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Science Year 9 Term 1 2023 > World Traveller > Flashcards

World Traveller Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diseases transmitted by insects in East Asia:

A
  • Malaria
  • Dengue Fever
  • Japanese Encephalitis
  • Yellow Fever
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2
Q

Diseases transmitted through food and water in East Asia:

A
  • Typhoid Fever
  • Cholera
  • Hepatitis B
  • Parasites
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3
Q

Diseases transmitted through intimate contact in East Asia:

A
  • Aids/HV
  • Hepatitis B
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4
Q

Things to do before going overseas: (26)

A
  • Check sure your passport and apply for a visa
  • Get travel insurance
  • Get a travel money card, travel debit card, or travel credit card
  • Create an itinerary
  • Budget for your trip and start saving
  • Know the current climate of your destination
  • Research your destination
  • Make copies of important documents
  • Let people know and register your trip
  • Set up international roaming on your mobile phone
  • Get a health check and vaccinations before you go
  • Tie up loose ends
  • Pack
  • Money
  • Lifestyle
  • Luggage
  • People
  • Food
  • Clothes
  • Water
  • Home
  • Work
  • Vaccinations
  • Passport
  • Language
  • Diseases
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5
Q

Infectious Disease Definition:

A

A disease that easily spreads from person to person.

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6
Q

Non-Infectious Disease Definition:

A

A disease that doesn’t spread to other people.

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7
Q

Symptoms of Malaria:

A
  • Fever
  • Shaking Chills
  • Headache
  • Muscle ache
  • Tiredness
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8
Q

Cause of Malaria:

A

Plasmodium Parasites

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9
Q

Method of Transmission for Malaria:

A

Bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito.

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10
Q

Treatment for Malaria:

A

Prescription drugs to kill the parasite.

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11
Q

Method of Prevention for Malaria:

A

Chemoprophylaxis and protection against mosquito bites.

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12
Q

Symptoms of Typhoid Fever:

A
  • Weakness
  • Stomach Pain
  • Headache
  • Diarrhoea
  • Cough
  • Loss of Apetite
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13
Q

Cause of Typhoid Fever:

A

Typhoid is caused by two different species of Salmonella bacteria.

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14
Q

Method of Transmission for Typhoid Fever:

A

Through sewage contamination of food or water and through person to person contact.

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15
Q

Treatment for Typhoid Fever:

A

Antibiotics like:
- Fluoroquinolones
- Macrolides
- Carbapenems

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16
Q

Method of Prevention for Typhoid Fever:

A

Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and are still hot and steaming. Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled. Lettuce can remain contaminated even after it is washed. Wash your hands with soap and water before eating.

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17
Q

Ways to reduce the risk of contracting a mosquito borne virus:

A
  • use an effective repellent on exposed skin areas. Re-apply repellent every few hours, according to the instructions, as protection wears off from perspiration, particularly on hot nights or during exercise
  • the best mosquito repellents contain diethyl toluamide (DEET) or picaridin. Botanical based products (e.g. eucalyptus, citronella etc.) provide only limited periods of protection
  • topical repellents are not recommended for use on children below the age of 3 months
  • note that prolonged or excessive use of repellents can be dangerous, particularly on babies and young children. Avoid putting repellent near eyes and mouth, spread sparingly over the skin, and rinse off once you are indoors
  • provide mosquito netting, where necessary,both indoors and outdoors
  • cover up as much as possible with loose fitting clothing and sensible footwear. Avoid tight clothes
  • cover your clothes with repellent as mosquitoes can bite through material but be careful as some repellents stain clothes
  • use mosquito coils outdoors and vapourising mats indoors. Notethat devices that use light to attract and electrocute insects have not been proven to be effective in reducing mosquito numbers
  • when camping, use flyscreens on caravans and tents or sleep under mosquito nets.
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18
Q

What is Ross River virus infection?

A

Ross River virus infection is caused by Ross River virus that is spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Ross River virus infection?

A

Symptoms of Ross River virus infection may include:
- fever
- chills
- headache
- muscles and joint pains, stiffness or swelling (particularly in the morning)
- rash on the body, arms or legs
- tired or weakness.

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20
Q

How is the Ross River virus spread?

A

It is spread when a mosquito bites an infected animal or human and then this mosquito bites a human. The virus is not spread directly from person to person.

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21
Q

How do I avoid the Ross River virus infection?

A

There is currently no vaccine against Ross River virus. The best way to avoid the virus is to not get bitten by mosquitoes. Protect yourself:
- use insect repellent. The best mosquito repellents have diethyltoluamide (DEET), picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus
- wear long, loose fitting and light-coloured clothing and covered shoes when outside
- do not spend lots of time outside at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active
- cover all windows, doors, vents, and other entranced with insect screens
- remove any containers that hold water where mosquitoes may breed
- use insecticide sprays, vapour dispensing units (inside), and mosquito coils (outdoors) to clear rooms and repel mosquitoes from an area
- use mosquito nets or screens.

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22
Q

How is Ross River virus infection treated?

A

There is no specific treatment available for Ross River virus infection. Your doctor will be able to advise you on treating the symptoms.

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23
Q

Bacteria Description: (what it is, typical size and examples)

A

Bacteria are single-celled organisms whose DNA is not contained inside a membrane-bound nucleus.

Typical Size: 0.2–5 μm

Examples: Scarlet fever, meningococcal meningitis, impetigo, tuberculosis, leprosy, some throat and middle ear infections.

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24
Q

Viruses Description: (what is consists of, typical size and examples)

A

A virus consists of a piece of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat. Viruses cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell.

Typical Size: 20–300 nm

Examples: AIDS, influenza (the flu), hepatitis, SARS, measles

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25
Q

Protozoans Description: (what it is, typical size and examples)

A

Protozoans are single-celled organisms whose DNA is inside a membrane bound nucleus.

Typical Size: 2–200 μm

Examples: Malaria, toxoplasmosis, amoebic
dysentery, cryptosporidium.

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26
Q

Fungi Description: (what it is made up of, typical size and examples)

A

Fungi are made up of one or more cells that have a cell wall, true nucleus and no chloroplasts.

Typical Size: Varies from 50 μm to much larger (e.g.
mushrooms)

Examples: Thrush, ringworm, athlete’s foot,
onychomysis (a fungal infection of the to
enails)

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27
Q

Microparasites Description: (typical size and examples)

A

Macroparasites can be seen without a microscope.

Typical Size: Size varies greatly but can be seen without a microscope

Examples: Head lice infestation, flea infestation,
elephantitis (caused by a nematode
worm)

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28
Q

Prions Description: (typical size and examples)

A

Typical Size: 0.2–5 μm

Examples:
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Fatal Familial Insomnia.
- Kuru.

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29
Q

1 nm = ? μm

A

1000 μm

30
Q

1 μm = ? mm

A

0.001 mm

31
Q

1 μm = ? m

A

0.000 001 m

32
Q

1 nm = ? μm

A

1000μm

33
Q

1 nm = ? mm

A

0.000 001 mm

34
Q

1 nm = ? m

A

0.000 000 001 m

35
Q

What do most non-infectous diseases relate to?

A

The seven main types of non-infectious diseases are related to:
* nutrition, including overeating, undereating and eating an unbalanced diet
* ageing, the gradual breakdown of body tissues
* cancer, the multiplication of body cells at an abnormal rate
* inherited disorders, which are passed on from your parents’ genes
* mental disorders, with a variety of causes including chemical deficiencies, stress and trauma
* chemical deficiencies that result in metabolic disorders
* environmental diseases resulting from exposure to poisons, asbestos, fire, accidents and drugs.

36
Q

What shape is the tonsillitis bacteria?

A

Round

37
Q

What shape is the anthrax bacteria?

A

Rod-shape

38
Q

What shape is the tetanus bacteria?

A

Rod-shape

39
Q

What shape is the pneumonia bacteria?

A

Round in a chain

40
Q

The prefix ‘diplo-‘, when placed in front of the bacterium’s name, it must mean:

A

Spinal

41
Q

The prefix ‘strepto-‘, when placed in front of the bacterium’s name, it must mean:

A

Twisted

42
Q

The prefix ‘staphylo-‘, when placed in front of the bacterium’s name, it must mean:

A

Bunch

43
Q

How many stages of Binary Fission are there in bacteria?

A

5

44
Q

Explain how improvements in microscope technology have improved our understanding of microorganisms: topic - link - cause - link - effect

A

Microscope technology has improved our understanding of microorganisms because of the lenses in the microscope, which produce the magnified images that allow us to visualise the structure and form of these finest of human beings.

45
Q

Brief history of the microscope:

A

In the late 16th century several Dutch lens makers designed devices that magnified objects, but in 1609 Galileo Galilei perfected the first device known as a microscope. Dutch spectacle makers Zacharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey are noted as the first men to develop the concept of the compound microscope.
- first microscopes allowed us to see detail in an object
- Ernst Ruska and Max Mull created the worlds first functioning electron microscope. These microscopes shoot electrons at their subjects instead of protons. electrons are up to 100,000 times smaller in wavelength than photos (1930s)
- People don’t know for sure who created the microscope first, but think it’s artist Robert Hooke in 1665
- Many years later fabric merchant named Antonie van Leeuwenhoek started designing his own microscopes so he could better examine the fabric quality

46
Q

History of microscopes:

A
  • Circa 1000 CE: The first vision aid, called a “reading stone,” was created (inventor unknown). It was a glass sphere that magnified reading materials when laid on top of them.
  • 1590: Two Dutch eyeglass makers, Zacharias Janssen and son Hans Janssen, experimented with multiple lenses placed in a tube. The Janssens observed that objects viewed in front of the tube appeared greatly enlarged, creating both the telescope and the forerunner of the compound microscope.
  • 1665: English physicist Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed “pores” or “cells” in it.
  • 1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only one lens to examine blood, yeast, insects, and many other tiny objects. He was the first person to describe bacteria, and he also invented new methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses. These techniques allowed for curvatures providing magnifications of up to 270 diameters, the best available lenses at that time.
  • 1872: Ernst Abbe, then research director of the Zeiss Optical Works, wrote a mathematical formula called the “Abbe Sine Condition.” His formula provided calculations that allowed for the maximum possible resolution in microscopes.
  • 1903: Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultramicroscope capable of studying objects below the wavelength of light. For this, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925.
  • 1931: Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron microscope, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. An electron microscope depends on electrons rather than light to view an object. Electrons are sped up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short—only 0.00001 that of white light. Electron microscopes make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom.
47
Q

Size of Human red blood cell (estimated):

A

approximately 7.5 to 8.7 μm

48
Q

Size of Giardia lamblia (estimated):

A

10-20 micrometers

49
Q

Size of Influenza A (estimated):

A

about 70 micro.

50
Q

Size of Paralysis tick (estimated):

A

1mm nymph tick to 10mm fully engorged adult.

51
Q

Size of Coronavirus (estimated):

A

diameter size from 20 nm to as large as 500 nm.

52
Q

Size of Methicillin-
resistant staphylococcus aureus (estimated):

A

between 7 and 12 µm.

53
Q

Size of Salmonella infantis (estimated):

A

0.7-1.5 by 2.0-5.0 µm

54
Q

Size of Prion (unknown) (estimated):

A

less than approximately 15 nm in diameter

55
Q

Size of Malaria parasite (inside RBC) (estimated):

A

diameter of 2–3 μm and a thickness of ∼0.5 μm

56
Q

Size of E.coli (estimated):

A

1.0-2.0 micrometers long, with radius about 0.5 micrometers.

57
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Human red blood cell:

A

N/A

58
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Giardia lamblia:

A

Disease caused:
Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease

symptoms:
Diarrhea.
Gas.
Foul-smelling, greasy poop that can float.
Stomach cramps or pain.
Upset stomach or nausea.
Dehydration.

59
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Influenza A:

A

Disease caused:
Flu is a contagious respiratory illness

symptoms:
fever and chills. headache and muscle aches. feeling tired and weak. sneezing, and stuffy or runny nose.

60
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Paralysis tick:

A

Disease caused:

Australian ticks can cause illness, including Rickettsial infections, Q fever, allergic reactions, paralysis and mammalian meat allergy.

symptoms:
Heavy breathing (panting, noisy breathing and possibly grunting)
Coughing.
Vomiting.
Heavy salivation.
Wobbly legs (especially the back legs – dogs tend to sit but not stand)
Collapse.

61
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Coronavirus:

A

Disease caused:
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

symptoms:
Fever or chills · Cough · Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing · Fatigue · Muscle or body aches · Headache · New loss of taste or smell

62
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Methicillin-
resistant staphylococcus aureus:

A

Disease caused:
pneumonia (lung infection) and other infections.

symptoms:
red.
swollen.
painful.
warm to the touch.
full of pus or other drainage.
accompanied by a fever.

63
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Salmonella infantis:

A

Disease caused:
Salmonellosis—an enteric disease

Symptoms:
Most people with salmonellosis develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.

64
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Prion (unknown):

A

Disease caused:
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome.
Fatal Familial Insomnia.
Kuru.

symptoms:
Rapidly developing dementia.
Difficulty walking and changes in gait.
Hallucinations.
Muscle stiffness.
Confusion.
Fatigue.
Difficulty speaking.

65
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of Malaria parasite (inside RBC):

A

Disease caused:
Malaria

Symptoms:
loss of the normal discoid shape, increased rigidity of the membrane, elevated permeability to a wide variety of ionic and other species, and increased adhesiveness, most notably to endothelial surfaces.

66
Q

Disease caused & symptoms of E.coli:

A

Disease caused:
cholecystitis, bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and traveler’s diarrhea, and other clinical infections such as neonatal meningitis and pneumonia.

Symptoms:
severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting.

67
Q

How does soap work on microbes?

A

SOAP DESTROYS THE VIRUS when the water-shunning tails of the soap molecules wedge themselves into the lipid membrane and pry it apart. SOAP TRAPS DIRT and fragments of the destroyed virus in tiny bubbles called micelles, which wash away in water.

68
Q

How do antibacterial cleaners work?

A

They kill bacteria by causing damage to proteins within the outer layers of the bacterial cell and the whole cell consequently simply splits open and dies.

69
Q

What do bacteria need to grow?

A

They do best in a warm, moist, protein-rich environment that is pH neutral or slightly acidic.

70
Q

Explain: what is the major concern with using antibacterial soaps? (use scaffold: topic - link - cause - link - effect).

A

The major concern with using antibacterial soap is from added chemicals which can reduce the healthy bacteria from your skin.

71
Q

Identify up to 3 locations in the lab where bacteria may be able to grow. Give reasoning to justify your choices.

A
  • Windows: Heat from the sun
  • Door Handles: People put their hands (body heat) to open the door
  • Mr Kennedy: He is a person and radiates his body heat.

Science Year 9 Term 1 2023 (8 decks)

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