World history

Question 1

What did millions of workers have to endure?

Answer 1

Millions of workers endured dangerous working conditions, unsanitary and overcrowded housing, and unrelenting poverty

Question 2

Define urbanization

Answer 2

Urbanization is the movement of people to cities.

Question 3

Describe how the new middle class lived.

Answer 3

The new middle class lived in well built and well furnished houses; they dressed nicely, and ate well.

Question 4

Where did they live?

Answer 4

The working class lived in tenements located in slums.

Question 5

Describe tenements.

Answer 5

Tenements had no running water and no sewage or sanitation systems.

Question 6

What provisions were made for sanitation and sewage? Explain.

Answer 6

Sewage was dumped into the river which contaminated drinking water which spread diseases.

Question 7

Define Labor unions

Answer 7

Labor unions were organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions.

Question 8

Who were Luddites

Answer 8

Luddites were fearful of machines so they would smash machines and burn factories; they were arrested and hanged.

Question 9

Who founded the Methodist Church

Answer 9

The Methodist Church was founded by John Wesley

Question 10

What did he stress?

Answer 10

Wesley stressed a personal faith.

Question 11

What did Methodists want instead of revolution?

Answer 11

Methodists wanted reform, not revolution.

Question 12

Describe the hours and hazards faced by workers in factories and textile mills.

Answer 12

Factory work was for 12-16 hours a day for six or seven days a week. There was always danger from accidents because of few safety rules. Textile workers faced the same dangers plus the lung damage from breathing in lint.

Question 13

Describe mine work

Answer 13

Miners worked in the dark, breathed in coal dust, and faced the danger of explosions, flooding, and collapsed tunnels.

Question 14

At what age did children begin working in textile mills and mines?

Answer 14

Children began working as young as five.

Question 15

Describe the work and dangers that they faced.

Answer 15

Children faced the same dangers as adults: serious accidents, loss of life, and sickness from the hazards in factories and mines.

Question 16

What did an 1833 law passed by Parliament do for children?

Answer 16

The law prevented hiring children under nine years of age and limited the hours of work for older children

Question 17

Define standard of living:

Answer 17

The standard of living refers to the level of material goods and
services available to people in a society.
2.

Question 18

Name the book written by Adam Smith:

Answer 18

Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations

Question 19

Define free market and cite its benefits

Answer 19

Free market refers to the unregulated exchange of goods and services. The freemarket would produce more goods at a lower price.

Question 20

Define socialism:

Answer 20

Under socialism the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, would own and operate
the means of production

Question 21

Define the means of production:

Answer 21

The means of production are the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that
produce and distribute goods.

Question 22

Who was Karl Marx?

Answer 22

Karl Marx was a German philosopher.

Question 23

Name the pamphlet written by Marx and Engles.

Answer 23

Marx and Engles published The Communist Manifesto

Question 24

Define communism

Answer 24

Communism proposes to create a classless society in which the means of production would
be owned in common for the good of all.

Question 25

What actually happened in communist countries?

Answer 25

When communism became the established philosophy of a country, a small ruling elite
governed the country under a totalitarian dictatorship.

Question 26

Define proletariat:

Answer 26

The proletariat is the working class.

Question 27

According to Marx, what would the class struggle lead to?

Answer 27

Marx predicted that the proletariat would defeat the bourgeoisie in a class struggle and the
workers would control the means of production and set a classless, communist society.

Question 28

Summarize the paragraph that begins “In the late 1800s…”

Answer 28

In 1917 Communism took hold in Russia that lasted until 1991. Marxism and Marxist ideas took
hold in China, Cuba, and North Korea in the 1900s. In different parts of the world leaders
experiemented with Marxist ideas.

Question 29

Explain why Marxism lost its appeal.

Answer 29

Throughout most of the world industrial capitalism provided people with good jobs and income
and freedom and leisure time that the tensions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
never materialized as Marx had predicted.