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World History I > World History I, Exam 2 > Flashcards

World History I, Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors Contributing to Empire

A

Prolonged period of drought - > social upheavals, migrations -> collapse of ssettled societies and governments. Shortage of food -> people leave communitites in search of food and fertile land.

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2
Q

Climate Change (Egypt)

A

Pharohs focused on securing food supplies, while repelling invaders from land and sea

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3
Q

Climate Change (Anatolia)

A

Hittite kings dispatch envoys to request grain from neighboring regions

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4
Q

Climate Change (Greece)

A

Mycenean societies begin to collapse as exports of wine, olives, and timber falter

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5
Q

Climate Change (East Asia)

A

Dust storms reduce soil’s ability to retain moisture, which results in soil infertility. Think dust bowl in america

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6
Q

Migrations

A

Migrants driven by climate change disrupt centers controlled by kings, priests, and dynasties. Invaders from the peripheries of society assault urban centers, causing collapse of many of these once powerful states.

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7
Q

Definition of Qanat

A

A gently sloping underground channel or tunnel constructed to lead water from the interior of a hill to a village below.

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8
Q

Ancient Persia (the roots)

A

Today’s borders would consist of: Iran(the heart), Turkey, and parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. prior to establishment of Persia, Iran fell under the Median Empire.

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9
Q

Origin of the terms ‘Persia’ and ‘Persians’

A

Greeks called the region Persia because the Persian Empire emerges from a region known as Persus.

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10
Q

How did the Persian dynasty emerge?

A

Emerged when Cyrus of Persia overthrew the emperor of the Median Empire, who was also his grandfather. This marks the dawn of the Achaemenid dynasty.

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11
Q

Why was Cyrus II known as Cyrus the Great?

A

Overthrew the Median Empire

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11
Q

Why was the Achaemenid empire not the Cyrid?

A

Cyrus II claims to descend from Achaemenes, a powerful noble… unsure if he actually existed

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12
Q

People like Herodotus are known as…

A

The “father of history”

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13
Q

Achaemenid Empire lasts around ____ years, until it was conquered by ____________ in _____ BCE

A

200 years, Alexander the Great, 334 BCE

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14
Q

Cyrus the Great conquers:

A

Lydian Empire, 1st, Located on the western half of the Anatolian peninsula in modern-day Turkey; seizure of gold mines, land, and trade routes.
Neo-Babylonian Empire, 2nd, significant because Cyrus frees the Jews from Babylonian captivity and resettles them in Jerusalem.

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15
Q

Cyrus the Great is benevolent!

A

Under Cyrus II, the Persians asserted power and created a gentler form of imperial rule.
Points to his victory in Babylon that the cities, god’s had turned against Nebuchadnezzar II(The Babylonian king)

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16
Q

Cyrus the Great dies!

A

The throne is passed onto Cambyses II (son), continues to attempt to conquer Egypt.

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17
Q

Darius the Great or Darius I

A

Overcame main rival for power and placed the empire on solid footing by suppressing revolts and through he establishment of a two-pronged bureaucratic structure.

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18
Q

How far did the Persian empire go?

A

From the Indus Valley to northern Greece and from central Asia to the south of Egypt.

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19
Q

What was the Persian official language?

A

Aramaic

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20
Q

Darius used what to bring wealth to the imperial center?

A

Satrapy, they were closely watched

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21
Q

Definition of Satrapy

A

A province in the Persian Empire, ruled over by a governor, called a satrap, who was usually a relative or associate of the king.

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22
Q

Darius tries to conquer the Greeks

A

Greeks fight back with the help of the Athenians, this makes Darius mad, so he also goes after the Athenians around 490 BCE. The beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars.

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23
Q

What does the Vedic Period refer to?

A

Time in history c. 1550-500 BCE. during which Indo-Aryans settled into southern Asia.

24
Q

Indo-Aryans = ?

A

Vedic peoples

25
Q

Vedic peoples arrived in the Ganges Plain, bringing what?

A

Their own language, culture, and religious practices.

26
Q

Most of what we know from the Vedic age is derived from what?

A

The Vedas, the oldest scriptures in the Hindu religion

27
Q

Vedic civilization was a mixture between…

A

Indo-Aryan and Harappan cultures

28
Q

Location of Vedic civilization:

A

The Ganges Plain aka Ganges River basin

29
Q

Early Vedic Period (c.1550-1000 BCE)

A

Originally illiterate pastoralists with no experience in urban life.

Brought elaborate rituals and hymns that articulated their beliefs. Later recorded in Sanskrit.

Early communities led by religious specialists; changes during Later Vedic Period.

30
Q

Late Vedic Period (c. 1000-500 BCE)

A

Vedic society settles down. - Iron plow, agricultural surpluses (rice), development of urban settlements.

Iron axes and plows led to agricultural surpluses and cultivation of new crops: Barley and wheat.

Development of new skills in carpentry, leather working, pottery, textiles, and wine making.

31
Q

Definition of Caste system

A

A fixed social group into which an individual is born within a system of social stratification

32
Q

Definition of Varna

A

The four broad ranks of the caste system in the Indo-Aryan culture that classified people into groups based on their roles and duties

33
Q

Vedic Social Structure (in ORDER)

A

Brahmans (Priests and academics)
Kshatriyas (warriors, political administrators, and kings)
Vaishyas (artisans, merchants, tradesmen, and farmers)
Shudras( commoners, peasants, and servants)
UNOFFICAL fifth tier: “untouchables”, social outcasts and considered the lowest dredges of society

34
Q

What are the four Vedas?

A

Rig Veda 1500-1200
Yajur Veda 1200-900
Sama Veda 1200-900
Atharva Veda 1200-900

35
Q

what do the Veda hymns consist of?

A

Prayers, rituals, and philosophical teachings, written in Sanskrit.

36
Q

what does Veda mean?

A

“wisdom”… bonus! sages most likely composed these

37
Q

What are Hellenes?

A

what the Greeks called themselves because they were from Hellas

38
Q

When did the Hellenistic Period begin and end?

A

Began with the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Augustus in Rome

39
Q

Where do the first traces of Greek language and culture come from?

A

Crete

40
Q

Crete = ?

A

Minoans

41
Q

Mycenae = ?

A

Myceneans

42
Q

What is the Minoan Civilization named after?

A

The mythical king Minos

43
Q

What is the Minoan civilization known for?

A

The large palace complexes, most famous is Knossos

44
Q

Palaces weren’t only for royal residences

A

They were also centers of political, economic, and religious activity.

45
Q

What were the Minoans renowned for?

A

Their vibrant frescoes depicting the scenes of nature, animals, and religious ceremonies, often demonstrating a strong connection to the sea.

46
Q

What were the Minoans views on religion?

A

Polytheistic and heavily centered around goddess worship, particularly of a Mother Goddess often associated with fertility.

47
Q

What animal was a religious symbol for the Minoans?

A

Bulls were religious symbols, and rituals like bull-leaping may have been religious practice.

48
Q

What type of goods did the Minoans export?

A

Exported pottery, olive oil, metalwork, and imported materials like copper; tin, and luxury items.

49
Q

Minoan Decline & Collapse

A

Scholars don’t fully understand why the Minoan civilization declined, but theories include volcanic eruption, earthquakes, and Mycenaean invasions from mainland Greece.

50
Q

Prominent city-states of Mycenaeans:

A

Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens

51
Q

Mycenaeans were the precursor to…

A

Classical Greek culture

52
Q

Mycenaean civilization was led by an…

A

aristocratic ruling class and powerful kings

53
Q

Mycenaeans were skilled at what?

A

Metalworking, they produced elaborate weapons and armor, their craftsmanship reflected their wealth and influence

54
Q

The Mycenaeans built what type of palaces?

A

Fortified palace complexes on hilltops that were surrounded by thick walls.

55
Q

Mycenaeans were also proficient in producing…

A

swords, spears, shields, and armor, all of which were cast in bronze

56
Q

What caused the collapse of the Mycenaeans?

A

Scholars aren’t too sure, their theories range from internal conflict to invasion by Sea Peoples, natural disasters, and/or economic strife

57
Q
A

World History I (2 decks)

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