world history final Flashcards
Primary Source
Original materials from the time being studied (e.g., diaries, photographs, letters).
Secondary Source
Analysis or interpretation of primary sources (e.g., textbooks, articles).
Oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern
Monotheistic Religion Definition
Belief in one god
Three Religions
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Aristocracy
Rule by the wealthy or noble class
Absolute Monarchy
A monarch has complete control without constitutional limitations
Limited Monarchy
A monarch’s power is restricted by a constitution or parliament
Military Dictatorship
Government controlled by military leaders
Oligarchy
Rule by a small group of powerful individuals
Direct Democracy
Citizens directly vote on laws and policies
Republic (Representative Democracy)
Citizens elect representatives to make decisions
Anarchy
Absence of a government
Athens
Direct Democracy
Rome
Republic
Quinine
Definition: A medicine used to treat malaria. Helped Europeans survive in tropical regions during colonization.
Heliocentric
Sun at the center (correct)
Geocentric
Earth at the center (incorrect)
Locke
Natural rights (life, liberty, property), favored democracy
Montesquieu
Separation of powers, checks and balances.
Rousseau
direct democracy.
Voltaire
Advocated for freedom of speech and religion.
Hobbes
Believed in a strong central authority, supported absolute monarchy
Wollstonecraft
Advocated for women’s rights and equality
Enlightenment and Revolutions
Inspired ideas about liberty, equality, and democracy, leading to revolutions like the American and French Revolutions.
Enlightened Despots
Definition: Absolute monarchs who adopted Enlightenment ideas.
Examples: Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great (mixed effectiveness).
French Revolution Inspiration
Inspired by the American Revolution.
Causes of the French Revolution
Economic inequality, heavy taxation of the Third Estate, and inspiration from Enlightenment ideas.
First Estate
Clergy (privileged).
Second Estate
Nobility (privileged).
Third Estate
Commoners (98% of the population, paid most taxes).
Tennis Court Oath FRENCH REV
Pledge to draft a constitution.
Storming of the Bastille FRENCH REV
Symbol of revolution against tyranny.
King Louis XVI
Executed during the revolution.
Napoleon
Rose to power, expanded France, exiled after failures
Marie Antoinette
Executed during the revolution.
Robespierre
Led the Reign of Terror, executed.
Napoleon’s Successes
Napoleonic Code, military conquests.
Napoleon’s Failures
Invasion of Russia, continental system, defeat at Waterloo
Nationalism
intense pride and loyalty to one’s nation.
Independence Leaders
Toussaint L’Ouverture: Haiti, led slave revolt.
Simón Bolívar: South America, led independence movements.
José de San Martín: South America, helped liberate Argentina, Chile, Peru.
Industrial Revolution
Change in Production: From hand-made to machine-made goods.
Origin: Great Britain (England)
First Products: Textiles.
Positives and Negatives of Industrialization
Positives: Increased production, economic growth.
Negatives: Poor working conditions, pollution, child labor.
Children in Industrialization
Long hours, dangerous jobs, low pay, little to no education
Meiji Restoration
- political revolution in Japan that restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji and ended centuries of Tokugawa shogunate control
-transformed Japan into a modern, industrialized nation by centralizing power, reforming its military, economy, and education system, and adopting Western technology and practices - This period marked Japan’s emergence as a global power and laid the foundation for its rapid modernization
Berlin Conference
-meeting of European powers organized by Germany to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa during the era of New Imperialism. No African leaders were invited.
-aimed to avoid conflict among European nations over African territories and resulted in the division of the continent into colonial territories without regard for existing African cultures, languages, or political boundaries
