World History Flashcards
8th to 13th century Chinese empire led by the Song Dynasty
known for its increase in population, urbanization, commercialization and advancements
Song Dynasty
major system of thought in China, developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples, and concerned with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships such as filial piety
Confucianism
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
Bureaucracy
a widespread Asian religion or philosophy, often associated with living the “Middle Path” and reincarnation in many forms not dependent on social class, founded in India in the 5th century BC. Theravada and Mahayana are two forms
Buddhism
the process of creating goods and materials for the market (and for profit)
commercialization
a monotheistic religion begun in the Middle East and regarded as revealed through Muhammed as the Prophet of Allah. the “5 Pillars” often associated with this belief system by 1200 had become both a major religion and political empire
Islam
monotheistic religion begun in the Middle East based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and later followers, spread especially into regions around the Mediterranean Sea, became a prominent religion of many regions of Europe
Christianity
a monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. According to many scholars the “foundation” of later monotheistic belief systems
Judaism
Islamic Empire from the 8th to 13th century - Middle East, North Africa, and Arabian peninsula into Central Asia
Abbasid Caliphate
a collection of diverse ethnic groups who often converted to Islam in the 13th to 14th century and became conquerors of regions of northern India, central Asian, and Anatolia
Turkic peoples
mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God
Sufism
a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, which developed from Vedic religions
Hinduism
fragmented, decentralized rule with a warrior elite at the top of the social and political structure
Europe in the 13th to 14th century and Japan in the 12th to 16th century were known for this
Feudalism
decentralized economic system of self-sufficient manners. Economic system of the feudal period in Europe
Manorial System
systems in which people are “forced” to work without reward or payment including debt slavery, serfdom, and debt peonage
Coerced Labor
term for the Muslim regions of the world (especially in its early political or cultural unity)
Dar- al- Islam
12th to 14th century West African state that grew wealthy and powerful through the gold mines and trade of Trans-Saharan trade
Mali Empire
beginning before the 6th century bce, interregional trade routes from East Asia through central asia into the Middle East
Silk Roads
Mongol regional rule during the Mongol Empire. There were Khanates in Russia, the Middle East, Central Asia, and China
Mongol Khanates
communities of merchants like Arabs in Swahili coasts, Hindu merchants in SE Asia, Islamic merchants in SE Asia, Jewish merchants in Oman, Chinese merchants in SE Asia
diasporic merchant communities
are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original peoples
indigenous cultures
was a Chinese mariner, explorer, court eunuch and fleet admiral during China’s early Ming dynasty. He led a series of large naval expeditions into regions around the Indian Ocean in the early 15th century
Zheng He
Caravan crossings of the Sahara desert in the continent of Africa which increased the trade in gold, salt, ivory, and slaves and helped build and sustain many West African kingdoms
Trans-Saharan Trade
13-14th century Disease pandemic that was spread along the trade routes of the silk road and throughout and beyond the Mongol Empire. Significant percentage of the population died. Death rates were especially high in Europe. Death rolls had political and social impacts
Bubonic Plague
11th - 16th century along East Coast of Africa
independent entrepot city-states that had African and Arab Islamic cultural mix
Swahili Civilization
examples of maritime technology that were innovated and used in Asia, but were used by European states to explore and eventually conquer regions of the Americas, and coastal regions along Africa and in the Indian Ocean
Compass and Astrolabe
16th - 18th century Islamic Empire in South Asia ruling over a predominantly Hindu population
Mughal Empire
14th -20th century Islamic Empire centered in the Middle East
one of the Gunpowder Empires that controlled the “heart” of the Islamic world
Ottoman Empire
14th- 17th century Dynasty in China. Reunified China after defeating the Mongols and worked to erase much of the Mongol culture from the Yuan dynasty and Mongol control
sent expeditions into the Indian Ocean in the 15th century but later embraced isolationist ideas in the later centuries
Ming Empire
16th -17th century schism (split) in European Christianity dividing the “Protestant” and “Catholic” Christianity and leading to political and cultural tensions and clashed in Europe and also increased European Christianization of the Americas and elsewhere
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Church response to the Protest Reformation in which elements of curription were eliminated and the basis of Catholicism was confirmed. Also, renewed interest in punishing “heresy” (ideas that went against the Catholic church’s teachings.) Jesuit order formed for increased missionary efforts
Catholic Reformation
belief system beginning in the 1500s in South Asia. “Blend” of Hinduism and Islam and was “Monothiestic” and relatively tolerant. example of syncretism
Sikhism
the environmental transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas (16th century) (not a trade route!)
Columbian Exchange
17th century rulers (Shoguns) of a recently unified Japan. Promoted cultural isolation while developing a commercial economy and silver mining. (Rejected European missionaries)
Tokugawa Shogunate
17th -20th century Initially the Manchus were a group from Northern China but invaded and conquered all of China taking over from the Ming and ruling China for 3 centuries
Manchu (Qing) Empire
16th - mid 18th century Empire in Persia. Shi’a Islamic Empire of the gunpowder empires. Had conflict with the Sunni Empires
Safavid Empire
economic system from 16th - 18th century in which many European national governments attempted to accumulate the largest possible share of global wealth by maximizing imports of precious metals and raw materials and exporting finished goods (especially to their colonies). The system discouraged “free trade” among different regions and encouraged pretectionism by European governments
Mercantilism
economic innovation of European companies in which a group of investors supported trade activity and commerce for increased financial activity
Joint-Stock companies
a person who has been trained in a skilled art or trade
artisan labor
system of racial hierarchy in Spanish controlled Americas that ordered the European, Natives, slaves, and mixed-races of the region after European conquest
Casta system
a Philisophical movement in Europe and beyond which emphasized reason instead of tradition or religions. Philosophes (thinkers) offered liberal ideas such as individualism and the social contract, aka Age of Reason
Enlightenment
a sense of commonality based on language, social customs, and territory. Emerged in Europe and the Americas especially in the early 19th century from the revolutionary period
Nationalism
ideological emphasis on civil freedoms under the rule of law with an emphasis on limited government, economic freedom, and political freedoms
19th century liberalism
voting rights
suffrage
1789 passed by France’s National Constituent Assembly is a fundamental document of the French Revolution that granted more widespread civil rights much of French society
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1815 letter written by Simon Bolivar in which he advocated for the independence of Latin American regions from Spanish control
influenced by Enlightenment ideas
Letter from Jamaica
the act of officially ending legal slavery and slave trade in 19th century
abolition of slavery
a series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804, was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti by Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved and the establishment of an independent country founded and governed by former slaves
Haitian Revolution
often called the Creole revolutions, it was movements against Spanish colonial rule in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s, which led to the independence from European control of every nation in the region
Latin American Independence Movements