World History Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What type of government was used before the Enlightenment?
A
Monarchy
2
Q
During the Dark Ages, whose happiness was the most important?
A
The Rulers
3
Q
After the Enlightenment, whose happiness was the most important?
A
Common people
4
Q
What are the three Natural Rights?
A
- Life - Liberty- Property
5
Q
How was the French and Indian War important in bringing about the American Revolution?
A
Britain beat France for control of N America, and to pay for the debt they tried to tax the colonists
6
Q
Describe the living conditions for the peasants.
A
Very little food, usually a one room house with dirt floor and one bed to share. Clothing was rough, beige and each person had only one set. etc
7
Q
In what two ways did the American Revolution help to bring about the French Revolution?
A
Our success inspired the French to revolt
France went into debt helping us pay for our revolution
8
Q
How did Enlightenment ideas helped bring about the American and French Revolutions?
A
John Locke’s introduced ideas of government’s job is protecting natural rights, and the French and British governments weren’t protecting them
9
Q
What is the Enlightenment?
A
An explosion of ideas, focusing on individual rights and happiness through logic and reason
10
Q
What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?
A
Increased food production
Increase in urban population
11
Q
Where did Industrialization first start?
A
England
12
Q
What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?
A
Large urban population Stable economy Many natural resources Stable Govt Large harbors already built Large Trade network Rivers for Transportation Plenty of fuel
13
Q
Which industry was the first to industrialize?
A
Textiles
14
Q
What are four long term effects of Industrialization?
A
More individual wealth Better health and life expectancy Growth of a middle class Better education building codes and regulations enforced
15
Q
What does laissez-faire mean?
A
Hands off
16
Q
Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?
A
Gov’t hand’s off of business
17
Q
Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?
A
Individuals
18
Q
How does the “invisible hand” work?
A
The combined buying habits of an economy will tell businesses what to make and at what price to sell it without government involvement
19
Q
What are three positives of capitalism?
A
Efficient at the small scale
Incentive for hard work
Incentive for invention
20
Q
What is the main idea of Socialism?
A
Major businesses only would be controlled by the government, the rest would be owned by individuals
21
Q
Give three examples of the “major businesses.”
A
Transportation
Banking
Energy
22
Q
What book laid out the idea of Communism?
A
Communist Manifesto
23
Q
Why and how would the lower classes take control, according to the Communist Manifesto?
A
The lower classes would violently revolt against the upper classes because the working conditions and pay would continue to get worse until the poor could take it no more
24
Q
In Communism, who owns the businesses?
A
Government
25
When is communism efficient?
At the National scale
26
What are two problems with Communist theories?
Inefficient at small scale
| No incentive for hard work or new ideas
27
What is the definition of Imperialism?
A stronger country controlling a less powerful country for the purpose to dominating the social, political, and economic life of the colony
28
What are seven reasons to that Europeans wanted to have colonies?
```
Natural Resources
New markets
Spread religion
Racism (Social Darwinism)
Nationalism
Control Trade Routes
Military bases worldwide
```
29
What were four problems that the Europeans faced in getting African colonies before Industrialization?
Rough terrain
Equal weaponry
Impassable rivers
Malaria
30
What inventions were made during industrialization that helped the Europeans get around these problems?
Railroads
Steamboats
Quinine
Maxim Gun
31
What aspect of Africa did the Europeans focus on during the Berlin Conference?
Natural Resources
32
What aspect did they ignore?
Cultural and ethnic boundaries
33
What consequence did cash crop plantations have on the Africans?
Starvation
34
What are Geopolitics?
The importance of a location is based on where it sits in the world
35
How did the Sepoy Rebellion bring about changes in Imperialism in India?
Sepoy rebellion ended the rule of the East India company, and started the British Raj
36
What is the Raj?
Period of time that British government controlled India
37
Describe Hawaii before the United States took it over?
It was an independent country with its own language, religion, and government
38
What did the Bayonet Constitution do?
Took power away from the King and gave it to the American planters
39
What did we promise the Filipinos when we went there?
Help defeating the Spanish, then freedom
40
What are the four causes of World War I?
Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Alliance System
41
Who was in the Triple Alliance?
Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary
42
Who was in the Triple Entente?
France, Russia, England
43
Once the war had started, what were the Triple Alliance countries known as?
Central Powers
44
Once the war had started, what were the Triple Entente countries known as?
Allied Powers
45
The rise of which country broke the balance of Europe?
Germany
46
The goal of the Schlieffen Plan was to keep the Germans out of what kind of war?
To avoid a 2-Front war
47
What event triggered the start of World War I?
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
48
What group was responsible for the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
The Black Hand
49
The Germans stopped advancing, and were pushed back into Belgium. What are two reasons this happen?
Britain and Russia entered the war
50
How many miles of trenches were dug in WWI?
5,000
51
Which front is known for its extensive system of trenches?
Western
52
Why were machine guns important?
Made the usual head on attack completely ineffective
53
What was the original purpose for tanks?
To cross no man’s land
54
What city saw the first use of poison gas?
Ypres, Belgium
55
What are U-Boats, and what did Germany use them for?
German submarines, used to mine harbors and sink supply ships heading to Allied countries
56
What is no mans land?
The area between the trenches
57
Who pushed the Russians to enter before they were ready? Why?
The Allies, they needed to have the Germans split their army (2 front war)
58
Who fought on the Western Front?
Germany vs England, France, US
59
Who fought on the Eastern Front?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans vs. Russia
60
What was the biggest problem with the Russian war effort?
Constantly under supplied
61
Why were the Russian soldiers under supplied?
Russia wasn't industrialized, and the Allies couldn't ship them goods
62
What was Russia’s main contribution to World War I, strategically?
To distract Germany, and force them to fight a 2-front war
63
What were two reasons given against the United States joining the war?
Not our problem, we should fix our problems here
64
How did unrestricted submarine warfare help to draw the US into the war?
Germany was sinking passenger ships, and killed American citizens when they sunk the Lusitania
65
How did our loan amounts to Germany and the Allies help to draw the US into the war?
We loaned 2.5 Billion to the Allied countries, and only 25 million to Germany. Only the winner would be able to repay, so we wanted England and France to win
66
What were the most important six points in Wilson’s 14 Point speech?
```
Colonies should rule themselves
Get rid of tariffs
Free navigation of the seas/no sub warfare
Reduce military size
No secret alliances
Create League of Nations
```
67
When does the war officially end?
11:00 a.m. November 11, 1918
68
What treaty brought the war to a close?
Treaty of Versailles
69
How many troops died overall? Which side had more killed?
8.5 million, Allied powers
70
Besides the death rate, what are two other effects of WWI?
Spread of the Spanish Flu, Europe was a rubble pile, the became the world’s dominant economy, etc
71
What was the primary goal of the French and British delegates?
Punish Germany
72
What was the War Guilt Clause and why was it so important?
Forced Germany to admit full responsibility for WWI, and were required to pay an absurd amount of money
73
How much was the German government supposed to repay after the war?
$64 Billion
74
What was the effect of the Treaty of Versailles on the German people?
It was humiliating and destroyed their economy
75
What kind of government style did Russia have before its revolutions?
Monarchy
76
What is a czar?
Russian king
77
What is a pogrom?
Government organized violence against Jews and their property
78
Why did Lenin go to Germany for decades?
To avoid arrest until the conditions were good for him to come back and lead the revolution
79
What were the workers asking for on Bloody Sunday?
No child labor, better working conditions, pay, etc
Rights to vote, speech, religion, etc
Duma
Free health care
80
What happened to the protesters?
Nicholas’ officers ordered them shot
81
What is a duma?
Russian Parliament
82
Why does Russia lose so many battles in WWI to Germany?
Poorly trained officers
Poorly trained troops
Lack of supplies
Lack of technology
83
What action did Nicholas II take to end the riots of the March Revolution?
Stepped down as king
84
What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk do?
Ended Russia’s involvement in WWI, but gave up huge chunks of land to Germany
85
Who did the Red Army fight during the Russian Civil War?
The White Army
86
What sort of people were in the White Army?
Capitalists, Royalists, Advocates of Democracy, other countries, anti-communists
87
What is the NEP, and how does it work? Was it successful?
New Economic Policy, it was a small form of capitalism used to jump start the Russian economy. Peasants were able to keep a portion of their crops to sell for profit.
It was very successful
88
What are three political reforms made by the Bolsheviks when they gained control?
Changed the name of the country to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Moved the capital to Moscow
Divided the country into "Republics" to help with running the country
89
Who took over after Lenin died? How did he accomplish this?
Josef Stalin, he accused the older party members of being traitors, and then filled their positions with people who were his friends
90
What are four methods that dictators use to control their people?
Police State
Censorship
Religious persecution
Propaganda
91
What is censorship? Why does it work?
Keeping all negative views from the public eye,It works because if people don’t know something is happening, they won’t be upset
92
Who was the Red Guard, or Red Army?
The Communist’s Army
93
Who were the Bolsheviks?
The Communist party in Russia
94
What is Propaganda?
Using biased or false information to sway people to accept the government’s opinions
95
What kinds of things would (communist) propaganda stress?
Pro-Communist ideas
Problems with capitalism
hard work
Self sacrifice
96
Describe what a police state is, and why it works to keep people in line.
The government relies on “secret police” to kill or intimidate any opponents, this keeps all opposition voices down, and makes the population too afraid to speak out
97
What were the Five Year Plans, and what did the first one focus on?
Stalin's plan to get the USSR industrialized quickly, heavy industry such as iron, coal, concrete, etc
98
What is a collective farm?
A government owned farm in the USSR
99
Why did millions of Indians join the British Army during WWI? Did they get it?
They were promised a start to self rule, of course not
100
What was the Amritsar Massacre?
A festival in northern India was seen as a protest by the British, and their troops fired on the crowd, killing unarmed, peaceful Indians. Turned many Indians against the British overnight.
101
What were two of Gandhi’s most important strategies to take on the British?
Civil Disobedience and non-violence
102
What is Civil Disobedience?
Deliberately and openly disobeying laws you find unjust
103
Why was Gandhi leading the Salt March?
To make his own salt as a protest to the Salt Tax
104
What was the result of the Salt March?
The British beat defenseless Indians and world opinion tuned against them. This lead directly to self-rule for India
105
Why was the Wiemar Republic despised by the German people from the start?
They were blamed for losing the war
They were the government who signed the Treaty of Versailles
They purposely ruined their economy through hyperinflation
106
What led to hyperinflation in Germany?
The government printed money to pay the Allies from WWI
107
What are two reasons that the US economy grew so fast after WWI?
We never had to rebuild our country
| We sold weapons and materials to the Europeans
108
What were the underlying structural problems with our economy?
Too much money in the hands of too few
Overproduction led to falling prices and layoffs
Too much was bought on credit
109
What was the trigger that started the Great Depression?
Stock market crash
110
How did most countries get out of the Great Depression?
Governments spent huge sums of money (building war materials, roads, public buildings, reducing taxes, etc.)
111
What are 2 beliefs that all fascists share?
A glorification of the military, and aggressively using it to attack other countries
A belief in the superiority of their own race
112
In what ways are fascists similar to Communist dictators?
Run country through use of a police state
Use of Censorship
Use of propaganda
replace religion with leader worship
113
What two institutions did both Hitler and the Nazi party despise?
Treaty of Versailles
| Wiemar Republic
114
What was the Beer Hall Putsch, and was it successful?
Hitler's first attempt at seizing power. He planned to take the Wiemar leaders captive, and force them to join him in leading a march on Berlin. The army killed dozens of supporters, and Hitler was jailed for treason
115
What were Hitler’s views on race that he wrote about in Mien Kampf?
The Aryan (Germans) were responsible for all culture that was positive. Jews and Communists were responsible for all negative things.
116
What is Lebensraum? What does Hitler want to do with it?
Living room, he wanted to expand his empire's borders and fill it with more Germans
117
What event caused the German public to again take notice of Hitler? Why?
Great Depression,
Hitler told them it was the Jew's fault, he would punish them, and how the Nazis would lead Germany back to greatness.
He also was a strong man who was looked at as the only person who could restore order and prevent Communists from taking over
118
What was the Enabling Act?
The law that made Hitler dictator
119
What is the Anschluss?
The joining of Austria and Germany
120
How did Hitler gain control of the Sudetenland?
He said there were Germans who lived there, and demanded control of the area. The French and British gave it to him to stop a war
121
What was appeasement, and who was its biggest supporter?
Giving in to an aggressor in order to prevent a war, Neville Chamberlain
122
Who were the Axis power? What did they have in common?
Germany, Italy, Japan, all were fascists
123
What was the Non-Aggression Pact?
An agreement between Stalin and Hitler not to go to war with each other during WWI
124
Why did each side sign it?
Both got land
| Hitler prevented a 2-front war
125
What was the first country the Nazis took over by force?
Poland
126
What does Blitzkrieg mean, and how does it work?
Lightening War, it is overwhelmingly powerful, and strikes without warning
Air attacks, followed by tanks, and troops on the ground
127
What happened at Dunkirk?
The Germans surrounded the French at the coastal city of Dunkirk, and the British Navy and civilians brought nearly 1000 boats to ferry the troops to England
128
Why was it a positive for the Allies?
The saved 338,000 troops to fight Hitler later
129
How was it also a disaster for them?
It left France totally undefended
130
Why didn’t Hitler invade Britain?
It was an island and would have cost too many lives
131
What was his alternative strategy to deal with them?
Bomb them into surrender
132
What technology helped to save the British?
Radar
133
Who broke the Non-Aggression Pact?
Hitler
134
What were the Russians doing as they retreated? Why?
Burning everything so the Germans wouldn't have anything to use for food, fuel or shelter
135
In what way did the blitzkrieg backfire for the Germans?
They outran their supply lines
136
What happened to the German Army outside Moscow?
They dug in and most froze to death
137
What was the purpose of the Nuremberg Laws?
Took away the Jewish citizenship, which meant they no longer had protected rights or were allowed to vote
138
Why was Kristallnacht an important milestone in the Nazi state?
Was the first time that open violence was used against the German Jews
139
What was the difference between concentration and extermination camps?
Concentration camps were used to house political, criminal, and other “undesirables” and used them as slave labor
Extermination camps were only meant to kill its prisoners (Jews, Communists, Russians, etc.) as efficiently as possible
140
Why did the Japanese attack us?
They thought we would enter the war anyway, and it would be better to try an knock us out before we could get ready to attack.
141
WHAT is Pearl Harbor? When is it attacked?
A naval base in Hawaii
| Dec. 7, 1941
142
Why did it become symbolic? (Stalingrad)
Because of the name
143
What battle saw the most people killed in history?
Stalingrad
144
How many troops did the Allies pull together to re invade France, and where did they put them?
3.5 million
| England
145
When and what is D-day
The day the Allies re invaded France
| June 6, 1944
146
Why was the landing in France a big problem for Hitler?
It forced him into a 2 front war
147
What is island hopping?
The process of taking an island from the Japanese, and using it as a base of attack to go after the next one, eventually ending at the Japanese home islands
148
Why did we not want to invade the Japanese home islands?
It would be too costly in terms of lives lost
149
What did we do instead?
Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and they surrendered
150
How many were killed?
100,000 instantly, 300,000 more from radiation poisoning and cancer
