World Civ Fina;

Question 1

Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine

Answer 1

1947 After WW2

1. The Marshall Plan was a program that offered stimulus packages to the European countries effected by WW2.
   a. The economic packages were put in place to help rebuild the infrastructure.
   b. It was offered to all European nations but only the capitalist or allies of the capitalists accepted.
   c. The Soviets and their satellites refused to accept the package. By having the Soviets decline the package it separated them from the other non-communist nations.
2. The Truman Doctrine states that the U.S. will support anyone who is not communist.
3. Named after secretary of state George Marshall, Truman was president.

Question 2

Korean War/ Conflict

Answer 2

1. 1950-1953. Starts off by the communist north invading the non-communist south.
2. U.S. leads the UN coalition (group of countries that come together) to fight back against the communist north.
3. General Douglas MacArthur pushes the northern communist back to their original marker- the 38th parallel.
   a. But her decides to go further towards China. China gets nervous that MacArthur will just keep pushing the North Koreans into China so they decide to get involved.
   b. Lots of back and forth fighting.
   c. MacArthur wants to go into China and fight them but Truman says no because China is too large.
4. 1953 the line is still the 38th parallel, a cease fire was signed, but no peace treaty was ever signed.

Question 3

Salt March

Answer 3

1930

1. Where: British controlled India
2. The British place a repressive tax on salt.
   a. This was harmful because salt is so important it is used as a preservative and is a huge export for India.
3. Ghandi encourages people to protest peacefully.
   a. He facilitated a 200 mile march to a salt mine/ place.
   i. Mainly poor people
   ii. The British were beating the people along the way
   iii. The British decide to meet with Ghandi
   iv. This attacks the British pocket book.

Question 4

Africa and Decolonization: Background

Answer 4

1. Background:
   a. By the end of WW2 the African continent was mainly run by the French, British, German, Portuguese, and Belgium’s.
   b. The allied powers at the end of WW2 decided that decolonization was necessary so we don’t have certain nations trying to take over everything again (like Hitler).
   c. These colonial powers are smaller so they did not want to give up their colonies because of the resources they would be losing.

Question 5

Africa and Decolonization: Rwanda part 1- Background and leading uo to the Genocide

Answer 5

a. In the 1880’s it was a German colony.
b. Hutu vs. Tutsi
i. Even though the Hutu’s were the majority the European claimed that due to scientific research the Tutsi’s were the superior race. In reality they just looked more westernized and whiter. This meant that the Tutsi’s ruled alongside the Germans over Rwanda
c. After WW2 Belgium gained Rwanda from the Germans and the Belgium’s still allow the Tutsi’s to remain in power because they agree with the German ruling that the Tutsi’s are more advanced.

Question 6

Africa and Decolonization: Rwanda part 2- Background and leading uo to the Genocide

Answer 6

d. In the 1960’s the Tutsi’s begin to see other nations gaining their independence and they want the same thing.
i. Because of this the Belgium’s go back on their word and say there is new scientific research that proves the Hutu’s should be partial rulers because they are more advanced.
ii. So the Hutu’s are put in power with the Belgium’s and the Tutsi’s are pushed out of power.
e. 1962 Rwanda gains independence- the Hutu’s are left in power.
f. 1990’s the civil war between the Hutu’s and the Tutsi’s takes place
i. Tutsi’s begin to leave Rwanda

Question 7

Africa and Decolonization: Rwanda part 3- Genocide

Answer 7

g. 1994 the Rwandan genocide takes place
i. The Hutu’s kill the Tutsi’s. The Hutu’s are trying to get back at the Tutsi’s for when they were at power in the colonial times.
ii. Hutu’s promote hateful propaganda
iii. This is just one group persecuting another group. Upwards of 800,000 people died in three months.

Question 8

Africa and Decolonization: South Africa part 1- Background

Answer 8

a. In 1652 it was colonized by the Dutch
b. In 1852 it was colonized by the British
c. Afrikaners- these are descendants of the Dutch settlers.
i. They were either purely Dutch or sometimes part African.
ii. They were still there when the British arrived
iii. The British did not like them they pushed them farther north because they wanted the port and they were just racist.
iv. The Boer war from 1899-1902 between the British and the Afrikaners. The British win and gain complete control of South Africa.
d. 1910 South Africa become an Independent nation.
i. They still give some of their citizens for the British to use as soilders during WW1 and WW2.

Question 9

Africa and Decolonization: South Africa part 2- Apartheid

Answer 9

e. 1948 South African Apartheid
i. Daniel Malan was the ruler of the national party.
1. The National party was comprised of white people and Afrikaners (they were considered white)
2. They were for segregation
ii. Apartheid- Physical and legal segregation. The black people were treated very poorly by the whites and the Afrikaners.

Question 10

Africa and Decolonization: South Africa part 3- Nelson Mandela

Answer 10

iii. Nelson Mandela- originally he was a violent extremist who was strongly against apartheid. He worked with the African National Congress
1. Because he was so against the nationalist party and apartheid he was thrown in jail for life but only served 27 years.
2. Before he went to jail and during jail realized he had to be more peaceful in order to fight apartheid.
3. 1990 he was released from jail and in 1994 he becomes president of South Africa.
a. This was an issue for the whites and the Afrikaners they believed he would put apartheid back on them. This doesn’t happen

Question 11

Africa and Decolonization: South Africa part 4- Truth and Reconsiliation Commission

Answer 11

4. After Mandela’s election Desmond Tutu creates the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
   a. Their goal is to make peace between the blacks and whites. This commission pardons whites for their crimes against the blacks
   b. They thought this would be a good idea but the blacks didn’t really like it.
   c. They were trying to make peace between the races.

Question 12

Argentina- Juan Peron

Answer 12

i. Gets the poor vote and keeps it.
ii. He tries to get on the level of the poor and working class, when his gives his speeches he opens his shirt to revel his chest like the working man.
iii. He is not a communist or a democrat he is more of a fascist
iv. His speeches are very diplomatic

Question 13

Argentina- Evita Peron

Answer 13

i. She was able to connect with the working class and the poor because that is who she is.
ii. She ran governmental organizations, one of which supported women.
iii. She was a political speaker, she had talks about nationalist and her husband’s presidency
iv. The Elites hated her because she was a women, she encouraged the poor to talk lower of the elites

Question 14

Argentina- After Evita Dies

Answer 14

c. After Evita dies Juan is exiled
1. Young people are becoming of age to vote and they hear things that the Perons stood for and they liked his ideas.
2. “Peronism without Peron”
3. Montoneros- Urban Guerilla terrorists, violent, anti- The Man
a. They used Peron as the ideological base, their goal being to overthrow the government.
4. Peron is brought back in 1973 because of the Montoneros
a. He dies quickly and a military dictatorship takes over.

Question 15

Argentina Dirty Wars

Answer 15

Wars 1973-1984

a. Military Government, terrorist state
b. The disappeared (Children, men, few women because they weren’t seen as harmful)
c. Mardres de la plaza de Mayo

Question 16

Argentina: Madres de la plaza de Mayo

Answer 16

i. Mothers and grandmothers and wives of the disappeared
ii. They marched in front of the presidents house every week
iii. The government tried to ignore them saying they were crazy
iv. These women were political outsiders, they were poor, uneducated, and not usually seen as a threat. Very sexist ideology, thinking that women can’t do any harm.
v. Argentina World cup in 1978 puts more publicity on the government because a lot of people outside of Argrentina had no clue what was going on. Human rights activists came to promote awareness.
vi. 1980’s the military was forced out of power and the citizens took over their government.
vii. The Madres were still active into the early 2000’s to promote justice.

Question 17

Chile: Salvador Allende

Answer 17

a. Ran for president for 1952- 1970 and finally wins in 1970.
b. He has communist ideals and is still voted into power.
i. THE PEOPLE CHOSE HIM. He was not forced on the citizens like in other countries.
ii. The U.S. can’t blame his election on anything so they get upset.
c. Chile is incredibly poor and Allende says he plans to redistribute the wealth and end economic inequality.
d. When he wins the election the U.S. cuts off all economic help and tells other nations to start calling in their debts
i. No trade etc. Leads to inflation, starvation, unemployment, and strikes.

Question 18

Chile- Military Coup

Answer 18

e. 1973 Allende’s reign is over, military takes over
i. Most violent military coup Sept 11, 1973.
ii. Military Junta
iii. Ran by Augusto Pinochet
iv. Very oppressive- they use terror tactics to kill democracy
v. State- sponsored terrorism.
vi. The peropl who backed Allende were the first to be killed
vii. They saw some economic growth by cutting social programs, some people were put on an austerity plan (basic living necessities)
viii. 1980 Pinochet pitches an idea of a new constitution and keeping himself in power for another 10 years.
1. 1983 recession hits, unemployment leads to strikes and unrest.

Question 19

China

Answer 19

1. Mid 1900’s. The conflict in China began with Imperialism. Mao Ze Dong (Communist) vs. Sun Yat-Sen and Chiang Kaishek (Nationalist)
2. Chiang attacks the communist and turns on Mao because Mao reveled the problems in the National party.
   a. Mao looks to the poor for backing.

Question 20

China- Rape of Nanjing

Answer 20

3. Rape of Nanjing occurred in 1937-1938
   a. Japanese military invaded China and raped and murdered a large number of men women and children. 100,000-300,000 civilians were killed. Very brutal, mass burials, people were buried alive, killing contests.
   b. Chiang flees when this occurs but Mao stays, defends his country, and fights Japanese.
   i. This gives Mao more power over Chiang and his forces. Mao wins. After defeating Chiang Mao takes over the Chinese mainland and Chiang flees to Taiwan

Question 21

China- 5 year plan

Answer 21

1953.

a. Communist plan in China. Adopted from the Soviets.
b. Goals were to modernize, industrialize urban centers.
c. Mao however did not do this, he focused on having an agricultural base.
d. Mao focused on peasants and agriculture whereas it was supposed to be focused on the proletariat and industrial workers.
e. Leads to Great Leap Forward.

Question 22

China- Great Leap Forward

Answer 22

1958-1961

a. In response to the 5 year plan
b. Agricultural communes
c. Work moves from urban areas to rural areas
d. Farmers were forced to do industrial work, they were not able to produce as much as a factory worker and what they did produce was of poor quality.
e. The quotas that had to be made were too high so the people lied.
i. This led to famine.
ii. 25 million people dead
iii. Because of this Mao is asked to go into retirement. However this does not happen, he refuses to go and turns on people who were trying to change the economy.

Question 23

China- The Cultural Revolution

Answer 23

1965-1970 aka. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

a. Mao is still in charge.
b. His goal is to get rid of the moderates in China. He recruits the youth- the Red Guards.
i. He is going after business owners, teachers, professors, religious leaders etc.
1. He was burning and destroying religious statues, temples and artifacts
c. This was a very violent period, ½ million – millions killed. People were accused of being spies, housed were looted.

Question 24

China- The Cultural Revolution part 2- The Little Red Book

Answer 24

A book filled with Mao’s inspirational quotes particularly to inspire younger generation.

i. Gender equality, revolution is justified, hypocrisy in the Western world etc.
ii. These quotes have been spray painted on buildings throughout China.
iii. One of the most produced books.
iv. It was meant for the Chinese to carry with them at all times