World History Terms Flashcards
Gunpowder empire
Formed by outside conquers who unify regions through superiority in weapons ( Ottoman Empire )
Sultan
“Holder of power”; military and political head of state under Seljuk Turks and ottomans
Shah
King used in Persia and Iran
Daimyo
Heads of noble families in japan. Controlled lots of land estates and relied on the samurai for protection
Janissary
Soldiers in elite guard of the ottoman Turks. Served the ottoman leader, the sultan. Usually Christians converted to Islam
Isolationalist
A policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations (Korea)
Bureaucracy
Administrative organization that relies on non elected officials and regular officials
Philosophe
French for philosopher. Applied to all intellectuals during the enlightenment
Separation of power
From of govt in which the executive, judicial, and legislative branches limit and control each other through checks and balances.
used in England and came up by French noble Montesquieu
Social contract
The concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community
Created by Rousseau
Laissez-faire
Concept that the state shouldn’t impose government regulations but leave the economy alone
Means to let people do what they want
Made by Adam smith
Enlightened absolutism
A system in which rulers tried to govern by enlightened principles while maintaining their full royal powers
Federal system
Form of govt in which power is shared between the national and state government
US constitution
Estate
One of the 3 classes into which the French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy(1st estate), the nobles (2nd estate) and townspeople (3rd estate)
Clergy
First estate
Cardinals, bishops, head of monasteries, and parish priests
130000 people
Nobility
2nd estate
350000
Lead positions in govt, mil, law courts, and Roman Catholic Church
Didn’t have to pay tax
Peasants
3rd estate
80% of it
Had pay nobles to use flour mill or wine press
Have harvest nobles crops certain amount of days
Bourgeoise
3rd estate Middle class Merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Declaration of the rights of man
Made by National Assembly, based on English Bill of right and the Declaration of Independence and constitution
All men free and equal in law, no inherited offices, all people pay tax, freedom of speech and press
Catholic Church
Big influence on old French govt and enemies of the revolution; bishops and priests now elected instead of picked and state pay their salaries
Limited monarchy
Still a king but something else makes the laws
In France legislative assembly make laws
Assemble has 745 elected representatives
Dictatorship
1 person in charge of everything
Presidency
Elected official in charge but doesn’t have all the power
Radicals
Political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change
Reactionaries
Conservatives that oppose social and political change
Reign of Terror
Committee of Public Saftey ( lead by Robespierre) killed 40000 people who were thought to be a danger or traitor to France. People usually killed by guillotine or were shot
Consulate
Government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government
Napoleonic Code
300 legal systems made into 7 codes
Had equality of citizens in front of law, right to choose jobs, religious toleration, no serfdom. Women take step back and now have no property and no role in public
French empire
Inner core of grand empire. France to Rhine river and including n Italy. Napoleon took over Spain, holland, Italy, Swiss republic, Warsaw, and confederation of Rhine ( all German states except Austria and Prussia )
Liberalism
Political philosophy originally based
On enlightenment principles,
People be as free as possible from govt restraint on civil liberties- basic rights of people be protected
Constitution
Basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group the determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people
Congress of Vienna
Gb, Austria, Prussia, and Russia meet and exile Napoleon to st Helena. They put French nobility back in power and put in checks and balances
Balance of power
Keep any 1 country from dominating Europe. Balanced political and military forces
Ex: Russia gained more land so new territories given to Austria and Prussia
Great Britain in the industrial revolution
Where industrial revolution first began. Food more plentiful and cheaper so population grows. Has lots resources and easily transport goods. Cotton production increased because of spinning jenny, water powered loom,
And steam power. Iron industry and railroads made
Coal production
Used to power stream engines and started off iron industry
Capital
Money available for investment. Like in gb in industrial rev
Corporations
Business organization that has a separate legal entity with all the rights and responsibilities of an individual, including the right to buys and sell property, enter legal contract, and sue
Like cotton factories
Monopolies
When a country or corporation has complete control of an area, like the iron industry and Great Britain
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another. Like people from farms moving to cities to work in the factories
Urbanization
When something becomes more urban or city like. In industrial revolution
Rural
Country area
Factory
Building to manufacture lots of the same goods quickly ( in industrial rev)
Raw materials
Materials like coal, iron, and coal that can be processed into a finished product
Markets
Where things are bought and sold
Great Britain had lots market to sell finished products throughout colonial empire
Mechanization
More machines developed in industrial rev to help make work easier and more efficient
Universal male suffrage
Right of all males to vote. In second French rev to set up provisional govt
Multinational empire
Empire in which people of many nationalities live
Like Austrian empire
Militarism
The reliance on military strength, like Prussia
Kaiser
German for Caesar. The title of the emperors of the second German empire
William I of Prussia
Cash crop
Crop grown for sale instead of personal use
helped grow economy and increase exports
Individuality
Total character that distinguishes an individual from others
In romantic times men would grow beards and men and women would wear crazy clothes
Assembly line
Make by Henry ford. Manufacturing method that allowed more efficient mass production of goods
Mass production
Production of goods in quantity usually by machinery
Proletariat
The working class who is oppressed by the middle class in Marx theories
Capitalist
Believes in capitalism. People independently invest in things without as much govt control
Market economy
Economic system where people buy and sell based on demand
Communism
Where the whole state holds all the property. Nothing is yours
Trade unions
Workers organized them to improve working conditions by striking
Sufferage
Women believed need suffrage or right to vote
Social Darwinism
Theory used by western nations to justify their dominance. Based on Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest
Also used to justify racism
Dictatorship
I person in charge of everything
Countries took over colonies and set up little dictatorships
Protectorate
A political unit that depends on another government for its protection
Like Vietnam under the French
Assimilation
Colonies being absorbed into the larger countries
Indirect rule
A colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status
Dutch east India company on Dutch East Indies
France and s Vietnam
Direct rule
Colonial govt in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country
Gb in Burma
France in n Vietnam
The Boer Republics
Made up of Afrikaners ( descendants of Dutch settlers) went to make orange free state and Transvaal (south African republic) only like white people and in constant battle with native Zulu people
Dollar diplomacy
Diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or effect it’s purposes in foreign relations by the use of its financial resources
US do to Latin America
Extraterritoriality
Living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws
Europeans living in china
Spheres of influence
Areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading right hand mining privileges
Europeans in China
Open door policy
Proposed by US Secretary of State john hay in 1899, stated all powers with sphers of influence in china would respect equal trade opportunities in china and not set tariffs, giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country
Archduke of Ferdinand
Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. He was murdered in Bosnia by princip
Lead to start of ww1 when Austria declare war on Serbia. Germany back Austria and Russia back Serbia
Mobilization
The process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war
Russia mobilize against Austria
Propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
Trench warfare
Fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire like in WW1
The western front
War of attrition
War based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses like in WW1
Total war
War that involved the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battle field
WW1
Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks and led revolution with help of soldiers, workers, and peasants. Lenin had all real power but let congress of soviet seem like they do
Bolsheviks
Small Marxist party originally called the Russian social democrats
Soviet
Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers
War communism
WW1 Russia government control banks and most industries. Took grains from peasants and centralized state administration under communist control
Armistice
A truce of agreement to end fighting. Signed by Germany
Woodrow Wilson
Potus of the US. Made 14 Pt for peace agreements
14 Points
Said no more secret diplomacy, reducing military, people have own nations, make democratic govt,
Mandate
Territory temporarily governed by another country on behalf of the League of Nations
France take Syria
Britain take Iraq and Palestine
The Great Depression
Low economic activity and rising unemployment, but worldwide
Collective bargaining
The right to negotiate with employers over wages and hours
New deals in France and US
Deficit spending
When a govt pays out more money than it takes through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt
Used by Keynes is gb to make jobs even if go in debt
Facism
Philosophy that glorifies the state over the individual. Needs strong govt control lead by dictator
Italy
Mussolini
Leader of fascist Italy
Totalitarian state
Govt wants control over political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural control over citizens
Italy, Germany, Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
Politburo member who took over Russia. Became dictator and made 5 yr plan to make Russia industrial
Nazism
National socialist German’s workers party
Hitler
Leader of nazi and became dictator of Germany
Concentration camps
Camps where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of a minority group are confined, typically under harsh conditions
Aryan
People speaking Indo-European languages; nazi use as racial designation and identify Aryans with ancient Greeks and Romans and 20th century Germans and Scandinavians
Genocide
Deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group
Armenian genocide
Ethnic cleansing
Policy of killing or forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands; used by the Serbs against the Muslim minority in Bosnia
Nationalism
Arabs have strong nationalism
Pan africanism
Unify all Africans regardless of nation
Lead by Garvey a Jamaican intellectual
Civil disobedience
Refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust
Gandhi’s tactics
Gandhi
Indian leader who tries to get independence through non violence
Mao Zedong
Chinese communist leader
Want revolution lead by peasants
He and People’s Liberation Army take long march
Appeasement
Satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability
Great Britain did not respond with force when Germany take Rhineland
Sanctions
Restrictions intended to enforce international law
Japan attack china and US tell to stop because it’ll stop selling japan oil and iron
axis powers
Germany, Italy, Austria
Allied powers
Uk, US, France, Russia
Blitzkrieg
German for lightning war; a swift sudden military attack; used by Germans in WW2
Isolationalism
Policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations
US refuse take pt in WW2
Neutrality
Refusal to take sides or become involved in wars between other nations
US refuse take pt in European wars after WW1
Kamikaze
Japanese for divine wind; suicide mission in which young Japanese pilots intentionally flew their airplanes into US fighting ships as sea
The blitz
British term for the German air raids on British cities and towns during world war 2
Genocide
The deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group
Germany and the Jews
Collaborator
A person who assists the enemy
People who helped the nazi hunt down the jews
Policy of containment
Plan to keep something such as communism within it’s existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves
Us contain Soviet Union
Arms race
Building up armies and stores of weapons of keep up with the enemy
Us and Soviet Union with making nuclear weapons
Deterrent
During Cold War, us and soviet policies of holding huge supplies of nuclear weapons to prevent war, each nation believed that neither would launch a nuclear attack since both sided knew that the other side could strike back with devastating power
Commune
In china during 1950s, a group of collective farms, which contained more than 30,000 people who lived and worked together
Under Mao great leap program
Proxy war
A war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as subs instead of fighting each other directly
Us and Soviet Union fight within Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba
Domino theory
Idea that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will also fall
Why us help south Vietnam
Discrimination
Prejudicial treatment usually based on race, religion, class, sex, or age
Women treatment in s and se Asia
Pan-Arabism
Arab unity, regardless of national boundaries
Lead by Nasser, Syria and Egypt join to make united Arab republic
Other Arabs suspicious
Apartheid
Apartness, the system of racial segregation in South Africa from the 1950s until 1991
Afrikaners make laws to separate whites and blacks
Trade embargo
A policy prohibiting trade with a particular country
Us do to Cuba
Cartels
Groups of drug business
Cocaine grew in Columbia
