World history and Geography study guide

Question 1

was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.

Answer 1

John Locke

Question 2

is an economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are absent of any form of economic interventionism such as regulation and subsidies.

Answer 2

Laissez Faire

Question 3

was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. He is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory.

Answer 3

Thomas Hobbes

Question 4

was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Answer 4

Enlightenment

Question 5

counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.

Answer 5

Checks and Balances

Question 6

was a French judge, a man of letters, and a political philosopher. He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Answer 6

Montesquieu

Question 7

a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body.

Answer 7

Veto

Question 8

was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights. Until the late 20th century, her life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships at the time, received more attention than her writing

Answer 8

Wollstonecraft

Question 9

was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity—especially the Roman Catholic Church—as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

Answer 9

Voltaire

Question 10

a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

Answer 10

Freedom of Speech

Question 11

Usually, they acknowledge the presence of several interlinked factors but vary in the weight they attribute to each one.

Answer 11

Causes of the French Revolution

Question 12

1814–1815 was one of the most important international conferences in European history. It remade Europe after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I.

Answer 12

Congress of Vienna

Question 13

Church

Answer 13

First estate

Question 14

Nobility

Answer 14

second estate

Question 15

commons

Answer 15

third estate

Question 16

a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter it was known as the National Constituent Assembly, although the shorter form was favored.

Answer 16

national assembly

Question 17

was a parliament of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether.

Answer 17

National convention 1792

Question 18

On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate took the (blank), vowing “not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established”. It was a pivotal event in the French Revolution.

Answer 18

Tennis court oath

Question 19

occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval armory, fortress, and political prison are known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris.

Answer 19

The storming of the bastille

Question 20

was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

Answer 20

Agricultural Revolution

Question 21

was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

Answer 21

Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

Question 22

are a Nguni ethnic group in Southern Africa. These people are the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa with an estimated 10–12 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. They originated from Nguni communities that took part in the Bantu migrations.

Answer 22

Zulus

Question 23

decided to be neutral so the British or french couldn’t get his land. … because Americans had fought for their independence from Britain, most of them disliked the idea of colonization.

Answer 23

Siam’s independence

Question 24

remained independent until 1935, when Italy under Benito Mussolini invaded the country but only for a brief stint. … The very same year, the disposed of the country’s ruler, Emperor Haile Selassie regained his throne.

Answer 24

Ethiopia’s independence

Question 25

a member of the Dutch and Huguenot population that settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century.

Answer 25

Boers

Question 26

A young African American man from Virginia named Joseph Jenkins Roberts declared this colony in West Africa an independent republic on July 26, 1847. The following year he became the first elected president of the new country.

Answer 26

Liberia’s Independence

Question 27

was a Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest President of the Philippines and the first president of a constitutional republic in Asia.

Answer 27

Emiliano Aguinaldo

Question 28

was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death in 1913 and King of Shewa. At the height of his internal power and external prestige, the process of territorial expansion and creation of the modern empire-state was completed by 1898.

Answer 28

King Menelik

Question 29

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, this was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

Answer 29

Social Darwinism

Question 30

by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine–American War, which exhorts the United States to assume colonial control of the Filipino people and their country.

Answer 30

“White Man’s Burden”

Question 31

a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Answer 31

Imperialism

Question 32

In the 1890s he also emerged as one of the country’s strongest voices in support of American imperialism, a philosophy that held that the nation needed to expand its sphere of influence around the world to ensure its continued primacy and to save heathen cultures.

Answer 32

Josiah Strong

Question 33

a leader in the Mexican civil war following the overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz. he became the first president of the new Mexican republic.

Answer 33

President Carranza

Question 34

was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern and central parts of South America’s successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.

Answer 34

Jose de San Martin

Question 35

was a Venezuelan soldier and statesman who played a central role in the South American independence movement. He served as president of Gran Colombia (1819–30) and as dictator of Peru (1823–26).

Answer 35

Simon Bolivar

Question 36

was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, he first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence.

Answer 36

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Question 37

officially the Civil Code of the French is the French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force, although frequently amended. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

Answer 37

Napoleonic Code

Question 38

a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Answer 38

Democracy

Question 39

was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

Answer 39

Treaty of Versailles

Question 40

into the German Empire, a Prussia-dominated state with federal features was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.

Answer 40

Unification of Germany

Question 41

is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access, on the British Isles notably common in Scotland.

Answer 41

Tenement housing

Question 42

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Answer 42

Romanticism

Question 43

is one of the most well-known English authors of the 19th century. His works, which include Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, and A Christmas Carol, use (blank) to show the harsh life during his lifetime, which was during the Industrial Revolution that took place in England.

Answer 43

Charles Dickens Realism

Question 44

was a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

Answer 44

Louis Pasteur

Question 45

was an American inventor, widely known for inventing the cotton gin, one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

Answer 45

Eli Whitney

Question 46

was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, he studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843.

Answer 46

Karl Marx

Question 47

was an English cleric, scholar, and influential economist in the fields of political economy and demography.

Answer 47

Thomas Malthus

Question 48

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Answer 48

Proletariat

Question 49

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Answer 49

Socialism

Question 50

A benchmark used by a company or
estimator to determine the labor value of
an installation

Answer 50

Labor Units

Question 51

was a German philosopher, historian, political scientist, and revolutionary socialist. He was also a businessman, journalist, and political activist, whose father was an owner of large textile factories in Salford and Barmen, Prussia.

Answer 51

Fredrich Engles

Question 52

was a name given after the First World War to German war plans, due to the influence of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen and his thinking on an invasion of France and Belgium, which began on 4 August 1914. Schlieffen was Chief of the General Staff of the German Army from 1891 to 1906.

Answer 52

Schlieffen plan

Question 53

was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election.

Answer 53

President Wilson

Question 54

was an agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879.

Answer 54

Triple Alliance

Question 55

describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and Great Britain.

Answer 55

Triple Entente

Question 56

was one of the two main coalitions that fought World War I. It consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria; hence it is also known as the Quadruple Alliance.

Answer 56

Central powers

Question 57

the (blank) were Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire, who were formally linked by the Treaty of London on September 5, 1914.

Answer 57

Allies of World War I

Question 58

was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico.

Answer 58

Zimmerman note

Question 59

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Answer 59

Isolationism

Question 60

a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.

Answer 60

Total War

Question 61

are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditures in times of war. These are either retail bonds marketed directly to the public or wholesale bonds traded on a stock market.

Answer 61

War Bonds

Question 62

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Answer 62

Propaganda

Question 63

was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place.

Answer 63

Reign of terror

Question 64

was a political theory presented on February 5, 1794, by Maximilian Robespierre that advocated for the use of terror if it was defending democracy. It proposed a new state of religion that was meant to become a utopia that would be the ideal republic in France.

Answer 64

“Republic of Virtue”

Question 65

was a French lawyer and statesman who was one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.

Answer 65

Maximilen Robespierre

Question 66

There have been five republics in the history of France: French First Republic (1792–1804) French Second Republic (1848–1852) French Third Republic (1870–1940)

Answer 66

Republic in France

Question 67

in the Napoleonic wars, the blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce. The decrees of Berlin (November 21, 1806) and Milan (December 17, 1807) proclaimed a blockade: neutrals and French allies were not to trade with the British.

Answer 67

Continental System