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1st Semester Final Review > World Religions > Flashcards

World Religions Flashcards

1
Q

Expirential Dimension

A

Encounter with the sacred (visions, revelations) the emotional dimension. Often connected with rites of passage.

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2
Q

Mythical Dimension

A

Stories that provide answers (Bible, Qur’an), the narrative dimension

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3
Q

Ritual Dimension

A

What believers “do” in practice of their faith, (Mass, Muslim Daily Prayer) transform ordinary into extraordinary

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4
Q

Doctrinal Dimension

A

Belief systems, official formal teachings of a faith, give order and focus (Trinity, Five Pillars of Islam)

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5
Q

Ethical Dimension

A

Belief guide lines (10 Commandments, Buddhist 8-fold path) the “behavior dimension” doctrine influences ethics

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6
Q

Social Dimension

A

Formal organization, human group of believiers in practice (Islamic Mosque, Coptic Christian Church)

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7
Q

Material Dimension

A

The physical dimension, ordinary places that manifest the sacred, the “symbols” of a faith (chalice, Jerusalem, etc.)

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8
Q

The Dreaming

A

The mythic (and ritual) period of the Ancestors where they created various forms of life and geographic formations, organized life into tribes. The spiritual essence of the Ancestors live on in their creation. Participating maintains its order, ritual approach gives access to sacred power at sites.

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9
Q

Ancestors

A

Supernatural beings who emerged and roamed the Earth during the Dreaming. Creates various life forms, organized the first humans, and created language, social customs, and rules.

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10
Q

Totem

A

Symbol of the relationship of the connection between each Aborigine as a living representation of an Ancestor. Natural entity that has special significance for the religious life of that individual or group.

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11
Q

Taboo

A

System of social ordering that dictates that specific objects and activities owing to their sacred nature are set aside for specific people/groups and are strictly forbidden to others

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12
Q

Wilyaru

A

Ritual and social and experiential. Main initiation ritual, men cut arms an let it drip and cake on the initiative. Blood is a connection between Ancestors and living

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13
Q

Ochre

A

Artistic medium, incredible longevity. Dust from stone, like pastels. Ritual, a prscribed order of events that convey meaning

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14
Q

Lakota

A

Plains tradition, hunters of bison, shared many traditions with other Native cultures. Means ally, friend

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15
Q

Wakan Tanka

A

Lakotan name for the supreme reality, means most sacred, Great Spirit. Refers to 16 sperate deities, 4x4 (sacred directions)

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16
Q

Inktomi

A

(Spider) one of the supernatural beings involved in activites such as creation. Was a Lakota trickster figure. Mediator between supernatural and human worlds. Taught people customs

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17
Q

Inipi

A

Sweat lodge, a way of purification

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18
Q

Wiwanyak Wachip

A

Sun dance, celebration of the new year, prepares tribe for annual bison hunt

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19
Q

Hanblechya

A

Vision quest, crying for a vision

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20
Q

Axis Mundi

A

Middle of everything, center of the universe, cardinal directions are sacred

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21
Q

Lakota Emergence Story

A

Lakota people emerge from wind cave, the banished spirits Inktomi (trickster spider) and Anoq-Ita (devil faced women) trick some Lakota to emerge early. Creator turns the early emergers into buffalo to to protecrt them. When the rest emerge they are told to follow the buffalo.

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22
Q

Cosmology

A

Understanding of the universe

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23
Q

Quetzalcoatl

A

Created the universe and the ancient city of Teotihuacan is the origin of the cosmos

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24
Q

Topiltzan Quetzalcoatl

A

Quetzalcoatl’s earthly devotee ruling as a priest-king. Perfect model for authority

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25
Q

5th sun

A

What the Aztecs believed the present age to be and would be destroyed as the last sun. Spacial world had four quadrants extending from the center of the universe. Human sacrifice believed to post-pone the end

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26
Q

Aztecs view of human condition

A

A sort of axis mundi, saw humans to have 2 divine forces connecting the earthly realm to the divine realm.

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27
Q

Similarities between Australian aboriginal, Lakota, and Aztec

A

Human body is sacred, sacred locations, believing in the center of the universe, emergence stories

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28
Q

Rig Veda

A

Hinduisms oldest sacred text. Mythical Dimension

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29
Q

Moksha

A

The ultimate goal of Hinduism, releasement from the cycle of reincarnation

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30
Q

Monism

A

Doctrinal belief that describes Hindu cosmology “that all is one”

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31
Q

Brahman

A

In Hinduism, the one reality that pervades the universe. Makes up everything and is beyond the reach of human perception and thought

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32
Q

Upanishads

A

Philosphical texts of Hinduism contemplating the reality of the self and its connection to all reality, such as rivers to an ocean or branches to a tree

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33
Q

Atman

A

The eternal self, the small part of Brahman that resides in the individual and is reincarnated in Hinduism

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34
Q

Dharma (Hinduism)

A

Ethical dimension, standard for determining “rightness” of an action.

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35
Q

Samsara

A

The wheel of rebirth of the earthly realm

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36
Q

Bhagavad-Gita

A

Hinduism’s most popular sacred texts, teaches of various ways to god. In it Krishna teaches the warrior, reincarnation and duty not connected to a deity nor acts as divine judgement

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37
Q

Karma

A

Ethical dimension, moral law of cause and effect

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38
Q

Jnana Marga

A

(Hinduism) One of the 3 great paths to moksha, based on human tendency to learn, shortest but steepest. Knowledge over ignorance, nature of reality. Expirential dimension. Awareness of the truth, requires reflection and meditation. Features three schools of philosophy

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39
Q

Vedanta

A

A philosphical school of Jnana Marga, faithful to the idea of monism

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40
Q

Maya

A

Taught by Vedanta, the world is a cosmic allusion brought by divine creative power.

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41
Q

Sankhya

A

A philosophical school of Jnana Marga, contrary to the ideas of monism. 2 realities, samsara is when they are mixed

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42
Q

Yoga

A

A philosophical school of Jnana Marga, similar to Sankhya. Emphasizes physical and psychological practice in 8 steps

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43
Q

Samadhi

A

A trance-like state in which consciousness is lost and the mind absorbed into the ultimate reality through the practice of yoga. Final step/goal of yoga.

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44
Q

Karma Marga

A

Path of works, ethical duty.

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45
Q

Ahimsa

A

Non-violence (abstain from meat also)

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46
Q

Marga

A

Path of, way

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47
Q

Bhakti Marga

A

Path of devotion. Focuses on emotional attachment, unconditional love of creation moves focuses the mind and senses on Brahman and Atman. Spiritual energy channeled through worship and offerings. Ritual and material dimensions

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48
Q

Puja (pooja)

A

Hinduism, name for the ritual act of prayer of the gods and goddesses which includes adorning images of the deity with flowers, food, light, and oil.

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49
Q

Darsan (Hinduism)

A

Seeing and being seen by the gods/goddesses during devotional prayer

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50
Q

Trimurti

A

Three major gods of Hinduism, Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu

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51
Q

Avatar

A

Human form of a god

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52
Q

Kama

A

Human desire of pleasure (balanced by dharma) (Hinduism)

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53
Q

Artha

A

Human desire of material success (Hinduism)

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54
Q

Caste

A

Hierarchy

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55
Q

Buddha
Bodhisattva

A

Means enlightened one. Siddhartha Gautama and others who have gained enlightenment
One on his way to becoming a Buddha, but doesn’t obtain Nirvana to guide others. Provides divine assistance and has mythical qualities

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56
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A

Founder of Buddhism, sought a way to heal human condition and suffering, had an enlightened answer

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57
Q

4 passing sights

A

Gautama saw age, disease, death, and a religous ascetic and realized the impurity of the world, but found hope and sought a solution

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58
Q

The Great Going Forth

A

The event of Gautama rejecting sensual/worldly pleasures for finding a cure. Spiritual triumph over physical pleasure

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59
Q

The Middle Way

A

Buddhist doctrine believing that ahealthy spritual life requires a healthy physical life. Complete contentment in body, spirit, and mind.

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60
Q

Kshatriya

A

The warrior class. Gautama belonged to this one

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61
Q

Ascetic

A

Yogi, one devoted to a smple life

62
Q

Mara (maya)

A

God of death tempted Gautama with Discontent, desire, and delight. Experiences detachment

63
Q

Nirvana

A

Buddhist goal, liberation from samsara. Eternal bliss. Enlightenment. Obtained through detachment

64
Q

Sangha

A

Buddhist monastic community, one of the three jewels of Buddhism

65
Q

Dharma (Buddhism)

A

The teachings of the Buddha

66
Q

Buddhism three marks of existence

A

Anatta—no self, no ultimate reality within, no Atman
Annica—impermanence, existence is constantly changing
Dukkha—result of these is “suffering”, 1 of the 4 Noble Truths

67
Q

The Four Noble Truths

A
  1. To live is to suffer
  2. Suffering caused by desire (tanha)
  3. Suffering can cease
  4. Solution is the 8-fold Path
68
Q

Yana

A

Name for the rafts/vehicles symbolizing the cross of the river to Nirvana

69
Q

4 Stages of Life (Hinduism)

A

Student, Householder, Hermit, Wandering ascetic

70
Q

Monotheism

A

Belief in one god

71
Q

Polytheism

A

Belief in many gods

72
Q

Pantheism

A

Identifies god with nature, god is in the laws of nature and he is manifested in the universe

73
Q

Nontheistic

A

Not believing in a (or many) god(s)

74
Q

Transtheistic

A

Neither theistic nor atheistic

75
Q

Questions religions seek to answer

A

The why, what’s the purpose/reason

76
Q

Aborigines

A

People of diverse culture and language, particularly in Australia

77
Q

Reincarnation

A

Rebirth

78
Q

Theravada

A

A raft of Buddhism (the lesser vehicle). “The way of elders.” Focuses on the teachings versus the person. Knowledge of 4 Noble truths and 8-fold, and meditation=monastic lifestyle

79
Q

Mahayana

A

A raft of Buddhism (the great vehicle). Largest division focusing on religious devotion and prayer over cultivation of wisdom. Focuses on the compassion and grace of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. Practices the triple gem

80
Q

Vajrayana

A

A raft of Buddhism (the diamond vehicle). Buddha holds the diamond sceptor (vajra). Fight fire with fire, energy of desire used to obtain enlightenment. Nirvana can be achieved in this here and now.

81
Q

Dalai Lama

A

The spiritual leader of Vajrayana. Believed to be an incarnation of a prominent bodhisattva passed on through rebirth.

82
Q

Mandala

A

Prominent Vajrayana practice of patterned icons that visually excite but are destroyed

83
Q

Mantra

A

Prominent Vajrayana practice of chanted phrases/syllables used to evoke a deity or enhance meditation. Used in Hindusim and other forms of Buddhism

84
Q

Mudra

A

Prominent Vajrayana practice of choreographed hand movements that draws on its energy

85
Q

10 Precepts

A

Guidleines for a moral life, For most just 5:
Don’t take life, take what is not given, engage in sensual misconduct, use false speech, drink intoxicants

86
Q

Adi Granth

A

Sikhism’s most important sacred text. Treated like a human and also called Shri Guru Granth Sahib. Contains the wisdom of the eternal guru

87
Q

Guru

A

A spiritual teacher, when capitalized means the 10 Sikhism leaders, the sacred text, or god.

88
Q

Guru Gobind Singh

A

10th Guru (second greatest), established the Khalsa, military campaigns, and Adi Granth as the last Guru

89
Q

Guru Nanak

A

Greatest of the 10 Gurus, founded Sikhism after a revelation from god and wanted more from life

90
Q

Gurdwara

A

The name for the seat of the holy Sikhism scripture, the place of worship, and the langar meal

91
Q

Haumai

A

Human inclinations of self-centeredness rather than god. Its five vices of lust, anger, greed, attachment, and pride, keeps people in samsara

92
Q

Hukam

A

The end goal of Sikhism is the uniting with the divine will which is called Hukam. The divine order.

93
Q

Jupji

A

Sikhism proffession of faith prayed at the beginning of the day

94
Q

Khalsa

A

The “pure ones” of Sikhism initiated into the community through baptism and wear the 5 K’s and defend the faith

95
Q

Langar

A

Sikhism communal meal that demonstrates dedication to service and equality of all in Sikhism

96
Q

Mool Mantar

A

Statement of Sikh belief stated prior to reading from the sacred scriptures

97
Q

Waheguru

A

Name of the eternal and omnipresent god of Sikhism

98
Q

Buddhism and Sikhism share the belief of

A

A compassion and service to others

99
Q

Confucius

A

Born as a “common gentleman,” was educated, born into a warring states period in China

100
Q

Analects

A

Major text compilation of Confucius’s teachings written years after him, teach the virtues of compassion and respect in all interactions, focus

101
Q

Chun-Tzu

A

Goal of Confucianism, the ideal person, superior person, benevolence with ultimate virtue of loving others

102
Q

5 constant relationships

A

Ruler—Subject
Parent—Child
Husband—Wife
Elder brother—Younger Brother
Elder Friend—Younger Friend

103
Q

Jen

A

(Benevolence) compassion and love for others, a virtue of Chun Tzu

104
Q

Li

A

Proper conduct (5 relationships) whose hierarchy should be earned/responsibilities. Goal is to establish a social order. Virtue of Chun Tzu

105
Q

Shu

A

Compassion/respect for others. Virtue of Chun Tzu

106
Q

Wen

A

Arts of peace, unifying actions instead of acts of war. Poetry, music, relationships, etc. Virtue of Chun Tzu

107
Q

Xiao

A

Filial piety, reverence for family, respect for ones ones parents and ancestors, profoundly for ones living elders

108
Q

Te (Confucianism)

A

Moral character/virtue. Human perfectedness

109
Q

Lao Tzu

A

Founder of Taoism, said to have been born of a shooting star with white hair and wisdom. Around the time of Confucius, but sought solution to the problems in nature.

110
Q

Wu Wei

A

The supreme Taoist virtue, similar to actionless activity, pure effectiveness, yielding to win. Being so intune with nature that it powers you

111
Q

Tao Te Ching

A

Written by Lao Tzu, one of Taoism two fundamental texts. Philosophical text about how one should live.

112
Q

Yin/Yang

A

Balance of opposites, not in contention but harmony

113
Q

Paradox

A

Something that appears contradictory but upon closer inspection proves to make sense

114
Q

Tao

A

The way of nature, ineffable, requires deep contemplation to understand

115
Q

Te

A

Virtue acquired by the individual who lives in harmony with Tao

116
Q

Covenant

A

A promise where something is promised of on both sides

117
Q

YHWH

A

The name of God that was too sacred to be pronounced but is something like this. (Tetragrammaton)

118
Q

Rabbi

A

A teacher

119
Q

Tanakh

A

Common way of reference to the Hebrew Bible. Derived from first letters of of the Hebrew names of its sections Torah (T), Prophets (N), and Writings (K)

120
Q

Torah

A

Revelation of God’s will to the people, first 5 books of the Bible

121
Q

Shema

A

Judaism’s most basic theological statement, “Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord alone”

122
Q

Jesus and Judaism

A

Some believ him to be the phrophecized savior, others don’t because they expect more of a war hero king

123
Q

Jewish oppression

A

Often under some sort of oppression, partly for being one of if not the first monotheistic religion. Holocaust and anti-semitism (prejudice against Jews)

124
Q

Jewish home

A

Believed to be in Israel, the promised land, but its control of it keeps changing

125
Q

Sabbath

A

Seventh day of the week, God created it as a day of rest and work should not be done on it

126
Q

Rosh Hashanah

A

Jewish New Year, (Yom Teruah)

127
Q

Yom Kippur

A

Holiest day for Judaism, fasting and ascetism in atonement for bad behavior

128
Q

Passover

A

In remembrance of the Passover in Egypt

129
Q

Bar Mitzvah

A

Jewish coming of age ritual (Masculine) becomes a son of the commandments

130
Q

Bat Mitzvah

A

Jewish coming of age ritual (feminine) becomes a daughter of the commandments

131
Q

Messiah

A

Annointed one, for some Jews it was Jesus as a savior

132
Q

Apocalypse

A

End of the world, the final coming/battle

133
Q

Ekklesia

A

A called out assembly or congregation (translated to church)

134
Q

Communion

A

To participate/have a spritual bond/a fellowship

135
Q

Eucharist

A

The breaking of bread, the body and blood of Christ

136
Q

Revelation

A

Wisdom/insight from God part of the deposit of faith

137
Q

Sect

A

A division/unit of a larger thing. Christianity is almost/like a sect of Judaism

138
Q

Muhammad

A

The seal of the prophets/founder of Islam. Caravan trader that recieved revelations from God.

139
Q

Seal of the prophets

A

Muhammad as he is seen as the final prophet

140
Q

Qur’an

A

The sacred boof of Islam. Contains many teachings of Muhammad and others, and is never fully translated from Arabic to preserve its beauty

141
Q

Sunna

A

The sunna of the prophet is the teachings and actions of the prophet Muhammad recorded in the hadith (which combined with the Qur’an) is a model for being Muslim

142
Q

Islam means

A

Surrender

143
Q

Hijra

A

Muhammads move to Yathrib (Medina) marking the first date of Islam’s beginning

144
Q

Umma

A

Islamic community

145
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

Declaration of faith
Obligatory prayer
Compulsory giving
Fasting in the month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca

146
Q

Mosque

A

Place of worship for the community of Islam

147
Q

Ramadan

A

The holy month of fasting in Islam, focuses on devotion, community, and reflection

148
Q

Ka’bah

A

In Mecca, in the center of Islam’s most important mosque. Abraham believed to recieve visions/guidance here, first built by him.

149
Q

The triple gem of Buddhism

A

Respect the:
Buddha
Dharma
Sangha

150
Q

Tanha

A

Desire, causes suffering (Buddhism) (one of the 4 noble truths)

1st Semester Final Review (2 decks)

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