Worms Flashcards

Question

Toxascaris leonina- dogs and cats

Answer 1

- long narrow cervial alae - eggs: slightly oval, smooth, space b/t shell, light yellow to brown, resistant - direct cycle - paratenic hosts: chickens, mice, rabbits - more common in dogs - NO prenatal or lacto trans - least pathogenic, maybe intestine irritation - DX: eggs - TX: anything

Answer 2

prolonged somatic migration of larval parasites in an abnormal host - human infection with toxacara canis - migrate to liver, lungs, brain, or eye - irritating, fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, hyperglobulinemia - DX: clincial, larvae on biopsy, ELISA - ocular is often misdiagnosed as retinoblastoma

Answer 3

- raccoon - paratenic host: mice, rabbits, squirrels - in MN - eggs: round/oval, golden brown, thick pitted shell - direct cycle, tracheal migration - non-patho - human VLM: very patho and neurotropic - dog can be DH - TX: deworm captive raccoons, most drugs work

Answer 4

- Equine pinworm - Well-developed bulb - Direct life cycle, live in colon/rectum - Eggs: flattened on one side, operculum, LARVATED - Adults migrate out of anus and lay eggs in perianal region , eggs fall off, develop to L3, ingested, go to crypts - Adults do little damage, larvae can cause problems, eggs are irritatingrat tail - DX: eggs in perianal region, adults in feces - TX: remove eggs, treat with and drug

Answer 5

- Human pinworm | - Do NOT come from dog or cat

Answer 6

- Avain pinworm - Caeca - Not common - Thin shelled egg in feces - TX: none

Answer 7

- Syphacia abvelata- mouse - Syphacia muris- rat - Aspicularis tetraptera- mouse - Passalurus ambiguous- rabbit

Answer 8

- Free living nematodes, found in decaying matter - Host: dog, horses, cattle, swine, rodents - Skin and hair follicles - Loss of hair, erythema, pruritis, crusting, pustules - DX: skin lesion, larvae from skin scraping - TX: remove wet bedding, none approved, avermectin off label

Answer 9

- Tiny worms in itestines - LACTOGENIC - Parthenogenesis—development from an unfertilized egg

Answer 10

- Swine - Females in small intestine, larvae in somatic tissue - Thin shelled, larvated egg - Parthenogenetic females buried in small intestine - Indirect life cycle—free living organism—adults mate and lay eggs on ground that attach and develop to infective stage on ground - If weather is unfavorable—direct life cycle—homogonic cycle - Parthenogenetic females produce eggs that are 1X, 2X, or 3Xhatch to male 1X and female 2Xthey mate and lay 3X eggs—indirect or hetergonic cycle - Parthenogenetic females in small intestine lay 3X eggshatch to infective L3 on ground—direct or homogonic cycle - Larvae ingested or penetratetrach migration - Some migrate to mammary gland and arrestcan mobilize during preg—LACTOGENIC trans - Infection primarily penetration and lactogenic - Patho: skin hypersensitivity, hemorrhage in lung, catarrhal enteritis, 75% of babies die, acute dysentery - DX: egg in feces is larvated, parallel sides - TX: ivermectin, levamisole

Answer 11

- Threadworm of equines - Females in small intestine, larvae dispersed in somatic tissue - Young foals (2wk-6mo) - Eggs: long filariform app, thin shelled, larvated - Patho: catarrhal enteritis , diarrhea, self-limiting - DX: larvated eggs - TX: iver, oxibend

Answer 12

- Intestinal threadworm of ruminants - Females in small intestine, larvae in somatic tissue - Eggs: long filiform app, thin shelled, larvated, parallel, blunt ends - Not pathogenic in cattle, more severe in sheep—diarrhea, self-limiting - DX: clinical, larvated eggs - TX: albend, doramectin, fenbend, iver, moxi

Answer 13

- Threadworm of dogs and primates - Host: dogs, cats, primates (humans) - Small intestine, larvae in somatic - Eggs same as rest - Diarrhea, ZOONOTIC - DX: larvae in feces - TX: fenbend, iver

Answer 14

- Threadworm of primates | - Egg in feces, not larvae

Answer 15

- Adults in small intestine, life cycle in direct, females are oviparous, male well developed bursa - Large buccal capsule with leaf crowns - S. vulgaris o Larvae pen gut wallL4mig to arteriesmesenteric veinback to cecum—nodules around larvaeruptures nodule, mature, mate, eggs o Patho: large # in foals due to mig, verminous colic, fever, anorexia, depression, infarct of caecum and colon, stasis of intestine, intestine problems most common - S. edentatus o Penmig to portal veinliverabdominal wall—subperitoneal cysts (hemorrhagic)back to bowel (edema)back to lumen o Patho due to larvae mig—damage liver, peritonitis, inflammation, ect. - S. equinus o Pen large bowelencyst in subserosal nodulesliver via peritoneal cavitylumen of large bowel o No patho unless lots - Small strongyles o Pen large bowelcysts remain for long time or short—L4lumen o Patho from cysts—acute onset, fever, diarrhea, depression—larval cyathostomiasis: potential death—natural cyathostome infection: lots of adults, ulceration, weight loss - Assumed all horses have it - Temp and moisture determine larval devel - DX: eggs, clinical, culture to infective for ID - TX: management, deworming rotate drugs: o fenbendazole—against migrating and inhibited larvae o macrocyclic lactones (iver) o some resistance

Answer 16

- mixed infections | - haemonchus, ostertagia, trichostrongylus

Answer 17

- Small, in stomach and intestine - Direct life cycle - Abomasum of ruminants and stomach of horses - Usually secondary to ostertagia - Catarrhal enteritis - Don’t grade cattle and horses together

Answer 18

- Median or Western stomach worm - Abomasum of cattle—most important nematode in cattle - Strongyle type eggs - L3 ingested while grazing—direct life cycle - Larvae enter gastric glandL4, increasing in size 10X, L5leave gastric gland, destroying itlumen - Can be HYPOBIOTIC—enter gastric gland and stop developing, wait for better conditions - Can survive winter under snow, or hypobiotic in animal—susceptible to sunlight - Patho: MOROCCAN LEATHER o phase 1- L3 invade gastric—damage secreting cells, replaced by un-differentiated cells o Phase 2- leave gland—parietal cells destroyed—HCl production stops, bac prolif, no pepsinogen to pepsin, cell junctions break down and pepsinogen moves into plasma, plasma proteins lost to gut—mucosa is hyperplastic and non-functioning—hyperemia and edema o Phase 3- gradual loss of worms, return to normal function o Type I—rapid acquisition of larvae, late summer/early fall or late winter/early spring, high morbidity (diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, submandibular edema), hyperplastic abomasum, elevated pH o Pre-type II—non-clinical when larvae are inhibited—fall to spring (north), spring to fall (south) o Type II—large numbers of larvae resume development—based on timing o DX: clinical (weight loss, bottle jaw, diarrhea), eggs, abomasal lesions o TX: must remove inhibited larvae, short acting (fenbend, albend, oxfend), long-acting (iver, moxi, dora—kill hypobiotic larvae) o Cattle may develop immunity slowly—eggs drop first, then adults start to die off

Answer 19

- Barberpole worm, wire worm, eastern stomach worm - Abomasum of sheep—most important parasite of sheep - H. placei—abomasum of cattle - Largest stomach worm - Barberpole from uterus wrapping around gut, vulval flap - Direct cycle—L3 ingested, exsheath in rumenL4 to adult - Periparturient rise or Spring rise—hypobiosis ends with lambing - Patho: bloodsucking leads to anemia, diarrhea NOT in pure infection o Hyperactue: rare, extreme anemia, mortality o Acute: morbidity high, anemia, edema, lethargic o Chronic: widespread, anemia, edema, blood loss - DX: history, clinical, fecal, FAMACHA (measures anemia) - TX: management, deworming (need to remove hypobiotic larvae)

Answer 20

- Mainly cattle - Small redish, very prolific - Direct cycle—small intestine, do NOT pen mucosa, go b/t cells—hypobiosis - It is pathogenic—impact on intake and growth - Endectocides tend to leave behind

Answer 21

- Thread-necked worm - Long, thin esophageal region, well developed bursa - Very large eggs - Direct cycle, larvae develop in egg, hatch as L3, exsheath in abovilli sm. intest—hypobiosis - Survive freezing - Clinical w/ eggs over 10-15

Answer 22

- Large mouthed bowel worm - Sheep - Very large bucal capsule - Direct cycle - Diarrhea with blood

Answer 23

- Nodular worms - Cylindrical buccal capsule, leaf crowns, cephalic vesicle, bursate - O. columbianum—sheep and goats - O. venulosum—sheep and goats - O. radiatum—cattle - Large intestine—direct cycle, ingested or pen skin—form cysts—mature in colon - Patho: inflame response, nodule formation—nodules caseate or calcify, worms die—obstruction, ulcers, adhesions, peritonitis if rupture, diarrhea - DX: no eggs when larvae in mucosa, eggs when adults are in lumen, strongyle type - Swine nodular worm o O. dentatum, O. brevicaudum o In MN o Ingestion, pen mucosa, form nodules, return to lumen o 5000 adults=subclinical, more than 5000weight loss, reduced litter, reduced weaning weights o Most drugs TX

Answer 24

- Red stomach worm of swine - Direct cycle, ingestion, enter gland pits, moult twice, back to lumen - Patho: suck blood, # dependent, not very patho - TX: fenbendazole, iver, dora

Answer 25

- Swine kidney worm - Tropical, south US - Strongyle type egg in urine - L3 ingestedstomachliver - L3 pen skinL4 in skin or muscleliver - Earthworm paratenic host - ALL L4 in liver, mig a few months, a lot of damage - Go to kidney—lie in pairs inside cyst - Patho: irritation, liver damage, not patho in kidney - DX: egg in urine - TX: guilt’s only breeding, dora, fenbend, levamisole, iver

Answer 26

- Gapeworm or Y worm of birds - Trachea of chickens, turkeys, and pheasants - Bright red, male attached to female - Direct cycle, ingestion of L3 or paratenic host=earthworm—pen gut wall, mig to lung via circ - Patho: young, obstruction, suck blood - DX: eggs (bipolar plugs), worms in airway - TX: iver, fenbend

Answer 27

- Dogs, fox, wolves, coyotes—small intestine - Reddish, white worms, 3 pairs of teeth, bent dorsally - Eggs: thin shelled, strongyle type, 2-8 cells passed fresh—females lay up to 20,000/day - L3 ingested—enter mucosa—may be hypobiotic—trach mig—some somatic - Pen skin—mig via lymph and circ—trach route, mature in intestine—somatic hypobiotic in m. - LACTOGENIC trans and PRENATAL - Paratenic host=mice, rats, beetles and roaches - Can deworm and worms are back in a week due to hypobiotic larvae - Patho: plug feeders, blood loss, multifactorial o Asymp=fatal o Peracute—lactogenic, blood loss, puppies, no eggs in feces o Acute—massice infec, pale mem, tarry stool, eggs in feces, anemia, need to TX o Chronic—small # worms, appear healthy, eggs in feces o Secondary/decompensated—moderate, anemia, pale mem, lethargic, tarry stool o DX: eggs, signs o TX: deworm pups 2,4,6,8, monthly preventative for heartworm

Answer 28

- Cats—small intestine—not in UK - Small than caninum - LACTOGENIC, no prenatal

Answer 29

- Dogs and cats—more cats—not as patho - Major cause of cutaneous larva migrans in humans o Larvae pen skin and remain there o Inflame, itchy—plumbers itch

Answer 30

- Carnivores, dogs - Eggs survive freezing - No teeth - Develop at lower temps - LACTOGENIC, no prenatal - Little patho

Answer 31

- Fur seals - Sig disease and mortality - 1st worm where LACTO trans was observed

Answer 32

- Necator americanus | - Ancylostoma duodenale

Answer 33

- Bunostomum phlebotomum—cattle - Bunostomum tirgonocephalum—sheep and goats - Hooked anterior end, blood suckers - Direct cycle, trach mig, skin pen or ingestion - Patho: o Phlebotomum—rare patho, blood loss in calves o Trigonocephalum—progressive anemia, tarry stool, bottle jaw - TX: most drugs

Answer 34

- Direct cycle—live in air passages—eggs swallowed, hatch in intestine, LARVAE in feces—L3 ingested—mig via lymph to mesenteric lymph, then via circ to lung - D. viviparous o Cattle, buffalo, camel, wild ruminant o Infrequent in MN o Patho: sporadic severe disease—pen phase: intestine to lung, minor prob—pre-patent phase: larvae in lungs, eosinophilic exudate, moderate signs, death with massive—patent phase: in bronchi and trach, great mortality, bronchitis, cellular exudate—post-patent: worms expelled, impaired pulm func, steady recovery o DX: signs, herd prob, larvae in feces (baermann technique) - D. filariae o Sheep and goats o MN sheep o Emphysema and pneumonia o Milder than in cattle - May use pilobolus (fungus) - TX: pasture mangagement, albend, dora, lav, fenbend, iver, moxi, eprinomectin

Answer 35

- Donkeys, horses, ponies - Rare in MN - Eggs are larvated—DON’T hatch in gut - Direct cycle—ingestion or pen—trach mig - Donkeys are primary host - No patho, persistent cough - DX: eggs in fresh, larvae in older feces - TX: fenbend, iver, leva, mebend, moxi, oxibend

Answer 36

- Apri, pudendotectus, salmi - DH: pigs IH: earthworms - Adults in bronchi and bronchioles, hook or double hook - Eggs MUST be ingested by earthworm, develop to L3 in worm, pigs ingest earthworm—trach migration - Can survive years in earthworm and soil - Patho: hem, blockage, nodules around dead worms, cough, reduced growth - DX: signs—husky cough, eggs (thick shell, mamillated), adults in bronchioles - TX: dora, fenbend, iver, leva

Answer 37

- Fox lungworm - Thin metastrongylid nematode in bronchi - Eggs hatch shortly after production—larvae in septum or feces - IH: land snail - Rhinotracheitis, bronchitis - Really hard to find on fecal

Answer 38

- Sheep, goats, lagomorphs - Fine hair like worms in bronchioles and lung parenchyma - IH: molluscan - Dorsal spine on tail of larvae - P. rufescens o Sheep, goats, deer o IH: land snail o Bronchitis, focal pneumonia o 2nd most pahto worm of sheep - P. stilesi, rushi—bighorn sheep - P. sylvilagi, boughtoni—rabbits

Answer 39

- Hair lungworm - Sheep, goats, chamois - IH: land snails - Subpleual pulm alveoli, deep in lung tissue - Adults in alveoli and gramulamatous nodules - Eggs hatch in lung, L1 coughed up and swallowed, pass in feces, enter snail—ingest snail, intestine, lymph, blood, heart, lungs - Patho: sheep—nodules, most asymp, goats—interstitial pneumonia, often severe - DX: L1 in feces - TX: extra label fenbend, moxi, and eprinomectin

Answer 40

- Non-lungworm protostrongylid - Meningeal worm of deer - Thin worms—cranial venous sinuses and sudural spaces - NEED snail IH - DH=white tail, aberrant hosts=moose, elk, other deer, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas - Common in MN - Adults on meninges, eggs hatch, larvae to lungs into airspace, swallowed pass in feces - Pen snail, ingest snail, intestine, mig via peritoneal cavity to vertebral canal, invade dorsal horns of gray matter, enter subdural space, mig to cranium - Most asymp, blindness rare—deer - Moose—severe mad disease, sheep/goats—highly patho - DX: larvae in feces - TX: dora, fenbend, iver, moxi, preventative TX with ectins

Answer 41

- Muscleworm of deer - Adjacent to or in vessel in muscle of hind body - White tail produced paralysis

Answer 42

- Cat lungworm - Small adults in bronchioles and parenchyma - Eggs in nests in parenchyma, larvae coughed up, swallowed, in feces - IH= land snail - Cat ingest snail, mig via abdominal and thoracic cavities - Most asymp - No TX

Answer 43

- Tracheal worm - Verminous nodular bronchitis - Dogs—submucosal nodules in parenchyma, junction of trachea and bronchioles - Larvae have S shaped tail - L1 infective in feces—no IH—ingested, mig via lymph and blood to heart then lungs—nodules in trachea - DX: larvae, bronchoscopy, baermann of tracheal wash - TX: fenbend, dora, iver

Answer 44

- Granulomatous lesions in lung parenchyma - L1 in trachea are infective - In lab reared beagles - TX: ivermectin

Answer 45

- ALL have IH—most arthropods | - Not generally major pathogens

Answer 46

- Draschia megastoma (tumor-like lesions, summer sores) - Habronema muscae, majus o Larvae parasitic in skin, eye, and lung o Adults—habronemiasis, parasitic gastritis o Larvae—cutaneous habronemiasis, summer sores, bursati, granular dermatitis o Adults live in stomach wall, eggs hatch in stomach, larvae in feces, larvae ingested by fly, L3 passed when fly feeds, deposited on lip or nostril (or wounds—can’t find way to stomach, die in skin, itchy), pass to stomach o Most asymp, heavy infections may cause gastritis o Larvae in eye—granular conjunctivitis, inflammation, lacrimation o DX: larvae in feces, larvae in lesion, adults in stomach o TX: fly control, deworming, meds on wounds

Answer 47

- Mainly horses, some cattle, buffalo, and dog—CA, MY, KY - IH: musca autumnalis, fannia or morellia - In lacrimal ducts, conjunctival sac, aqueous humor - Females viviparous—produce larvae—larvae picked up by fly feeding—L3 in fly—deposited and mature in or on eye - Most asymp, some lacrimation, conjunctivitis, keratitis - DX: worms in lachrymal fluid, examine third eyelid, flush lachrymal duct - TX: mechanical removal, fenbend, maybe avermectin, fly control - T. californiensis o DH: dogs o IH: muscid flies o Lacrimal ducts, conjun sac o Not MN - T. gulosa and skyjabini o Cattle o Little patho

Answer 48

esophageal worm-dogs - IH: coprophagous (dung) beetles - fibrous nodules in esophagous and stomach - not MN - blood red, in nodules, - eggs: small, cylindrical, thick shelled - eggs in feces, beetle ingests eggs, L3 in beetle, ingest beetle, pen gut, mig via blood (coeliac to aorta), L5 in aorta, GI, nodules - nodules may become malignant - most asymp - DX: signs, eggs in feces - TX: dora

Answer 49

oesophageal worm or gullet worm - DH: swine, sheep, goats, and cattle - IH: dung beetle - worms in zigzag fashion, oval thickening, lumpy - larvated eggs in feces - no patho - DX: visual - TX: none

Answer 50

large stomach worms of swine - spiral thickenings of pharynx - eggs in feces - DX: eggs - TX: dichlorvos, ivermectin

Answer 51

- DH: dogs, cats, basically everything - IH: orthoptera and beetles - mucosa of stomach and upper duodenum - larvated eggs in feces - light infect is asymp - no TX

Answer 52

- oxyspirura mansoni - tertrameres - cheilspirura hamulosa - disharynx nasuta - echinuria uncinata

Answer 53

- poultry eyeworm - not in MN - thread like - eggs pass down lacrimal ducts, swallowed, pass in feces - ingested by cockroaches, go to L3, cock is ingested, esophagus, pharynx, lacrimal, eye - conjunctivitis, opthalmia, blindness, white cheesy material - DX: adults in eye, direct smear, deimentation - TX: mechanical removal, 5% creolin sol, levamisole, ivermectin

Answer 54

- globular worm - mouth with six lips - T. americana: chickens and turkeys - T. fissispina: chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese - T. crami: ducks - females in glands of proventriculus, males in lumen - eggs are larvated, thick shell - arthropod ingests eggs - suck blood, inflammation, glands atrophy - DX: eggs - TX: levamisole, piperazine adipate (immature worms)

Answer 55

- gizzard worm - chickens, turkeys, pheasants, pscittacines, waterfowl, raptors - four cordons, entire length of worm - arthropods ingest egg, L3, birds eat bug, larvae pen gizzard and mature - go off feed, death, ulcers, necrosis - DX: worms in gizzard, eggs in feces - TX: none

Answer 56

- proventriculus, gizzard, esophagus--chickens, turkeys, pheasants - cordons reflex back, but don't connect - sow bug eats egg, L3, bird eats bug - burrows in proventriculus, forms tumor-like bodies, ulcers, death - DX: eggs-thick shell, larvated, don't float well - TX: none

Answer 57

- ducks, geese, and swans - most common - cordons reflex back and connect - water flea eats egg, L3, bird eats flea - inflammation and nodule formation, obstruct food passage, can be lethal - TX: none

Answer 58

- long, thin, white - dogs, cats, fox, raccoon, horses, otters, ferrets - IH: mosquito!!! - adults in R heart, microfliariae in blood, organs, and tissues - Mf ingested by mosquito, L3, proboscis, deposit on skin, L3 pen through bite site - Mf can't develop without mosquito!! - can release up to 12 larvae/bite - larvae enter CT, muscle, L5, heart by 90 days - incomplete nocturnal periodicity--peak at night but some still around during day (go to pulm cap beds during day) - most asymp, signs with acute or chronic--cough, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmias, anorexia, weakness, venal caval syndrome - eosinophilia, basophilia, granulocytosis, anemia - enlarged pulm conus, enlarged R heart - elevated BUN, SGPT, SAP - albumunuria, hemoglobinuria - DX: + Ag test, signs, reversed ELISA for circulating heartworm Ag, Mf in blood, adult worms on necropsy - no Mf in blood=amicrofilaremic or occult infection - Mf tests: direct blood smear, hematocrit tube, modified knott's test (can differentiate from non-patho filarid), filter test--don't rely only on Ag test - TX: remove adults: immiticide (melarsomine dihydrochloride), ivermectin or doxycycline over 36 wk period--remove Mf: 4-6 wk after adults, ivermectin off-label - Prevention: daily-diethycarbamazine citrate (fatal in Mf dogs), monthly-ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, selamectin--all kill Mf - feline: doesn't live as long in cat, aberrant migration is more common, able to clear infection, acute or chronic, may have single sex infections, no TX - human: patent infection is rare, larval infections-lesions in lung

Answer 59

- dogs - Mf in circ, blunt heads, button hooked tail - IH: fleas - adults in subQ tissue and body cavities - not MN - no patho - confused with D. immitis

Answer 60

- deer, elk, sheep - adults in carotid and maxillary arteries - Mf in skin of forehead and face - IH: horse fly - patho: mule deer--little, elk--ischemia and necorsis, sheep--sorehead - DX: Mf on scraping - TX: ivermectin

Answer 61

- peritoneal worms - all equines--free in peritoneal cavity - IH: mosquito - common in upper midwest - adults in peritoneal, Mf in circ - no patho, problems when aberrent to eye - DX: Mf in blood - TX: none - S. labiato-papillosa: cattle and other ruminants

Answer 62

- adults in CT, Mf in skin, lymph and CT - O. volvulus= river blindness in humans - O. cervicalis=neck threadworm - O. reticulata=leg threadworm of horses (IH:midge), adults in ligamentum nuchae or flexor tendons - equine onchocerciasis: biting midge IH, Mf cause dermatitis, skin and eye lesions, TX ivermectin - ruminant: O. gibsoni and gutturosa, in ligamentum

Answer 63

- subcutaneous worm - DH: raccoons, mink, dogs, fox, muskrat, skunk, weasel, otter - IH: copepod (water flea) - paratenic host: frog - subQ tissue, mainly leg - mates in deep CT, males die after mating, female moves to superficial CT, larvae released in water, swim free till eaten by flea, DH eats flea - not serious patho, blisters - DX: tip of worm protruding from skin, larvae in segment of female, long slender tail - TX: surgical removal - D. medinensis: Guinea worm of humans--red serpent of the nile, symbol of aesculapis of vet med

Answer 64

- whipworm of dogs - direct cycle--caecum and large intestine - eggs: bipolar plugs, smooth shell, pretty resistant - adults in caecum, eggs pass in feces, L3 in egg on ground, ingestion of egg - little patho, cytolytic, hemolytic enzymes, anemia - diarrhea, belly pain, weight loss, poor coat, anemia, jaundice - DX: eggs, signs - TX: drontal plus, panacur, heartworm preventatives

Answer 65

- whipworms of cats - very rare - bipolar plugged eggs

Answer 66

- swine - direct cycle - young pigs--diarrhea, anemia, anorexia, slow growth - DX: signs, bipolar eggs - TX: most drugs

Answer 67

- ovis= sheep, goats, cattle - discolor=cattle, buffalo, sheep - clinical disease rare in US

Answer 68

- in GI, resp, or urinary - thick shell, bipolar egg - very long esophagus, males long spicule

Answer 69

- bronchial capillariasis--fox lungworm - fox, cat, dog, wolf, coyote - direct cycle--eggs in trach, swallowed, feces, eggs ingested, hatch in intestine - older cats-asymp, coughing, bronchitis, sec. pneumonia - DX: signs, eggs, post mortem - TX: iver (not in dogs), fenbend

Answer 70

nose of dogs

Answer 71

- bladder worm of canids - urinary bladder and kidney pelvis - cycle poorly known - egg in urine - asymp

Answer 72

bladderworm of cats, very uncommon

Answer 73

- liver of rodents | - eggs as spurious parasite in dog or cat feces

Answer 74

- C. contorta: crop, esophagus, mouth of chickens turkeys and ducks - C. caudinflata: small intestine of turkeys chickens and galliform birds - C. obsignata: small intestine of pigeons, chickens, and turkeys - direct cycle: infect immediately on ingestion of infected egg - indirect cycle: earthworm eats egg, egg hatches in earthworm, bird eats earthworm - young, thickening of gut - MAJOR IMPORTANCE - mortality in raptors - TX: fenbend, avermectins

Answer 75

- Giant kidney worm - dog, mink, fox, wolf - IH: free living, aquatic, annelid - paratenic host: fish - common in mink in Mn - blood red color - eggs: ellipsoidal, brown, thick shell, found in urine - eggs develop slowly in water, hatch once ingested by IH, 100 days to develop, DH ingests IH - paratenic host ingest IH--larvae encyst in stomach or abdominal muscles - asymp, can destroy paraenchyma of kidney eventually only leaving capsule - DX: eggs in urine - TX: surgical removal

Answer 76

- pigs, humans, most mammals - adults in small intestine, larvae encyst in muscle (diaphragm, intercostals, masseter, tongue) - very thin, hair like worms - dead end infection, only infected by eating infected muscle - males die after mating and pass in feces - females produce larvae that migrate right into lymph, end in muscle wall - little patho in pigs, DEATH in HUMANS - sources: undercooked meat, contaminated feed, rodents, cannibalism - Control: eliminate garbage feeding, remove carcasses, sanitation, rodent control - DX: trichinoscope, pooled digestion, ELISA - freezing and cooking will inactivate larvae in muscle

Answer 77

- severity of infections - species of parasite - age of host - nutritional status of host - immune status of host

Answer 78

- loss of blood--pale mem - diarrhea - poor weight gain - protein loss - anorexia - anemia - reduced digestion and absorption

Answer 79

- diarrhea, no appetite, loss of weight - increase pH, increase plasma pepsinogen, decrease serum proteins (albumin-hypoalbuminemia) - NORMAL: parietal cells- make HCl, zymogen cells- make pepsinogen--fusion of lipid-protein layers=zona occludens

Answer 80

- larvae in gastric glands - changes occur as larvae moult inflam response, erosion of epi lining gastric glands, repleaced by non-secretory epi cells - nodules on surface of abomasum - pH remains at 2-2.5 - no diarrhea, eat well plasma pepsinogen levels rise a little

Answer 81

- about 17 days, emerge from glands--stretches and erodes glands - destroy surrounding cells, widespread erosion destroying zymogen and parietal cells - nodules are widespread--Moroccan leather - three changes: 1. increase pH--2 to 7 2. reduced pepsinogen 3. enhanced perm due to fail to convert pepsinogen to pepsin, fail to denature proteins, and loss of bacteriostatic effect of low pH, ALSO tight junctions of replacement cells are not fully formed--will loose albumin to the gut due to leaky junctions - impaired digestion (loss of pepsin), loss of appetite (decreased gastric acid, increase pH, slowed transit OR increased cholecystokinin) diarrhea (high levels of osmotically active substances), dehydration, weight loss (loss of protein, anorexia, impaired digestion) - increased gastrin, stasis, and pH stimulate anorexia - protein is being taken from body, since not getting from intake--muscle wasting

Answer 82

- recovery by moving animals from pasture and removing the worms - differentiated status of mucosa returns - return to normal