuria
  • DX: + Ag test, signs, reversed ELISA for circulating heartworm Ag, Mf in blood, adult worms on necropsy
  • no Mf in blood=amicrofilaremic or occult infection
  • Mf tests: direct blood smear, hematocrit tube, modified knott’s test (can differentiate from non-patho filarid), filter test–don’t rely only on Ag test
  • TX: remove adults: immiticide (melarsomine dihydrochloride), ivermectin or doxycycline over 36 wk period–remove Mf: 4-6 wk after adults, ivermectin off-label
  • Prevention: daily-diethycarbamazine citrate (fatal in Mf dogs), monthly-ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, selamectin–all kill Mf
  • feline: doesn’t live as long in cat, aberrant migration is more common, able to clear infection, acute or chronic, may have single sex infections, no TX
  • human: patent infection is rare, larval infections-lesions in lung
83
Q

Acenthocheilonema reconditum

A
  • dogs
  • Mf in circ, blunt heads, button hooked tail
  • IH: fleas
  • adults in subQ tissue and body cavities
  • not MN
  • no patho
  • confused with D. immitis
84
Q

Elaeophora schneideri

A
  • deer, elk, sheep
  • adults in carotid and maxillary arteries
  • Mf in skin of forehead and face
  • IH: horse fly
  • patho: mule deer–little, elk–ischemia and necorsis, sheep–sorehead
  • DX: Mf on scraping
  • TX: ivermectin
85
Q

Setaria equina

A
  • peritoneal worms
  • all equines–free in peritoneal cavity
  • IH: mosquito
  • common in upper midwest
  • adults in peritoneal, Mf in circ
  • no patho, problems when aberrent to eye
  • DX: Mf in blood
  • TX: none
  • S. labiato-papillosa: cattle and other ruminants
86
Q

Onchocerca

A
  • adults in CT, Mf in skin, lymph and CT
  • O. volvulus= river blindness in humans
  • O. cervicalis=neck threadworm
  • O. reticulata=leg threadworm of horses (IH:midge), adults in ligamentum nuchae or flexor tendons
  • equine onchocerciasis: biting midge IH, Mf cause dermatitis, skin and eye lesions, TX ivermectin
  • ruminant: O. gibsoni and gutturosa, in ligamentum
87
Q

Dracunculus insignis

A
  • subcutaneous worm
  • DH: raccoons, mink, dogs, fox, muskrat, skunk, weasel, otter
  • IH: copepod (water flea)
  • paratenic host: frog
  • subQ tissue, mainly leg
  • mates in deep CT, males die after mating, female moves to superficial CT, larvae released in water, swim free till eaten by flea, DH eats flea
  • not serious patho, blisters
  • DX: tip of worm protruding from skin, larvae in segment of female, long slender tail
  • TX: surgical removal
  • D. medinensis: Guinea worm of humans–red serpent of the nile, symbol of aesculapis of vet med
88
Q

Trichuris vulpis

A
  • whipworm of dogs
  • direct cycle–caecum and large intestine
  • eggs: bipolar plugs, smooth shell, pretty resistant
  • adults in caecum, eggs pass in feces, L3 in egg on ground, ingestion of egg
  • little patho, cytolytic, hemolytic enzymes, anemia
  • diarrhea, belly pain, weight loss, poor coat, anemia, jaundice
  • DX: eggs, signs
  • TX: drontal plus, panacur, heartworm preventatives
89
Q

Trichuris capanula

Trichuris serrata

A
  • whipworms of cats
  • very rare
  • bipolar plugged eggs
90
Q

Trichuris suis

A
  • swine
  • direct cycle
  • young pigs–diarrhea, anemia, anorexia, slow growth
  • DX: signs, bipolar eggs
  • TX: most drugs
91
Q

Trichuris ovis

Trichuris discolor

A
  • ovis= sheep, goats, cattle
  • discolor=cattle, buffalo, sheep
  • clinical disease rare in US
92
Q

Capillaria

A
  • in GI, resp, or urinary
  • thick shell, bipolar egg
  • very long esophagus, males long spicule
93
Q

Eucoleus (capillaria) aerophilus

A
  • bronchial capillariasis–fox lungworm
  • fox, cat, dog, wolf, coyote
  • direct cycle–eggs in trach, swallowed, feces, eggs ingested, hatch in intestine
  • older cats-asymp, coughing, bronchitis, sec. pneumonia
  • DX: signs, eggs, post mortem
  • TX: iver (not in dogs), fenbend
94
Q

Eucoleus bohmi

A

nose of dogs

95
Q

Pearsonema plica (capillaria)

A
  • bladder worm of canids
  • urinary bladder and kidney pelvis
  • cycle poorly known
  • egg in urine
  • asymp
96
Q

Personema feliscati

A

bladderworm of cats, very uncommon

97
Q

Calodium hepatic (hepatic capillariasis)

A
  • liver of rodents

- eggs as spurious parasite in dog or cat feces

98
Q

Avian capillarids

A
  • C. contorta: crop, esophagus, mouth of chickens turkeys and ducks
  • C. caudinflata: small intestine of turkeys chickens and galliform birds
  • C. obsignata: small intestine of pigeons, chickens, and turkeys
  • direct cycle: infect immediately on ingestion of infected egg
  • indirect cycle: earthworm eats egg, egg hatches in earthworm, bird eats earthworm
  • young, thickening of gut
  • MAJOR IMPORTANCE
  • mortality in raptors
  • TX: fenbend, avermectins
99
Q

Dioctophyme renale

A
  • Giant kidney worm
  • dog, mink, fox, wolf
  • IH: free living, aquatic, annelid
  • paratenic host: fish
  • common in mink in Mn
  • blood red color
  • eggs: ellipsoidal, brown, thick shell, found in urine
  • eggs develop slowly in water, hatch once ingested by IH, 100 days to develop, DH ingests IH
  • paratenic host ingest IH–larvae encyst in stomach or abdominal muscles
  • asymp, can destroy paraenchyma of kidney eventually only leaving capsule
  • DX: eggs in urine
  • TX: surgical removal
100
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A
  • pigs, humans, most mammals
  • adults in small intestine, larvae encyst in muscle (diaphragm, intercostals, masseter, tongue)
  • very thin, hair like worms
  • dead end infection, only infected by eating infected muscle
  • males die after mating and pass in feces
  • females produce larvae that migrate right into lymph, end in muscle wall
  • little patho in pigs, DEATH in HUMANS
  • sources: undercooked meat, contaminated feed, rodents, cannibalism
  • Control: eliminate garbage feeding, remove carcasses, sanitation, rodent control
  • DX: trichinoscope, pooled digestion, ELISA
  • freezing and cooking will inactivate larvae in muscle
101
Q

Factors determining degree of pathophysiologic change

A
  • severity of infections
  • species of parasite
  • age of host
  • nutritional status of host
  • immune status of host
102
Q

Changes seen in GI parasitism

A
  • loss of blood–pale mem
  • diarrhea
  • poor weight gain
  • protein loss
  • anorexia
  • anemia
  • reduced digestion and absorption
103
Q

Ostertagiasis

A
  • diarrhea, no appetite, loss of weight
  • increase pH, increase plasma pepsinogen, decrease serum proteins (albumin-hypoalbuminemia)
  • NORMAL: parietal cells- make HCl, zymogen cells- make pepsinogen–fusion of lipid-protein layers=zona occludens
104
Q

Phase 1

A
  • larvae in gastric glands
  • changes occur as larvae moult
    inflam response, erosion of epi lining gastric glands, repleaced by non-secretory epi cells
  • nodules on surface of abomasum
  • pH remains at 2-2.5
  • no diarrhea, eat well
    plasma pepsinogen levels rise a little
105
Q

Phase 2

A
  • about 17 days, emerge from glands–stretches and erodes glands
  • destroy surrounding cells, widespread erosion destroying zymogen and parietal cells
  • nodules are widespread–Moroccan leather
  • three changes:
    1. increase pH–2 to 7
    2. reduced pepsinogen
    3. enhanced perm due to fail to convert pepsinogen to pepsin, fail to denature proteins, and loss of bacteriostatic effect of low pH, ALSO tight junctions of replacement cells are not fully formed–will loose albumin to the gut due to leaky junctions
  • impaired digestion (loss of pepsin), loss of appetite (decreased gastric acid, increase pH, slowed transit OR increased cholecystokinin) diarrhea (high levels of osmotically active substances), dehydration, weight loss (loss of protein, anorexia, impaired digestion)
  • increased gastrin, stasis, and pH stimulate anorexia
  • protein is being taken from body, since not getting from intake–muscle wasting
106
Q

Phase 3

A
  • recovery by moving animals from pasture and removing the worms
  • differentiated status of mucosa returns
  • return to normal

Parasite 2 (1 decks)

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