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Finals > World History Vocab > Flashcards

World History Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

Economics

A

The study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

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1
Q

Philosophy

A

The study of ultimate concerns including questions of man’s origin, place, and purpose in the universe. Religious deal with these same questions

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2
Q

Government

A

Is established to protect the rights, of citizens and property

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3
Q

Geography

A 
The study of 5 themes: 
Location (exact spot, static)
Place (ex CHS, can move)
Region (associated together)
Migration (people move around)
Human/environment interaction ( how modify to populate)
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4
Q

Sociology

A

The study of how and why people form groups and how groups affect individuals and how individuals affect groups. (Hierarchy).

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5
Q

Out of Africa Theory

A

Homo sapiens sapiens spread out from Africa to other parts of the world 100,000 years ago, replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia

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6
Q

Hominid

A

A human like creature that walked upright. The earliest in Africa 4 million years ago

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7
Q

Homo sapiens sapiens

A

Means “wise, wise human”. The first anatomically modern humans, which appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150000 years ago

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8
Q

Systematic agriculture

A

Keeping animals and growing food on a regular basis

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9
Q

Civilization

A

A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements

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10
Q

Culture

A

The way of life of a people in a certain time and place (something people follow)

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11
Q

Artisans

A

Skilled workers who make things like weapons and jewelry. They can trade them with neighboring people

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12
Q

City-states

A

A state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. Also the basic units of Sumerian civilization

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13
Q

Polytheistic

A

Belief in many gods

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14
Q

Cuneiform

A

“Wedge-shaped” system of writing created by the Sumerians. They made impressive with reed stylus on clay tablets

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15
Q

Theocracy

A

Government established by divine authority

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16
Q

Dynasty

A

A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

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17
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Administrative organization with officials and regular procedures. Has non-elected officials

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18
Q

Monotheistic

A

Believing in one God

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19
Q

Pastoral Nomads

A

Person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moved along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source if nourishment for those animals

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20
Q

Sanskrit

A

The first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 BC. And Indo-European language

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21
Q

Aristocracy

A

An upper class whose wealth is land-based and who passes power from one generation to the next

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22
Q

Dao

A

The proper Way a RULER and his subjects are supposed to follow

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23
Q

Empire

A

A large political unit or state, usually under a single ruler, that controls many peoples or territories

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24
Q

Monarchy

A

Government ruled by a king or queen

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25
Q

Homer

A

Wrote the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey which were later used in education and considered to be true history. They appeared at the end of the Dark Age

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26
Q

Polis

A

The Greek name for city-states which consisted of a city or town and it’s surrounding countryside

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27
Q

Acropolis

A

A fortified meeting place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings in the city- states

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28
Q

Agora

A

An open area that was a gathering place and a market

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29
Q

Democracy

A

A govt by the people or rule of the many. Directly or elected representitives

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30
Q

Phalanx

A

A wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

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31
Q

Tyrant

A

Rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats

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32
Q

Oligarchy

A

Rule by the few. Select group in control

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33
Q

Direct democracy

A

Govt in which the people participate directly in govt decision making through mass meetings

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34
Q

Age of Pericles

A

Period between 461bc to 429bc when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power

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35
Q

Socratic Method

A

Socrates teaching method that used question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reasoning skills

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36
Q

Philosophy

A

An organized system of thought. Greek root meaning “ love and wisdom”

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37
Q

Hellenistic Era

A

The age of Alexander the Great. A period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world(SW Asia). Means “to imitate Greeks”

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38
Q

Caste system

A

Ancient Indian belief that each person was born into a caste, a social group defined by occupation and family lineage. It determined what jobs people could have, who they could marry, and the groups they could socialize with. Partially based in skin color

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39
Q

Nirvana

A

The “ultimate reality” in Buddhism. The end of self and a reunion with the Great World Soul

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40
Q

Silk Road

A

A trade route between the Roman Empire and China, called this because silk was china’s most valuable products

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41
Q

Pilgrims

A

People who travel to a religious place

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42
Q

Vedas

A

Written religious chants and stories. Earliest Indian literature. Recorded in Sanskrit

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43
Q

Confucianism

A

System of Confucian ideas, an important part of Chinese culture. It was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion

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44
Q

Daoism

A

A system of ideas based in the teachings if Laozi. Teaches that the will if heaven is best followers through inaction so that nature is allowed to take it’s course

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45
Q

Legalism

A

Human beings were evil by nature and can only be brought to the correct path through harsh laws

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46
Q

Civil service

A

The administrative service of a govt, not including the armed forces, in which appointments are determined by competitive examination

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47
Q

Republic

A

Leader isn’t a monarch (not a king) and some citizens have the right to vote

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48
Q

Plebeians

A

Social class with minor landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and smaller farmers

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49
Q

Patricians

A

Social group including wealthy landowners who became Rome’s ruling class ( in the roman republic)

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50
Q

Consul

A

2 chosen every year led the govt and led the roman army into battle

Roman republic

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51
Q

Triumvirate

A

A govt by 3 people with equal power

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52
Q

Dictator

A

Absolute ruler

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53
Q

Imperator

A

Command in chief. Latin origin of the word emperor

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54
Q

Paterfamilias

A

Dominant male. He was the head of the household

Roman republic

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55
Q

Clergy

A

Church leaders

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56
Q

Laity

A

Regular church members

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57
Q

Plague

A

An epidemic disease

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58
Q

Inflation

A

A rapid increase in prices

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59
Q

Missionary

A

Person sent out to carry a religious message. Some tried to convert others

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60
Q

Monks

A

One who sought to live a life cut off from ordinary human society in order to pursue an ideal of total dedication to God. They live in monasteries headed by abbots

61
Q

Nuns

A

Woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God. Nuns live in convents headed by abbesses

62
Q

Ordeals

A

Means of determining guilt in Germanic law. Based on the idea of divine intervention. If the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent

63
Q

Patriarch

A

Head of Eastern Orthodox Church, originally appointed by the Byzantine emperor

64
Q

Icon

A

Pictures of religious images

65
Q

Idolatry

A

Worship of religious images

66
Q

Quran

A

The holy book if Islam

67
Q

Hijrah

A

The journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

68
Q

Allah

A

Arabic word for God. The supreme god of Islam

69
Q

Hajj

A

Pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Faith

70
Q

Five Pillars of Faith

A

Acts of worship every Muslim must perform. This includes belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage

71
Q

Muslim

A

People who practice Islam

72
Q

Bedouin

A

Nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts

73
Q

Caliph

A

Religious and political leader successor to Muhammad of the Muslims

74
Q

Jihad

A

“Struggle in the way of God”- defensive warfare

75
Q

Shia

A

Muslims who only accepted the descendants if Ali as the true leaders of Islam

76
Q

Sunni

A

Muslims who didn’t all agree with Umayyad rule but accepted them as caliphs

77
Q

Dowry

A

A gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the brides parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

78
Q

Feudalism

A

Political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects. Novels offered protection and land in return for service

79
Q

Vassal

A

A man who serves a lord in a military capacity under feudalism

80
Q

Knight

A

Member of the heavily armored cavalry under feudalism

81
Q

Fief

A

A grant of land made to a vassal. The vassal held political authority within his fief

82
Q

Feudal contract

A

Unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal under feudalism

83
Q

Chivalry

A

Idea of civilized behavior that gradually evolved among the nobility. It was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold

84
Q

Serf

A

Peasants legally bound to the land. Had to do labor, pay rent, and be subject to the the lord’s control

85
Q

Manor

A

Agriculture estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

86
Q

Partician

A

Members of the wealthiest and most powerful families. Landowners

87
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Middle class, merchants or artisans and professional people

88
Q

Common law

A

Law that was common to the whole kingdom. It was developed in England

89
Q

Magna Carta

A

“Great Charter” if rights. King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede

90
Q

Parliament

A

English representative govt that included 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England. Eventually they split into the House of Lords and the House of Commons

91
Q

Estates

A

A social or political class

92
Q

Khanate

A

One of several territories into which Genghis Khan’s empire was split each under the rule of one of his sons

93
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

Evolved form of Confucianism in response to Buddhism and daoism. Teaches the world is real, not an illusion , and that fulfillment comes from participation in the world

94
Q

Samurai

A

“Those who serve” Japanese warriors similar to the knights in Europe. Fought on horseback and wore a helmet and armor. They carried a sword and bow

95
Q

Bushido

A

“The way of the warrior” the strict code by which Japanese samurai were supposed to live

96
Q

Shinto

A

” the Sacred way” or “the way of the gods”. The Japanese state religion. It believes in the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation

97
Q

Zen

A

A sect of Buddhism that became popular with Japanese aristocrats and became part of the samurai’ code of conduct. Under Zed there are different paths to enlightenment, either instantaneous or long meditation

98
Q

Theravada

A

“The teachings of the elders” a school of Buddhism that developed in India. It’s followers view Buddhism as a way if life

99
Q

Mahayana

A

School if Buddhism that developed in northwest india, stressing the view that nirvana can be achieved through devolution to the Buddha. It’s followers considered the Buddha a divine figure

100
Q

Lay investiture

A

Practice by which secular rulers both choose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their offices

101
Q

Interdict

A

Decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacrament of the church to the people

102
Q

Sacrament

A

Christian rites

103
Q

Hersey

A

The denial of basic church doctrines

104
Q

Crusade

A

Military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the holy land from the Muslims

105
Q

Infidel

A

An unbeliever, a term applied to the Muslims during the crusades

106
Q

Theology

A

The study of religion and god

107
Q

Anti-semitism

A

Hostility towards or discrimination against Jews

108
Q

Lineage groups

A

An extended family unit that has combined into a larger community

109
Q

Matrilineal

A

Tracing lineage through the mother

110
Q

Patrilineal

A

Tracing lineage through the mother

111
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Practice of growing just enough crops for personal use, not for sale

112
Q

Stateless society

A

A group of independent villages that were organized by clans and ruled by a local chieftain or clan head. No central government

113
Q

Maize

A

Corn

114
Q

Quipu

A

A system of knotted string used by the inca people for keeping records

115
Q

Mercenary

A

A soldier who fights primarily for pay

116
Q

Burgher

A

A member of the middle class who lived in the city or town

117
Q

Republic

A

A form of govt in which the leaders is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

118
Q

Humanism

A

Intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history

119
Q

Vernacular

A

The language of everyday speech in a particular region

120
Q

Perspective

A

Artistic techniques used to give the effect of 3D depth to 2D surfaces

121
Q

Christian humanism

A

Aka northern renaissance humanism. The goal was to reform the Catholic Church and encouraged classical learning and individualism

122
Q

Indulgences

A

A release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after dealth

123
Q

Lutheranism

A

Developed by Martin Luther and the first Protestant faith. Believed salvation could be achieved by faith alone, not good works

124
Q

Justification

A

Process of being deemed worthy of salvation by God

125
Q

Predestination

A

Belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned (the reprobate)

126
Q

Jesuits (society of Jesus)

A

Formed in 1540 by ignatius of Loyola. They swore absolute loyalty to the pope and they used education to spread Catholicism

127
Q

Caravel

A

A small fast maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually 3 masts with lateen sails

128
Q

Colony

A

A settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent govt by trade and direct govt control

129
Q

Conquistador

A

A leader in the Spanish conquest of the Americas

130
Q

Merchantilism

A

A set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century. It held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver

131
Q

Middle passage

A

The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

132
Q

Creole

A

Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and living there permanently

133
Q

Mestizo

A

A person of mixed European and Native American descent

134
Q

Mulatto

A

A person of mixed African and European descent

135
Q

Peninsulare

A

Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe. Lived temporarily in the Americas usually for political or economic gain before returning to Europe

136
Q

Encomienda

A

A system if labor where Spanish landowners forced native Americans to pay taxes and provide labor. In return the landowners were expected to protect them and ensure they were instructed in catholic faith. They were allowed to use native Americans by queen Isabella

137
Q

Armada

A

A fleet of warships

138
Q

Inflation

A

A rabid increase in prices

139
Q

Huguenots

A

French Protestants influence by John Calvin. Made up 40-50% of the French nobility

140
Q

Puritans

A

Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas. Believed the church needed further reform that sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

141
Q

Cavaliers

A

Supporters of King Charles 1 in the English civil war

142
Q

Roundheads

A

Supporters of the parliament in the English civil war

143
Q

Csar

A

Russian for Caesar; the title used by Roman emperors

144
Q

Prussia

A

Led by Frederick William he made an army of 40,000 which was the the 4th largest in Europe. He also set up the General war commissariat which have the army the most control

145
Q

Peter the Great

A

Absolute monarch of Russia. He wanted to westernize Russia so he modernized the army and used the W technology. Also he introduced customs, practices, and manners. He moved the capital to st. Petersburg so he could trade more easily with the west

146
Q

Kepler

A

Discovered the orbit around the sun isn’t circular but an ellipse. He used math to prove Copernicus’s theory, and discovered planetary motion

147
Q

Copernicus

A

Sun the center of the universe- heliocentric

The sun moves because the earth rotates on it’s axis

148
Q

Galileo

A

Found mt on moon, jupiters 4 moons, and sunspots.
Perfected the telescope
Found Venice and Mars were planet that are earth like

149
Q

Newton

A

3 laws of motion
Explained why planets go around the sun
Gravity is the force of everything
Gravity attracts everything together

150
Q

Descartes

A

Philosopher who wrote discourse on method.
“I think therefore I am”
Separation of mind and body
Father of modern rationalism

151
Q

Bacon

A

Developed and encouraged the scientific method.
Used inductive reasoning
Wanted to use science help humanity grow

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