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Karate🥋 > world views > Flashcards

world views Flashcards

1
Q

an ideology refers to a core set of what?

A

of descriptive & normative beliefs

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2
Q

What is descriptive beliefs?

A

how the world really is

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3
Q

What is normative beliefs?

A

how the world should/ought to be

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4
Q

What is the equation of causality/causation?

A

X causes Y

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5
Q

What is the main sentence with X & Y?

A

if X had not happened, then Y wouldn’t have happened

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6
Q

According to Max weber, what is a state?

A

a state is a body of institutions that enjoy a monopoly on legitimate violence within a defined territory

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7
Q

According to Thomas Hobbes, are we better off with or without a state? (main sentence)

A

What legitimizes the state is that we are BETTER OFF living under a state than not

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8
Q

In the State of Nature, are there laws?

A

no laws

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9
Q

Why is it bad to live under a State of Nature?

A

State of Nature = no laws
b/c humans are selfish, we’ll do bad things whenever we think we can benefit.
+ no laws = no one to punish us (no police)

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10
Q

Why is it better to live under a state rather than a State of Nature?

A

better off with a law system/governement b/c although it could be limiting, it provides and fuels our freedom & autonomy

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11
Q

What is acollective action problem?

A

it’s a scenario where if each person acts in their individual best interest, everyone ends up worse off, then if everyine had acted differently

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12
Q

What is in my best interest?

A

best interest to betray
no matter what you do, I’m better off betraying than staying loyal

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13
Q

What is the outcome if everyone is selfish?

A

then everyone ends up worse off, then if poeple would have acted differently

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14
Q

Is the State of Nature a CAP?

A

yes

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15
Q

NEXT TOPIC:

A

SOCIALISM

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16
Q

Common Ownership involves what?

A

the tripartite rights of ownvership

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17
Q

Name all 3 rights of ownvership

A

usus
fructus
abusus

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18
Q

Define usus

A

you have the right to use and exclude (from others using it)

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19
Q

Define fructus

A

you have the right to own your proceeds (the fruit of your work)

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20
Q

Define abusus

A

you have the right to transfer the good or destroy it

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21
Q

Are communists for or against private property?

A

Against, they want to ABOLISH PP

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22
Q

Which 2 rights of ownership does it affect?

A

no fructus, no abusus

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23
Q

Why are communists AGAINST PP?

A

b/c it drives material inequality

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24
Q

How does it drive material inequality?

A

b/c the ones who uses their pp wisely, will acquire more property than others, driving material inequality

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25
Q

So does socialism want equality or no?

A

yes, socialism want EQUALITY everywhere
(so don’t like pp)

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26
Q

Do social democrates want to abolish the pp?

A

NO

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27
Q

How come social democrates don’t want to abolish the pp?

A

they would rather nationalize major industries
(monopolies are economically inefficient, since they’re immune to supply and demand)

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28
Q

In capitalism, prices reflect supply and demand, give the arrows and 2 key sentences to prove this

A

↑ supply, ↓ prices
↑ demand, ↑ prices

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29
Q

What do entrepreneurs seek most?

A

they seek to make money

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30
Q

How do entrepreneurs make good money?

A

they’ll tend to supply whatever goods are in most demand b/c price for goods are higher

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31
Q

So, in recap, capitalism tend to produce the goods that people _________

A

want most without anyone telling people what to make

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32
Q

Who is the governement in communism?

A

the central planning committee

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33
Q

What is the main thing happening in communism?

A

the government estimate what people want

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34
Q

So what is the main job of the governement?

A

to set prices and direct production

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35
Q

What are the 2 problems about this?

A
  • people have heterogenous (different) preference
  • they are no prices revealing supply & demand
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36
Q

According to Karl Marx, what does communism require?

A

the dictatorship of the proletariat

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37
Q

What is the dictatorship of the proletariat?

A

a dictator operating on the behalf of the working class

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38
Q

What do we call an “efficient” distribbution of resources?

A

Pareto optimal

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39
Q

What is the main sentence in regards to Pareto optimal situations?

A

it is impossible to make one better off without making another worse off

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40
Q

If you can improve someone without harming another, is this Pareto optimal?

A

NO ITS NOT

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41
Q

A common test for wheter an economy is allocatively efficient is whether the resource distribution is Pareto optimal. Give me one again the main sentence to prove that a situation is PO:

A

if the distribution is such that can’t improve one’s position without making another worse

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42
Q

What does PO not mean?

A

it does not mean it’s fair/just
fairness ≠ Pareto Optimal

43
Q

NEXT TOPIC:

A

ANARCHISM

44
Q

is Anarchism for or against the state

A

AGAINST, OPPOSED to the state

45
Q

What is the main sentence about the state for anarhcists?

A

“the state is uneccesary evil”

46
Q

Why do they think it’s evil?

A

b/c the state undermines our autonomy
(we’d have MORE control over our future WITHOUT a coercive/violent system of law and order than prohibits certain activities (killing))

47
Q

What is the liberal response to this?

A

we’d have even LESS autonomy WITHOUT a system of law and order
(if the SoN is really bad/nasty/rude, you can’t live properly/happily w/o law & order + won’T have any options or opportunities)

48
Q

What would an Anarchists response to this response?

A

Hobbe’s state of nature story, b/c human are selfish, we’ll do bad things whevener we think we can benefit from it + no police to punish us

49
Q

Why would they think the state is unecessary?

A

the liberal’s response assumes that humans are selfish BUT this isn’t so, we can peacefully coexist in the absence of coercice law & order

50
Q

Do anarchists think people are selfish or no?

A

they deny that people are selfish

51
Q

small recap, what do Anarchist think about law and order?

A

they imagine a society without law and order
(so, if this society had norms, the norms cannot be enforced via coercion)

52
Q

NEXT TOPIC:

A

NATIONALISM

53
Q

what is a nation (exact definition)

A

a psycho-political entity
it’s a group to which memebrs belong on the basis of shared languages, history, values, ethnicity and social norms

54
Q

What is an inclusive nation? + example

A

members need to share fewer things in common
(canada)

55
Q

What is an exclusive nation? + example

A

members MUST share more things in common
(ethnicity -> japan)

56
Q

Definition of patriotism:

A

it’s love of one’s nation

57
Q

Definition of Nationalism:

A

it’s the view that nations should be central to political organization

58
Q

State the main difference b/w patriotism and nationalism:

A

patriotism is about loving/ improving your country with a respectful approach, while nationalism often involves a more aggressive assertion of national superiority and interests.

59
Q

Generally, nationalists desire to live in a nation-state, what is this?

A

a state whose borders overlap with the borders of same nation (nation-country)

60
Q

Do nationalists believe in national self-determination or no?

A

yes, they believe in national self-determination

61
Q

What is national self-determination?

A

the right of the nation to govern itself

62
Q

How is a national self-determination achieved?

A

through the creation of a nation-state (via unification or separation)

63
Q

NEXT TOPIC:

A

POPULISM

64
Q

Associate 2 words for people and for the elite

A

People = good/uncorrupted
Elite = bad/corrupted

65
Q

Who are part of the right-wing populists?

A

the people (exclusive)

66
Q

Are the people exclusive or inclusive?

A

exclusive
(national identity & ethnicity)

67
Q

Right-wing populist accuse the elite of trying to do what?

A

they accuse them of trying to DISPLACE THE PEOPLE

68
Q

How would they displace the people?

A

through immigration and multiculturalism

69
Q

But what might we think? if elite are selfish, ______

A

if elite are selfish, won’t they just use their power to enrich themselves (lowering taxes)?

70
Q

What would be a populist reponse to this?

A

the elite are worse than selfish, they are EVIL

71
Q

The elite are separated into 3 divisions, name them

A
  • political elite
  • economic elite
  • cultural elite
72
Q

Give an example of a political elite

A

lawmakers

73
Q

Give an example of an economic elite

A

big businesses (apple…)

74
Q

Give an example of a cultural elite

A

media, press

75
Q

What is the notion of lobbying?

A

take lawmakers to dates, biggest actionor gets to keep all the bids

76
Q

Why do they always have conditions to benefit them?

A

because people are selfish

77
Q

How could we say that rich people could “get what they want”?

A

b/c rich people have money and have control on lawmakers (buy them out)

78
Q

So, what might we say about the political issues?

A

that the elite control them

79
Q

So, in reality, does it have something to do with immigration/ multiculturalism?

A

nope, only the elites, money, rich people
(all distractions from the actual important things (war…))

80
Q

What is wishful thinking?

A

we’re more likely to believe something IF we want it to be true (like being gullible)

81
Q

Right-wing populists seek to do 2 things:

A

1) dismantle separation of powers
2) undermine judicial independence

82
Q

Why would right-wing populists want to dismantle separation of powers?

A

so the leader has more centralized power

83
Q

Why would they want to undermine judicial independence?

A

to prevent the judiciary from blocking laws due to thei “unconstitutionality”

84
Q

Are the judges elected?

A

the judges are not elected, so they face no pressure to please the public

85
Q

NEXT TOPIC:

A

FASCISM

86
Q

Both Nazis & Fascist rose to power democratically, both enjoyed what?

A

both enjoyed popular support

87
Q

How would they act before towards their contrie’s democratic institutions

A

before they would violently dismantle them

88
Q

This reflects to the commitment of what?

A

committment to the rule of law

89
Q

What is the rule of law?

A

where citizens should be allowed to do whatever is not prohibited

90
Q

By contrast, what is the government allowed to do?

A

the governement can only do what they’ve expressly authorized to do

91
Q

Are Fascists exclusive or inclusive?

A

highlt exclusive view of national identity (ethnicity)

92
Q

What do fascists think about the individual?

A

they exist to serve the state

93
Q

What to they believe of the nation?

A

that their nation has the right to dominate others

94
Q

Are fascists socialists? yes/no and why?

A

YES, b/c they prioritize common OVER individual good

95
Q

Do facsists hate or like communists?

A

HATE

96
Q

How come fascists hate communists?

A

b/c they desire an international revolution where EVERYONE is =

97
Q

What can you tell me about the fact that Fascists desire a leader

A

a leader, unbounded by the rule of law, who represent the will of people (general will)

98
Q

According to fascists, what is a leader’s purpose?

A

not to expand individual autonomy, but to bring GLORY to the nation

99
Q

Liberalism involves 2 important things + info to complete it:

A

1) democracy (good leaderhsip b/c of reelection)
2) separation of powers (prevent abuse of power)

100
Q

What is very very important in society?

A

the PRESS

101
Q

What is the main function of press

A

it’s a watchdog, it performs a monotoring function

102
Q

Why is the press
important?

A

when politicians act badly or abuse their powers, the press reports it + also guards against the rise of facism

103
Q

Other traditional insitutions which safeguard the separation of powers to undermine faith in traditional institutions, the leader must do what???

A

tell A BIG LIE

104
Q

If believed, a Big Lie will to 4 different things:

A

1) force you to DISBELIEVE institutions
2) position your leader as the one to be TRUSTED
3) position YOU & your leaders as VICTIMS
4) justify overthrowing the governement

Karate🥋 (2 decks)

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