World History Honors Grade 9

Question 1

What were the causes and impacts of the scientific revolution?

Answer 1

Causes - new inventions/discoveries that questioned the ones that were originally found/made

Impact - affected production and distribution as well as the creation of small hierarchies.

Question 2

Heliocentrism vs. Geocentric

Answer 2

Helio - The idea that the Earth and its fellow planets revolve around the sun.

Geo - The idea that the Earth is the center of our solar system.

Question 3

Geocentrism

Answer 3

The idea that the earth is at the center of our solar system.

Question 4

Bacon

Answer 4

Known as one of the fathers of modern science and the scientific method.

Question 5

Newton

Answer 5

Formed the laws of motion and gravity.

Question 6

Copernicus

Answer 6

Came up with the theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system.

Question 7

Kepler

Answer 7

Came up with 3 laws of motion

Question 8

Galileo

Answer 8

-found caters/mountains on the moon.
-Found Jupiter’s moons
-discovered the phases of Venus
-invented the very first pendulum clock

Question 9

Locke

Answer 9

Agreed with Hobbes that government should help keep order in a society
Viewed the government as a contract between the ruler and the ruled
Optimistic view of human nature
Thought that man was essentially good and reasonable
Thought that rulers should only stay in power if they had the consent from those they were ruling over
If the ruler was a tyrant, then their subjects were allowed to rebel against them
People had natural rights (Rights = privileges / Natural Rights = rights given to us by nature)
Believed that man had natural rights to life, liberty, and property

Question 10

Hobbes

Answer 10

Thought that man was inherently evil (man would kill another man for food and/or shelter)
Claimed that life would be “nasty and short”
Believed that man gave up their freedom and agreed to obey a ruler. In exchange, the ruler ensured peace and order. The best government was the one that the ruler had absolute control over.
Wrote a book about this called “The Leviathan”

Question 11

Voltaire

Answer 11

Thought that all things should be explained reasonably and logically
Believed in freedom and respect for individuals
Against any form of religion because he thought that religion was too powerful

Question 12

Montesquieu

Answer 12

Thought that the powers of government should be separated into three branches (separation of powers)
Each branch of government would keep the others from gaining too much power

Question 13

Rousseau

Answer 13

Said that people both make and obey the laws
Believed that what is good for a whole is better than what is good for a class or individual
Preached the “common good” or “good will”

Question 14

Philosophes

Answer 14

The group of thinkers in France who would get together to share their thoughts/ideas in places called “salons”
Created the very first encyclopedia

Question 15

French Revolution - First Estate

Answer 15

Made up of the clergy (those who work for the church)
Less than 1% of the population
Consisted of rich and poor
Were not taxed

Question 16

French Revolution - Second Estate

Answer 16

Made up of the nobility who earned their titles and wealth from the person who came before them
Made up about 2% of the population
Even though some of the people didn’t have much money, they still had the privileges of a noble (most were wealthy)

Question 17

French Revolution - Third Estate

Answer 17

Made up 97% of the French population
All peasants
The only people being taxed

Question 18

Bourgeoisie
Bastille

Answer 18

Local citizens in Paris steal weapons from a hospital, and then storm the Bastille
They manage to kill the guards and prison commander

Question 19

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 19

Members of the Third Estate were upset because they were being outvoted by the first two Estates, even though they had the most members
They went to a tennis court on the property and decided that they wanted fairness

Question 20

National Assembly

Answer 20

King Louis forces the First and Second Estates to join the National Assembly
A victory for the Third Estate
They write “The Declaration of the Rights of Man”
“Men are born free and equal in their rights….These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.
The fundamental source of all sovereignty resides in the nation.
The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to take part personally, or through representatives, in the making of the law.”

Question 21

Jacobins vs. Sans Culottes

Answer 21

Jacobins - a revolutionary political club of mostly middle-class lawyers and intellectuals

Sans Culottes - working-class men and women who were not in the Legislative Assembly

Question 22

4 Causes of World War One: Nationalism / Militarism/Alliances/Imperialism

Answer 22

Imperialism - A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nationalism - Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people

Militarism - The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Alliances - A relationship based on an affinity in interests, nature, or qualities

Question 23

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Answer 23

The beginning of the war was when he was killed by Gavrilo Princip
He was the ruler of the Austro-Hungarian empire

Question 24

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare / Zimmerman Note

Answer 24

Telegram, written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, is a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States

Question 25

The Schlieffen Plan

Answer 25

In case of the outbreak of war, Germany would attack France first and then Russia

Question 26

Western Front / Stalemate

Answer 26

The western side of territory under the control of Germany, which was also fighting on its eastern flank for most of the conflict

Question 27

Central Powers vs. Allied Powers

Answer 27

Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Allied Powers - France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan

Question 28

US Entry into the War

Answer 28

Germany’s resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships

Question 29

Germany post WWI

Answer 29

Germany was forced to take all the blame, making them upset

Question 30

Totalitarianism

Answer 30

A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state

Question 31

Stalin –
Five-Year Plans,
Collectivization,
Scorched Earth Policy

Answer 31

Five Year Plans = Concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods

Collectivization = The act of making something apply to a group of people as a whole rather than as individuals

Scorched Earth Policy = Burning the villages/towns in Russia so that Germany would have nothing to steal from

Question 32

Mussolini – Fascism, invasion of Ethiopia

Answer 32

Fascism = When a country’s power is held by one ruler or a small group under a single party

Invasion of Ethiopia = British troops entered the capital Addis Ababa, and Haile Selassie returned in triumph on May 5th

Question 33

Japan –Expansion / Militarism

Answer 33

Expansion = They attempted to cross the Pacific ocean to expand their territory

Militarism = the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Question 34

Hitler – Weimar Republic

Answer 34

Weimar Republic = Germany’s government from 1919 to 1933

Question 35

Third Reich

Answer 35

The Third Reich, which the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich

Question 36

Mein Kampf

Answer 36

A book by Hitler

Question 37

Hitler - Violations of Treaty of Versailles

Answer 37

Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Pact by sending German military forces into the Rhineland

Question 38

Weakness of League of Nations

Answer 38

Absence of major powers, reliance on unanimous decisions, lack of a military force, and failure to prevent aggression by major powers

Question 39

Appeasement

Answer 39

The name given to Britain’s policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked

Question 40

Invasion of Poland

Answer 40

The invasion lasted from September 1 to October 5, 1939. As dawn broke on September 1, 1939, German forces launched a surprise attack on Poland

Question 41

Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers

Answer 41

Allied = USA, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union

Axis = Germany, Italy, and Japan

Question 42

Nazi-Soviet Pact (non aggression)

Answer 42

The pact was an agreement of convenience between two bitter enemies. It permitted them to carve up spheres of influence in eastern Europe, while pledging not to attack each other for 10 years. Less than two years later, however, Hitler launched an invasion of the Soviet Union.

Question 43

Blitzkrieg

Answer 43

Germany’s strategy to avoid a long war in the first phase of World War II in Europe.

Question 44

Battle of Britain

Answer 44

British victory in the Battle of Britain was decisive, but ultimately defensive in nature in avoiding defeat, Britain secured one of its most significant victories of the Second World War.

Question 45

US Entry into WWII

Answer 45

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, destroying planes and killing many people

Question 46

Japanese Tactic - Kamikaze

Answer 46

In view of the tide of the war turning beyond Japanese control, air commanders proposed the desperate act of suicide-crashing enemy ships with their planes

Question 47

Holocaust

Answer 47

Murder of millions of Jews
Systematic
Called “The Final Solution”
Kristallnacht
Extermination camps were where Jews were taken to be killed
Concentration camps were where Jews were take to work
Ghettos were where the Jews were sent while they figured out where they were going
They rode on trains to get to the camps, but they rode in farm animal cars

Question 48

Hiroshima / Nagasaki

Answer 48

Both were places where the atomic bombs that Oppenheimer created were dropped, causing major destruction

Question 49

Please explain how WWII proved man’s inhumanity toward man. You must reference specific content that we learned in class.

Answer 49

WWII proved man’s inhumanity towards man because it showed how cruel people can be to other people who aren’t like them. The Nazis were slaughtering people who were Jewis, homosexuals, and gypsies. The people they killed had done absolutely nothing wrong. They were simply being killed for their beliefs or their sexuality. For example, on the night of November 9, 1938.

Question 50

Was appeasement the right policy? Yes or no. You must reference specific content that we learned in class.

Answer 50

No. The fact that Britain allowed Hitler to expand Germany’s territory unchecked, probably gave Hitler this feeling of power which ultimately led to more destruction and violence. It is understandable that Britain wanted to get on their good side, but regardless, it wasn’t the right call.

Question 51

Please describe why the French Revolution occurred by describing the conditions in France leading up to it. You must reference specific terminology and content that we covered in class.

Answer 51

The people of the Third Estate in France were very angry about how they were being treated, and they were angry that they were the only Estate being taxed. They felt that it was very unfair that they had no say in what was going on in their own country. And the fact that they couldn’t buy any food, the fact that they were not being paid fairly, and the fact that their living conditions were poor.