World War 1 Flashcards
point of British blockade?
control trade routes and therefore troop movement, food supply. distant blockade est 8/4/1915 and continued til TOV signed
Battle of Jutland?
only major sea engagement. 5/31-6/1, 1916. both sides claimed victory
Shlieffen plan key assumptions?
- russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize
- belgium wouldn’t resist
- britain would stay out of war
- france could be defeated in 6 weeks
First Battle of Marne- what happened?
Germans approached Paris but sent some off to EF. September 5-12. Germans retreated and set up defenses
First Battle of Ypres
Both sides attempted to outflank each other and cut off sea access. FBOY: Oct 19-Nov 22, 1914. Allied win but mainly stalemate
Second Battle of Ypres
Apr 22-May 25, 1915. Resumption of battle, began w gas attack. French broke lines but Canadians held
Verdun
Feb 21-Dec 18, 1916. German attack on french forts w patriotic value, goal was attrition.
The Somme
July 1-Nov 1, 1916. British attack to break German lines, also attrition, draw troops from Verdun. creeping barrage strategy. Tanks first introduced. 6mi changed, 1 mil casualties
Vimy Ridge
Apr 9-12, 1917. Canadian success
Passchendaele
3rd battle of Ypres. July 31-Nov 10, 1917. artillery barrage warned Germans, bad weather.
Ludendorff Offensive
Germans’ last attempt to win war. Mar 21-July 18, 1918. unsustainable bc lack of troops/supplies. Stopped at 2nd Marne July 12-Aug 12. 1-2 mil Americans helped
End of the war?
-Kiel mutiny Oct 29, 1918
-Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated Nov 9
-Nov 11 armistice took effect
Tannenberg
Aug 26-30. Germany won bc Russians had poor coordination.
Masurian Lakes
Sep 7-14. Germany defeated Russia
Patterns of Eastern Front
Russia lost men, supplies, etc, but could still bead AH. Germany would have to come in and bail out AH. Geographically more mobile but still stalemate.
Gallipoli
Allied plan- naval sweep of Dardanelles, take Istanbul. Campaign lasted Feb 1915-Jan 1916. unsuccessful
Italian front
Treaty of London signed Apr 26, 1915. Italy dec war on AH and opened front in return for territorial gains. not very successful, inc debt
Brusilov offensive
June 2-Sep 20, 1916. Russian offensive against AH bc improved preparedness and Verdun needed relieving. Advanced far but Germany stopped it. increased opposition to tsar bc lots of casualties
Russia leaves when?
February revolution 1917 Tsar abdicates. October revolution Bolsheviks win and take Russia out of the war. Brest-Litovsk: March 3, 1918.
US enters war?
Apr 4, 1917. To “make world safe for democracy” and bc Germany resumed USW.
unrestricted submarine warfare
initially declared feb 1915, anyone in sea around GB=sunken. Lusitania sunk may 1915, sep USW called off, resumed feb 1917 larger zone. combatted by 1916 convoys, sonar
political effects?
-New Lenin-led Bolshevik gov in Russia
-AH collapse, divided and shrunk
-New German Weimar Republic, unstable
-Ottoman empire collapse 1922
-Role of british empire diminished, inc independence in commonwealth
economic effects?
-war debt, infrastructure/shipping destruction, going off gold standard temporarily
-inflation, crisis in europe
-US emerged leading econ
territorial changes
-Germany lost 13%, Rhineland demil, colonies turned to mandates and divided among europeans
-new states created from AH
-Brest-Litovsk land became new states
-Italy got Tyrol/Trieste but not Dalmatian
-Ottoman empire lost colonies, mandates divided
-Germany lost SOI, shandong peninsula to Japan plus pacific islands
War guilt clause
- germany and CPs accept full responsibility for war, injured national pride.
reparations perspectives
john keynes- would lead to econ collapse
sally marks- germany could have paid but had no political will
-nazis- germany could’ve won but was betrayed by jews
disarmament
germany had to disarm almost completely, army of 100k. saar given to france for 15 years.
anschluss
union btwn Austria/Germany. forbidden by TOV but had broad popular support.
League of Nations
created by TOV. collective security- injury to 1 is injury to all.
women’s role/status
employment inc during war, but was resisted by employers. doesn’t last, goes down when war ends. suffrage movements gained pop, women got right to vote in several countries.
