World History 2 Flashcards
What and where was Columbus from
He was an Italian merchant from Genoa
Where was Columbus trying to reach
India
Why was Columbus turned away the first time
The Reconquista
What was wrong about Columbus’ thinking
Thought he could island hop, didn’t think about larger landmasses, believed the earth was small
Why did the Spanish accept Columbus’ idea
They needed money after the Reconquista
What did Columbus gamble
He found there were no islands and everyone was starting to get hungry, they kept going until they reached San Salvidor
Who did Columbus find
The Taino
What did the Spanish want
Gold, God, Glory
How was Columbus described
A religious zealot, wanting to find souls for the Catholic God and gold for the Spanish
How did Columbus describe the Taino
Ignorant and childish due to their lack of technology
How did the Taino view Columbus
No one knows, there are no written accounts
What did Columbus write about his first voyage
He wanted the Spanish to think it was a success, so he wrote that the people he met were convertible and thought he was from heaven, this was fake though
What were the American Empires comparable to
Asian empires in size
What were the Aztecs like
Ruled over 25 million people, Tenochtitlan, a floating city and one of the largest cities in the world, is the capital, most people were not Aztecs but just people under their rule
Where was the Incan Empire’s capital
Kuzco (modern day peru)
How many people did the Incans rule over
6 million people
Who did Cortes attack, and with how many people
The Aztecs with 300 people, winning by allying themselves with the Aztec’s subjects
How did Cortes and his people have an advantage over the Aztecs
The Aztecs fought to take prisoners, Cortes fought to kill, disease was also a huge factor that the Native Americans were not ready for
Who was inspired by Cortes
Fransisco Pizarro
What did Pizarro do
He conquered the Incans with 600 people and horses, killing their emperor
What did Pizarro want
Wealth, he found gold but wanted more so they found untapped silver and forced the natives to extract it
What was Encomienda
The king gives you land, the people who were on it before now work for you
What was the Renaissance
“Rebirth”; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
What are the Sacraments
Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church
What are indulgences
A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
What is simony
The selling of church offices
Who was John Wycliff
A theology professor at Oxford, very critical of the church and its growing wealth, thought the church should practice poverty
Who was Jan Hus
He criticized the church, the rector of Prague University, arrested and convicted of heresy then burned
Who was Martin Luther
Wrote the 95 Theses, nailed it to the church door, protested a number of “radical” ideas including preaching of services in vernacular, stopping the selling of indulgences, etc
What was the Edict of Worms
It made Martin Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire
Who was Prince Fredrick of Wartburg
He placed Martin Luther in protective custody, saving his life
Who was King Henry VIII
He started the Anglican Church because he wasn’t granted a divorce, then excommunicated by the Pope
Who was Catherine of Aragon
1st wife of Henry VIII, mother of Mary I, Henry’s desire for a divorce came from her, caused England’s break with Rome
What was the Act of Supremacy in 1534
The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England, they could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline
Who was Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. An absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time; big fan of the royal navy
What was the Battle of Graveline
In an attempt to force England into Catholicism, Phillip II sent an armada to invade England that failed
Who was John Calvin
An early protestant who argued for predestination
What was the Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
What was the Catholic Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself
What was the Council of Trent
It Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences, also strengthened sacraments
What was the Spanish Inquisition
An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism; part of the Counter Reformation
What was Constantinople
The Capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to Muslim forces in 1453, devastating the Christian world and disrupting trade
Who was Vasco de Gama
A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
Who was Dom Afonso de Albuquerque
The viceroy to India after the attacks at Calicut; pitted Hindus and Muslims against each other
Who was Francis Xavier
A Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites
What was the Battle of Swally
Took place to attract the attention of the Emperor of India; One single English warship defeated four Portuguese ships off the coast of India
What was the British East India Company
A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more that 200 years
What was the Dutch East Indies Company
A joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; major success because it allowed individuals to invest in international trade
What was the English East India Company
An English Indian trading company, opened textile mills in Calicut which created Calico
Who was Sultan Akbar
Established a very tolerant system of rule in India; actively courted the Hindu majority and included them in the minority Muslim government
Who was Sultan Aurangzeb
Undid many of his predecessors’ efforts and returned Indias Mughal government to Muslim primacy barring and removing Hindus; Spent much of India’s wealth in putting down uprisings to keep his power
Who was Muhammad Shah
Used the Urdu language to draw the different people of India together; he was similar to Akbar in that he wanted to unify the country; was tolerant of religions
What is Urdu
A language based in Hindu speech written in Persian and is particularly noted for its poetry
What was Maratha
A confederacy in central India that arose in revolt against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and remained in power until the British invasion of India
What ended the Mughal Empire
Afghans invaded Persia, attacked the Mughal Empire and sacked the city of Delhi
What was the French East India Company
French trading company headquartered in Pondicherry
What was the Seven Years War
A worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land, British won the war
Who was Joseph Francios Dupleix
French governor of Pondicherry that led a force to capture the British fort at Madras
Who was Robert Clive
A British officer who was able to secure the support of the Hindu Maratha and won a major battle at Plassey allowing him to later conquer almost all of the French possessions
What was the Battle at Plassey
1757 Battle that established British control over India
Who won the Seven Years War
The British
What were the outcomes of the Seven Years War
France had to yield all their colonies to Britain allowing Britain to have a bigger presence in India
Who was Shah Abbas
Safavid Emperor who patterned his modern force after the Ottomans and captured Baghdad, allied with the British to take Hormuz from the Portuguese, moved capital city of Islam out of threat of the Ottoman Empire
What was Isfahan
The capital of the Safavid Empire
What did the death of Shah Abbas mark
The beginning of the decline of the Safavid Empire
What was Abbas II noted for
His life of luxury and began a tradition of emperors who had less interest in ruling and more interest in their harem
Who was Nadir Shah
A Persian ruler, outraged over the Mughal reluctance to assist him when the Afghans invaded Persia, attacked the Mughal Empire and sacked the city of Delhi
What did the Qajar Dynasty do
Replaced the Safavid dynasty and ruled until the 20th century
Who was Jan III Sobieski
A king who stopped the Ottoman forces at Vienna in 1683, keeping them from invading western Europe
What was the Peace of Karlowitz
A treaty that transferred most of Hungary to the Catholic Habsburg of Austria and stopped the growth of the Ottoman Empire
What was the Ottoman Empire weakened by the loss of
Trade
Who became a primary foe of the Ottoman Turks beginning in 1696
Russian Tsar Peter the Great
What did the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji do
It gave Russia access to the Black Sea which continued to weaken the Ottoman Empire
Who was Sultan Selim III
An Ottoman ruler who modernized the Ottoman military and styled it along European lines and allowed decentralization of the empire allowing its natural flexibility to thrive
How many slaves were estimated to be brought to sugar plantations by the French
2 million
What was internal slavery
When Africans enslaved other Africans
Unlike North American slavery, African internal slavery could be….
Overcome
East African slave trade was primarily conducted by what group of people that used slaves as status symbols
Muslims
What was Haiti
A very valuable sugar producing French colony in the Caribbean that depended on slave labor
How was the life of a Brazilian slave
Usually short and terrible due to disease and dangerous animals
What was the Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
What was Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s where Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
What did the slave population reach in North America
A point of natural increase, meaning they survived long enough to have children in most cases
What is absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Before absolutism, what held the most political power
The Catholic Church
What was France’s primary religion
Catholicism
What was the Edict of Nantes
Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship
Who was Louis XIII
Became king of France when he was just 9 and ruled from 1610 to 1643 and relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu
Who was Cardinal Richelieu
He tried to make the king more powerful by removing power and privileges from the nobility; known as Red Eminence
Who was Louis XIV
Became king of France when he was 5
Who was Cardinal Jules Mazarin
He was driven into exile when a group of French nobles tried to take power they had lost during Louis XIII’s reign, led to Fronde
What was the Fronde
A French rebellion that was caused by Mazarin’s attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
What was the Peace of Westphalia
Ended the hopes of creating a purely Catholic state in central Europe and the defense of Vienna in 1683 against the Ottoman Empire
What were Junkers
Prussian nobles that were given strong control over their peasant population as well as tax exemptions and in return provided officers for the army
What was Prussian absolutism
Created an absolutist state where the royalty and nobility worked together with the nobility controlling the army through the officer corps
What did Elizabeth I do
Left no heirs and was the last Tudor monarch
Who was James I
The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625
What was the House of lords and the House of Comons
The two chambers that make up the English Parliament
Who was Charles I
Successor of James I who ruled without Parliament for 11 years, infuriating many people
What was the Eleven Years Tyranny
When King Charles I locked the Parliament out and refused to let them meet
How did Charles I change parliament
They could meet every 3 years regardless of if a session was called by the monarchy, limited royal power, could meet for as long as they wanted
What was the English Civil War
A 9 year war fought between those loyal to the Monarchy and those loyal to Parliament; Parliament was victorious and captured King Charles I
Who were the Roundheads
Supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War
Who was Oliver Cromwell
An English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War; became sole dictator of England until his death in 1658 which began efforts to restore the monarchy
How did Charles I die
He was executed
Who was Charles II
King of England once the Monarchy was restored, eager to restore Parliament, restored the Anglican church, converted to Catholicism on his death bed leading to the Test Act
What was the Test Act
An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions
Who was James II
The last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; abdicated the throne and left his rule to his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange
What did William and Mary do
Created a new relationship where Parliament became the primary governmental entity of England instead of the Monarchy
What was the Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of research and literature that had been lost for thousands of years
Who was Claudious Ptolemy
The royal astrologer for the court of Egypt in the 2nd century; proposed a system wherein the Earth was the enter of the universe and all other planets revolved around it (geocentric)
Who was Nikolaus Copernicus
A Polish monk whose book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” was published on his deathbed and abandoned the geocentric model and put the sun at the center of the universe (Heliocentric)
Who was Johannes Kepler
Teamed with the Dutch astronomical observer Tycho Brahe and was later able to explain Brahe’s observations of planetary movement as being caused by elliptical orbits
Who was Galileo Galilei
Subscribed to the Copernican theory of the cosmos and this initially got him into trouble with the Catholic church; He was forced to renounce Copernicus; book and was excommunicated from the church
Who was Isaac Newton
Renowned as a physicist and mathematician who experimented with light and optics; began to investigate the invisible force that made lights in the night sky move and later coined it “gravity”
Who was John Locke
Argued that upon birth peoples minds are literally blank slates, tabula rasa, and thus products of their experiences and learning
Who was Thomas Hobbes
Argued for royal absolutism as most people were uncivilized; argued that a social contract existed between royalty and its subjects; wanted to avoid a King being executed again
What was Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets
Who was Voltaire
Philosopher heavily influenced by Deism; An admirer of the English and critical of the Catholic church and French monarchy; challenged convention of his day, championed new scientific discovery and social philosophy
Who was Rousseau
Believed that people were inherently good but that societies influence made them do bad things; he thought private property was the root of most problems
What was “The Social Contract”
Argued for a contract between all members of society; Rosseau
What is Laissez faire
A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering
Who was Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism (wanted no regulation)
What did Russia accept in the 10th century
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, putting them at odds with the rest of Europe which was Roman Catholic
What was the Khanate of the Golden Horde
The official name for the Mongolian empire over Russia. Accepted tributes from the Russians but generally left them alone to practice their religion
What was Caesaropapism
A practice in Eastern Orthodox used in Russia that allowed the leader of secular government to also be the head of the Church
Who was Ivan I
the first Great Prince of Russia who moved the center of Russian religious life to Moscow
What was Kremlin
The citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government
Who was Ivan III
Moscow prince who ended Mongol rule in Russia by refusing to pay tributes
Who was Ivan IV
“The Terrible”; Russian ruler; extremely paranoid (killing his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of czar; in love with Anastasia of the Romanov family
What was Saint Basil’s Cathedral
Commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in gratitude for his victories
Who was Fedor I
Ruler of Russia who was likely mentally handicapped which allowed Moscow’s affairs to be run by the capable Boris Godunov
Who was Boris Godunov
He returned some of the lands lost to the swedes during the years of Ivan IV; brother Dmitri was murdered probable by Fedor
Who was the false Dmitri
Came from Poland and claimed to be the half brother who had previously died and was able to convince enough people including Godunov’s son Fedor II that he was crowned tsar
What was Serfdom
A social institution that became a hallmark of Russian life; agriculture peasants who were tied to the land; their descendants were forbidden to leave their lords estate by 1649
What were the Cossacks
People of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws; led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Who was Tsar Peter
Russian leader who expanded territory to become major European power; known for expanding literacy, modernizing navy, and including women; moved the capitol to Saint Petersburg
What was the Great Northern War
Resulted in Russia controlling the southern and eastern coasts of the Gulf of Finland and creation of the Roman Empire
Who was Elizabeth I of Russia
Captivated by Western European arts, fashion, and culture; credited with founding the University of Moscow; did little to improve the life of serfs
Who was Catherine the Great
Ruler of Russia after Peter III; banned torture, banned execution, developed religious tolerance, and developed an education system; wanted to reestablish the Byzantine Empire
Who was Joseph II
Recruited by Catherine the Great to help reestablish the Byzantine Empire
What were Potemkin Villages
Fake towns created to make St. Petersburg more impressive/nicer; term for a facade
What was the Pale of Jewish Settlement
An area that was occupied by Jewish people that was owned by different countries
What was Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Why were Native Americans and the French tolerant of each other
They were both interested in trading and fishing
Who was not tolerant of the Native Americans and tried to enslave them
the British
What was the Ohio Company of Virginia
A large land investment in Ohio Valley, in 1745 attempted to break the French and Indian hold on the Ohio valley by sending an expedition against For Duquesne
What was Pontiac’s Rebellion
Native American uprising near the Great Lakes and modern day Michigan and Ohio; caused by British mistreatment of Native Americans
What were the consequences of the Seven Years War
French left North America, Louisiana Territory was sold by France to Spain, GB raised taxes to pay for the war
What was the Quartering Act
An act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists
What was the sugar Act
A law passed by the British Parliament settling taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
What was the stamp act
An Act passed by the British parliament that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
What were the Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament passed that was placed on leads, glass, paint, and tea
What was the Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans; largely a result of taxing the colonies
What was the Boston Tea Party
A protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped British tea into Boston harbor
What were the Intolerable Acts
A series of laws passed to punish Boston for the Tea Party
What was the First Continental Congress
Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence
What was the Battle of Lexington
The first battle of the American Revolution
What was the shot heard around the world
The nickname for the battle of Lexington and Concord; first time a colony revolted against its mother nation
What was the Second Continental Congress
Was in session for 6 years and acted as the de facto government during the revolution
Where was the American Revolution mainly fought
The East Coast
What were Tories
A person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist
