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World Civ > World Civ 1 Exam 2 > Flashcards

World Civ 1 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amerindians

A

The earliest inhabitants of North and South America

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2
Q

Chinampas

A

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

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3
Q

Calpullis

A

A kinship group, often of a thousand or more, that served as an intermediary with the central government, providing taxes and conscript labor to the state

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4
Q

Polygyny

A

One male, several females.

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5
Q

Mesoamerica

A

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

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6
Q

Maize

A

corn

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7
Q

Quinoa

A

A native plant of South America’s Andean region that yields nutritious seeds

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8
Q

Manioc

A

tropical plant with starchy roots

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9
Q

Maya

A

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

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10
Q

Mexica (Aztecs)

A

The Mexica migrated to central Mexico from the northwest in the mid-thirteenth century. They are also known as the Aztecs, and had a reputation for kidnapping women and stealing land from neighboring regions. This rowdy behavior did not sit well with the other cities, and the Aztecs were often forced to move; they migrated around central Mexico for a century. In about 1345 they settled on an island in Lake Texcoco, which was where they founded the city Tenochtitlan which would later become their capital city. The Mexica were very important to society because they developed the agricultural system of chinampa. Chinampa meant digging up fertile muck from the lakes bottom, and using it to build plots of land on which allowed them to farm successfully. Also, later on the Mexica conquered nearly all of Mesoamerica and ruled over twelve million people.

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11
Q

Quetzacoatl

A

Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god

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12
Q

Huitzilpochtli

A

Main Aztec God, patron, War God.
God of sun and war. Gave the Aztecs the sign to find a new home.

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13
Q

Hopewell culture

A

Named from its most important site (in present-day Ohio), this is the most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound building cultures; flourished from 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E.

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14
Q

Cahokia

A

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

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15
Q

Pueblos

A

Above ground houses made of a heavy clay called adobe.

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16
Q

Pueblo Bonito

A

the largest Anasazi pueblo, built in New Mexico in the A.D. 900s

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17
Q

El Nino

A

(oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time

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18
Q

Quipu

A

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

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19
Q

Inka (Inca)

A

largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. “Land of Four Corners.” Excelled at labor organization and road building

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20
Q

Muhammad

A

Founder of Islam

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21
Q

Islam

A

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

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22
Q

Bedouin

A

member of the nomadic desert peoples of North Africa and Southwest Asia

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23
Q

Hadith

A

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

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24
Q

Sunna

A

An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad

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25
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A

Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

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26
Q

Umma

A

The community of all Muslims

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27
Q

Sheikh

A

leader of an Arab tribe

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28
Q

Majlis

A

Legislature of Iran

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29
Q

Hegira

A

flight, escape

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30
Q

Umayyad Caliphate

A

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

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31
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

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32
Q

Iman

A

faith

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33
Q

Shi’ites

A

Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph

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34
Q

Sunni

A

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

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35
Q

Ulama

A

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.

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36
Q

Emirs

A

Arab governors who were given overall responsibility for public order, maintenance of the armed forces, and tax collection

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37
Q

Shari’a

A

Islamic law

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38
Q

Madrasas

A

Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century.

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39
Q

Ramadan

A

the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

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40
Q

Caliph

A

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

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41
Q

Jihad

A

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

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42
Q

Vizier

A

a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

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43
Q

Sultan

A

Muslim ruler

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44
Q

Crusades

A

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

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45
Q

Sufism

A

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God–divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari’a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur’an, and the avoidance of sin.

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46
Q

Mihrab

A

(Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca

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47
Q

Coptic

A

Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover

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48
Q

Berbers

A

A member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt

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49
Q

Nok culture

A

earliest known west african culture, farmers, first to smelt iron weapons and tools, traded, believe to have settled in djenne-djenno located near niger river, also located on important trade routes.

50
Q

Swahili

A

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

51
Q

Pantheism

A

the belief that the divine reality exists in everything

52
Q

Lineage groups

A

an extended family unit that has combined into a larger community

53
Q

Mansa

A

title of the ruler of Mali

54
Q

Noncentralized societies

A

societies characterized by autonomous villages organized by clans and ruled by a local chieftain or clan head

55
Q

Matrilinear

A

the form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side

56
Q

Patrilinear

A

passing through the male blood-line

57
Q

Bard

A

poet

58
Q

Trans-Saharan Trade

A

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

59
Q

Meroe

A

center of the kush dynasty from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150; known for its manufacture of iron weapons and tools.

60
Q

Theravada

A

‘Way of the Elders’ branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods

61
Q

Mahayana

A

The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.

62
Q

Hinayana

A

Branch of Buddhism known as the “lesser vehicle,” also known as Theravada Buddhism; its beliefs include strict, individual path to enlightenment, and it is popular in south and southeast Asia.

63
Q

Bodhisattvas

A

Future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism, beings who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it

64
Q

Hinduism

A

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

65
Q

Bhakti

A

Devotion as a means of religious observance open to all persons regardless of class

66
Q

Puja

A

Hindu devotional worship of deities at home or in a temple

67
Q

Purdah

A

Isolation of women in separate quarters

68
Q

Malayo-Polynesian

A

A large language family of over 1,200 tongues spoken primarily in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific.

69
Q

Grupta Empire

A

India’s golden age of learning and culture

70
Q

Delhi Sultanate

A

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

71
Q

Raziya

A

(1236-1240) Daughter of Iltutmish, ruled well, dressed like a man, rode at head of troops

72
Q

Srivijaya

A

A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture.

73
Q

Angkor

A

Which of the following Southeast Asian states was the most powerful state to emerge in the mainland before the 1500 (at least according to your textbook)

74
Q

Pagan

A

A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.

75
Q

Khmer Kingdom (Cambodia)

A

The Khmer empire was a state of Southeast Asia that lasted from about ad 802 to 1431. It enjoyed its greatest prosperity from the 11th to the 13th century. The Khmer empire ruled much of what is now Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. The empire is named after the Khmer ethnic group of its rulers.

76
Q

Queen Pwa Saw

A

chief queen consort of King Narathihapate of the Pagan Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar)

77
Q

Grand Council

A

The top of the government hierarchy in the Song Dynasty in China

78
Q

Scholar-gentry

A

In Song Dynasty China, candidates who passed civil service exams and whose families were non-aristocratic landowners

79
Q

Khanates

A

Mongol kingdoms, in particular the subdivisions of Genghis Khan’s empire ruled by his heirs

80
Q

Chan

A

A Chinese Buddhist sect influenced by Daoist ideas, which called for mind training and a strict regimen as a means of seeking enlightenment

81
Q

Pure land

A

A Buddhist sect that was originally Chinese but later popular in Japan that taught that devotion alone could lead to enlightenment and release

82
Q

Tantrism

A

a mystical Buddhist sect that emphasized the importance of magical symbols and ritual in seeking a path to enlightenment

83
Q

White lotus

A

Chinese Buddhist sect that was founded in 1133 CE that sought political reform

84
Q

Manichaeanism

A

An offshoot of the ancient Zoroastrian religion that was later influenced by Christianity that became popular in central Asia in the eighth century CE

85
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

The dominant ideology of China during the 2nd millennium CE that combined the metaphysical speculations of Buddhism and Daoism with the pragmatic Confucian approach to society that maintained that the world was real, not illusory, and that fulfillment comes from participation

86
Q

Supreme Ultimate

A

According to Neo-Confucianism, a transcendent world distinct from the material world in which humans live but to which humans may aspire

87
Q

School of Mind

A

a philosophy espoused by Wang Yangming during the mid-Ming era of China, which argued that mind and the universe were a single unit and knowledge was therefore obtained through internal self-searching rather than through investigation of the outside world

88
Q

Foot binding

A

An extremely painful process, common in China throughout the 2nd millennium CE, that compressed girls’ feet to half their natural size, representing submissiveness and self-discipline, which were considered necessary attributes of an ideal wife

89
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.

90
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

91
Q

Song Dynasty

A

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

92
Q

Silk Road

A

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

93
Q

Grand Canal

A

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

94
Q

Compass

A

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.

95
Q

Mongols

A

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

96
Q

Yuan Dynasty

A

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

97
Q

Genghis Khan

A

Founder of the Mongol Empire.

98
Q

Khubilai Khan

A

Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.

99
Q

Catapults

A

devices used to hurl stones a great distance

100
Q

Tax-farming

A

To generate money for territorial expansion rulers used new methods to get money like Tribute systems and _____ _____. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

101
Q

Concubine

A

a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives

102
Q

Uji

A

A clan in early Japanese tribal society is known as

103
Q

Taika Reforms

A

The ___ were the seventh century CE “great change” reforms that established the centralized Japanese state

104
Q

Samurai

A

The retainers in Japanese culture that were the equivalent of European knights were known by

105
Q

Bushido

A

___ was the code of conduct observed by samurai warriors that was comparable to the European concept of chivalry

106
Q

Bakufu

A

Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai

107
Q

Shogun

A

A ____ was a powerful Japanese leader who was originally military and who ruled under the authority of the emperor

108
Q

Shogunate system

A

the system of government in Japan in which the emperor exercised only titular authority while the shoguns exercised actual political power.

109
Q

Daimyo

A

The prominent Japanese families who provided allegiance to the local shogun in exchange for protection

110
Q

Genin

A

one of Japan’s lower classes-landless laborers who could be bought and sold like slaves

111
Q

Eta

A

in feudal Japan, a class of hereditary slaves who were responsible for what were considered degrading occupations

112
Q

Kami

A

a divine being in the Shinto religion.

113
Q

Shinto

A

A kind of state religion in Japan, derived from beliefs in nature spirits and until recently linked with belief in the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation

114
Q

Zen

A

The school of Buddhism particularly important in Japan, some of whose adherents stress that enlightenment can be achieved suddenly or through lengthy sessions of meditation is known as

115
Q

Satori

A

This term refers to enlightenment in the Japanese Buddhist tradition

116
Q

Bonsai

A

The cultivation of stunted trees and shrubs to create exquisite nature scenes in miniature

117
Q

Chonmin

A

The lowest class in society in Korea consisting of slaves and workers in certain undesirable occupations

118
Q

Chu nom

A

An adaptation of Chinese written characters to provide a writing system for spoken Vietnamese

119
Q

Heian Period

A

(794 - 1100) move the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture

120
Q

Kamakura Period

A

Period spanning from 1185- 1333 A.D. Feudal Japan began in this period, and the first shogunate was appointed.The Mongols invaded twice but were repelled by Kamikaze Typhoon. Zen Buddhism Flourished and wars drained the economy.

121
Q

Cloistered government

A

A system in which an emperor retired to a Buddhist monastery but continued to exercise power by controlling his young son on the throne.

World Civ (1 decks)

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