World History Flashcards
Paleolithic Age
Also known as the Old Stone age which lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 BCE
Neolithic Age
Also known as the “New Stone Age”; Marked by advances in the production of Stone tools. Shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
Natural Resources
Materials or substances such as minerals, Forests, water, and fertile land the occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
Social Hierarchy
The division of Society based of rank or class
Religion
The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
Culture
Beliefs and traditions for a specific group of people.
Codified Law
Formal legal systems in which damages, crimes, and punishments are specified. (Coming up with laws, and what would happen if you didn’t follow them).
Innovation
An improvement of an existing technological product or system of doing something. (To improve something)
Empire
A group of states or territories that are ruled by one person (King, Leader, etc)
Decline
Decrease
Disease
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally (A sickness)
Corruption
Dishonest or illegal actions
Not following the rules
How do civilizations develop? (Important)
Civilizations develop through:
domestication/ agriculture
a stable water source (river valley civilization) Mesopotamia
trade, housing.
5 characteristics of a civilization
1)Specialized workers
2)Record keeping
3)Advanced cities
4)Advanced technology
5)Complex institutions
How can an ancient civilization impact future societies and time periods?
Expand into empire, geographically. more advanced housing,
Ex:code of Hammurabi.
How important were geography and agriculture to each civilization?
In areas where agriculture was possible, the civilizations developed large workforces. Geography impacts the locations of cities, conflicts, and the determination of how much water the civilization is getting.
Expansion creates supply of food, access to trade, natural barriers.
What factors led to the decline of early civilizations? (Important)
Greed over expansion, people start revolting, collapse of trade, war, disease, overthrown,
How did competition for resources, political power, and cultural supremacy impact cooperation and conflict between people?
warfare developed, power hierarchy develops, organized military, and slavery developed.
Drought
A long period of dry weather.
Famine
An extreme shortage of food.
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
OR
A organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divide their land holdings among lesser lords
OR
a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return
Roman Empire
Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
Byzantine Empire
- Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.
- Justinian was a ruler
-Justinian invaded Africa and Sicily, Italy, and southern Spain. - Is at Constantinople
Decentralized Europe
During Middle Ages-many local leaders ruled, not one main leader
Islam
Muhammad: leader of Islam, Born In Mecca, he was not received well
Spread of Islam: Muslim army captured Jerusalem, Muslims controlled Egypt, Muslims controlled almost all of North Africa Coast
Muslim World
Refers to only communities of Muslims.
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Judaism, Christianity, Islam
OR
A series of religious wars between christians and muslims
Muslims, Christians, Jews, Pope Urban II are apart of the crusades
The Crusades took place because they were fighting to claim and reclaim Holy land
The Crusades took place:
Western Europe
Byzantine Empire
Holy land
Jerusalem
Black Death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 (bubonic plague) (Plague: A Sickness)
Plague
A deadly disease that spreads rapidly from person to person.
Social order
People are civil and are following Rules/Laws
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
Democratic thought
These individual freedoms include freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial.
Golden Age of Europe
- It was called the Golden Age because it was a era of piece
Age of Faith
What the middle ages was called because of the widespread Christian belief
OR
Church is most powerful institution
Fighting over holy land
Give faith and self to church
Pictures of Cathedrals
Giving up everything for god
Civic Humanism
Humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one’s society
OR
Everyone should be active and contribute to society
Religious humanism
God has a place in everybody’s life no matter what they believe in. People can get along no matter what religion they believe.
Italian city-state
Political unit contributed to the development of the Renaissance (Arts started to happen)
-They declared independence from Rome during the middle ages
- They were very wealthy
Northern Renaissance
- An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance
- Invented the printing press
Reformation and Counter Reformation
Reformation:
- The Churches broke Catholic and Protestant
- Was a religious, political, intellectual movement that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic church
Counter Reformation
- Catholic fighting back against Protestants because they believed differently about god and Jesus
Lutheranism
- Believed the Bible is the first and only source for Christian Faith and teaching
- The religious belief that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the belief of salvation (Going to heaven), which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Astronomers
Scientists who study the stars and other objects in the sky
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Why do empires fall?
No room for expansion, bad ruling, corruption, taxation, no natural resources, disease.
How can crises lead to positive change?
-Innovation (Improve something to create something)
- Resilience (Not giving up)
-Listen to others and collaborate
How does the distribution of resources (wealth) impact all other aspects of society?
People’s life, job, role, lifestyle. A poor or wealthy civilization.
How can crises lead to positive change? How can crises lead to upheaval?
Crisis can be negative and hard to recover from when unexpected while it can open new opportunities.
What was the motivation for the Crusades? What were the causes and effects? (Important)
The holy land (Jerusalem) was sacred for all religion it was being fought over.
Cause: Pope Ubran the second calls for Catholics to reclaim holy land. if they die along the way promises heaven.
Effect; goal of Catholics was to eliminate and drive out Muslims, and jews. lead to series of religious wars fought over hundreds of years.
How did events in Europe contribute to the decline of feudalism and the rise of democratic thought?
The events
- Plague
- Crusades
- Renaissance
How did feudalism shape the political, economic, and social structure of Medieval Europe? (important)
Feudalism determined what political, social, and economic rights a person was afforded based upon their social rank.
Social Strucial
-Provided stability and Social order
Social order: Monarch at the top(run government=most wealth), lords and dukes, serfs. political power and wealth.
economic exchanges land for Labor
Political Structure King sent his lords to manage the land and the people
What are similarities and differences between the three monotheistic religions that develop: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? (important)
Similarities
-All three are monotheistic
-All have ancestor of Abraham
-all pray and life after death.
All believed that god spoke to them through profit
Difference
-Muslims believe key profit is Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad
-Jews and Christians do not recognized Muhammad as a profit.
-different primary books and sacred books Torah, new testament, holy bible and korah.
-different rules 5 pillars, 10 commandments
How did trade and economic growth stimulate the Renaissance?
The European economy grew dramatically, particularly in the area of trade. Developments such as population growth, improvements in banking, expanding trade routes, and new manufacturing systems led to an overall increase in commercial activity.
What aspects of society did the Renaissance impact?
The population was becoming wealthier which led to an increase in trade and travel and the spread of new ideas. The rise in prosperity also generated an interest in education, supported the flourishing of the arts and promoted scientific discoveries and new inventions.
What were the causes of disillusionment with the Catholic Church?
By 1500, many forces had weakened the power of the Catholic Church. The most important of these forces were the new ideas of the Renaissance, the new technology of the printing press, and the increasing skepticism of Church authority generated from events such as the Great Schism and Black Death.
What made Luther so influential?
His beliefs helped birth the Reformation—which would give rise to Protestantism as the third major force within Christendom. 95 thesis.
What led to Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church? What impact did this have on the power of the monarchy?
Henry’s break with the Church was primarily motivated by his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope refused to grant him. Made his more powerful.
What is the Counter Reformation? What were the positive and negative implications?
The Counter-Reformation served to solidify doctrine that many Protestants were opposed to, such as the authority of the pope and the veneration of saints, and eliminated many of the abuses and problems that had initially inspired the Reformation, such as the sale of indulgences for the remission of sin.
How did the Scientific Revolution changed Europe’s intellectual foundations and world views? (important)
The Scientific Revolution is when people started to discover things about the such as Math, Science, and Medicine which made them question their religious beliefs.
How did the Age of Religious Wars lead to religious tolerance and secularism in Europe?
In order to survive the war the people knew they had to tolerate each other and they decided to live together but separate lives. Some people turned their back on god because after the scientific revolution people started to wonder what was and wasn’t true. Now in modern day most religions are able to worked together and collaborate.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group. (Racist)
cultural diffusion
The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
Taosim (Daoism)
Chinese philosophy of “one with universe”, religious, joyful existence
Confucianism
A philosophy that follows to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world.
- Respect for parents and elders is important to a well-ordered society
- People are good and can always improve themselves
- Confucius thought that social order, harmony and good environment could be restored in china as long as the society was organized around the 5 basic relationships
- Ethical system based on right and wrong
- Education is important both to the welfare of the individual and to society
The major contribution of the Roman Empire to western society was the development of…
an effective legal system
A major result of the development of civilization in ancient Egypt was the…
Establishment of trade routes between Egypt and other kingdoms
One similarity between the Five Pillars of Islam and the Ten Commandments is that both…
Provide a guide to proper ethical and moral behavior
Hammurabi’s code, the twelve tables, and the Justinian code are examples of early
Written Laws for human behavior
