World history semester 1 final Flashcards by Addison Minor

1st monotheistic religion; started by the Hebrews; uses Ten Commandments and the Torah; connected to Christianity and Islam

Judaism

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One of the greatest accomplishments of Alexander the Great; blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian cultures

Hellenism

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Used Mandate of Heaven and an examination system based on Confucianism; Silk Road

Han Dynasty

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Empire that ruled India’s “golden age” – achievements in mathematics like pi, zero, numerals

Gupta Dynasty

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Oldest world religion; Began in river valley India; Based in reincarnation and the strict caste system

Hinduism

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System of government where all citizens make decisions by voting; 1st practiced in Athens, Greece

Democracy

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Belief system based on the teachings of Jesus; follow Ten Commandments and the Bible

christianity

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A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes proper social relationships, filial piety and respect

Confucianism

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His assassination by the Roman Senate led to a civil war that led to the fall of the Roman Republic

Julius ceasar

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The world’s 1st civilization; Hammurabi’s Code; Cuneiform writing influenced the Phoenician alphabet

Mesopotamia

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System of government in which citizens elect representatives (Senators) who make laws for people

roman republic

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Includes their legal system, arches, domes, engineering, republic, Latin language, Christianity

roman achievments

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama; based on Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to reach nirvana

buddhism

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System of government in which one single ruler, like Augustus, governs the people

empire

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Caused by internal weakness (political issues, inflation, bad leaders) and invasion by Germanic tribes

Fall of the roman empire

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One of the 1st empires; used the Royal Road and coins; Were tolerant; Practiced Zoroastrianism

persia

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This term means civilizations (like Greece, Rome, Han, Gupta) that developed ideas that are still used today

classical

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Important transition from hunting and gathering to farming; led to the development of civilizations

Neolithic Revolution

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A 207 year period of peace and prosperity when Rome achieved its greatest height; Started under Emperor Augustus

Pax Romana

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Includes geometry (Euclid & Pythagoras), drama, columns, theater, philosophy (Socrates, Plato & Aristotle), democracy

Greek achievements

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City-states like Athens and Sparta; Developed because the mountainous geography of Greece made unity difficult

Greek polis

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Civilization that had an advanced calendar, hieroglyphics, pharaohs and pyramids along the Nile river

egypt

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Included magnetic compass, smallpox inoculation, mechanical clock, gunpowder, printing press

Chinese achievements

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Merchant who traveled from Italy to China and wrote his story; served in Kublai Khan’s court

Marco Polo

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1st leader of the Mongol Empire and his grandson; ruthless in battle but tolerant as rulers

Genghis and kublai Khan

Guidelines for Muslims; includes profession of faith, prayer five times a day, almsgiving, hajj and fasting during Ramadan

Five Pillars of Islam

Group that migrated through Africa spreading their farming techniques, language and religion

Bantu

Means “cube” in Arabic; It is a holy shrine in Mecca and the focus of the Muslim pilgrims on the Hajj

Ka'aba

A disagreement over who should lead led to this split within Islam

Sunni/Shia Split

Civilization in the Andes Mountains that tightly controlled their empire, had quipu, built roads and bridges, and were polytheistic but emphasized the Sun god

Inca

Blending of Arabic and Bantu languages created this language

Swahili

Period of peace and prosperity that included trade between Europe and Asia

Pax Mongolica

The transfer of ideas, culture and religion; usually happens as a result of trade or conquering

Cultural diffusion

Civilization that developed an accurate calendar, built pyramids, had city-states and glyphs

Mayans

Holy book of Islam

Qur'an

Connection of Jews and Christians to Muslims; refers to the common beliefs, ideas and prophets of all three religions share

"people of the book"

Title given to one of Muhammad’s successors; leaders of the Islamic Empire

Caliph

Included algebra, chemistry, medicine (Ibn Sina), geography (Ibn Battuta), calligraphy and art

Islamic Achievements

Civilization centered around Lake Texcoco, built chinampas and practiced human sacrifices

Aztecs

Exchange of gold and salt between Muslim Arabs in North Africa and West Africans

Trans-Saharan trade

Originally nomadic group of people that were able to take over Russia, the Islamic Empire, China and the central Asian steppe

Mongols

West African kingdoms that gained wealth from the gold-salt trade; leaders include Sundiata and Mansa Musa(who made the hajj to Mecca); center of learning at Timbuktu

Ghana, Mali, and songhai

Sailor that led the “treasure fleet” of junks across the Indian Ocean to Africa, Arabia and India

Sheng He

“Mother” civilization of Mesoamerica; created large head statues

Olmecs

A corrupt practice of the Catholic Church that helped lead to the Protestant Reformation

Indulgences

A medieval economic system; Peasants farmed the land for noble lords

Manorial System

A Renaissance ideal that focused on individual achievement and a belief in human potential

Classicism

A medieval political system; Noble lords offered protection by using castles and loyal knights

Feudalism

A Renaissance ideal that valued Greco-Roman ideas and styles

Humanism

An 800-year era during which Western Europe lacked trade, learning, cultural diffusion

Middle ages

Artist, inventor, scientist was a “Renaissance Man”; Painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

Leonardo da vinci

Author of The Prince which gave advice to kings such as “be feared, not loved”

Machiavelli

Believed in justification by faith; Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses; He was the first “protestant”

Martin luther

Influenced by Slavs, Vikings, and Byzantine Empire; Led by a “czar”; Used the Cyrillic alphabet

Russia

Invented the moveable-type printing press; His invention lowered price of books and led to a rise in literacy throughout Europe during the Renaissance

Johannes gutenberg

Meetings during the Counter-Reformation during which the Catholic Church ended indulgences but affirmed salvation through good works; Formed the Jesuits led by Ignatius of Loyola

Council of Trent

Painter and sculptor known for realism; Sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

One of the few powerful kings during the Middle Ages; King of the Franks; Spread Christianity

Charlemagne

Protestant reformer who believed in predestination; Believed in a government led by the “elect” who ruled through a theocracy

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who broke from the Catholic Church and formed the Anglican Church

Henry VIII

The official religion of the Byzantine Empire after the Great Schism; Led by the Byzantine Emperor and the patriarch; Did not accept use of icons

Orthodox Christianity

The written laws that provided order in the Byzantine Empire; Created from Roman laws

The justinian code

The official religion of Western Europe in the Middle Ages; Led by the Pope

roman catholicism

Wealthy trade city that served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire; The city preserved Greco-Roman ideas; Location of the Hagia Sophia cathedral

Constantinople

Weakened the power of feudal lords; Encouraged trade and helped lead to the Renaissance

Crusades and the black death

Wealthy trade city where the Renaissance began; Home of the Medici family of bankers

Florence

The journey to the Americas that was the middle point(leg) of the triangular trade route.

Middle passage

Began in Mecca and conquered Arabia, North Africa, Persia; Led by caliphs; Developed chemistry and algebra

Islamic Empire

An 800 year era in Western Europe after the fall of Rome; Feudalism; Manorial system

Middle ages

Created a navigation school in Portugal; Portuguese explorers led to Age of Exploration

Prince Henry

Criticisms of the Catholic Church led to new Christian religions under Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII

Protestant Reformation

Devil’s horsemen; Largest land empire in history; Protected the Silk Road; Tolerant rulers

Mongols

Created gunpowder, magnetic compass, paper money; moveable-type printing; Began to actively trade with foreigners

Tang and Song Dynasties

Economic theory that encouraged European nations to create colonies; The idea was that the mother country in Europe should use colonies to create a favorable balance of trade

Mercantilism

Trade moving across the Atlantic Ocean

Triangular trade

Greece, Rome, Han China, Gupta India

Classical Civilizations

Introduction of European goods and ideas (horses, grains, diseases) to America and the introduction of New World goods (potatoes, corn, tobacco) to Europe

Columbian Exchange

Mayans had an accurate calendar and glyphic writing; Aztecs had chinampas and sacrifices

Mesoamerican Societies

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China

River Valley Civilizations

Navigation device and new ship design that provided the technology to allow exploration

Astrolabe and Caravel

Portuguese explorer who first traveled around Africa to find a new route to Asia

Vasco daGama

Rebirth of learning, trade, trade; Perspective, realism in art; Secular topics in literature

Renaissance

Scientists who used logic and reason to develop new understandings of gravity and solar system

Newton, Copernicus, Galileo

The first document to limit the power of the English monarch; Led to the creation of Parliament

Magna carta

Trade route that brought slaves from West Africa to the American colonies

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The first explorer to lead an expedition to circumnavigate the world

Ferdinand Magellan

The Justinian Code; Eastern Orthodox Church

Byzantine empire