World Cities Case Studys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the impacts of urbanisation shown in Mumbai?

Pop. 5.9 million —> 12.5 million
1971 2011

A
  1. Poor living conditions- homes are cramped and poorly built- lack of toilet and sewage risks disease (typhoid)
  2. Health care only reaches 30% of the urban poor- outbreaks of disease (malaria)- IMR of 40/1000
  3. Demand for water- Mumbai water supply is dependant on monsoon rains- rationed in dry years
  4. Road network (Wadala bridge) carries millions per day- problems with long journey times, congestion and air pollution.
  5. More waste- in eastern neighbourhood of Chembur- waste on open dumps is burnt- 25% of deaths here between 07 + 08 were caused by respiratory problems
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2
Q

What management is taking place to tackle the issues of urbanisation in Mumbai?

A
  1. In 2004 the government announced redevelopment project to clear Dhavari and create independent township- build new apartments, sewage system hospitals and schools- residents against this as will ruin livelihoods and community spirit.
  2. In 1995 Slum Sanitation Program by NGOs built 330 communal toilet blocks in slums in Mumbai.
  3. Rainwater harvesting systems by local authority- compulsory on plots over 300m2- however since 2007 only half of eligible plots have done so.
  4. People using alternative modes of transport- scooters and mopeds- to avoid traffic- reduces congestion but vehicles add to poor air quality
  5. Upgrade of public transport- metro system with over 140km of new rail lines was set up in 2013- not completed until 2021
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3
Q

What issues has suburbanisation caused in the borough Surbiton?

Pop. 141,000 —-> 160,000
1971 2011

A
  1. Around 70% of households own at least one car- roads often have lots of parked cars- makes it difficult for larger vehicles (buses) to get through.
  2. Is a London Travel Zone 6- fares are expensive so people choose to drive- 40% of working pop. drive to work- increases congestion and pollution especially on roads connecting surbiton to A3.
  3. House prices are high- selling price was £406,000 in April 2012 compared to UK average of £226,000- hard for people on lower incomes to move- leads to economic segregation.
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4
Q

What are the pull factors of Surbiton?

A
  1. Excellent transport links- fastest trains reach Waterloo in 18 minutes- close to the A3.
  2. Variety of good quality housing (semi- detached housing and flats)
  3. Wealthy area with plenty of shops and restaurants
  4. Good state schools and number of parks for families
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5
Q

What management is being implemented in Surbiton?

A
  1. The Improvement Strategy for Surbiton Town Centre launched in 2009- proposed widening roads, building new access road to Surbiton station and having set delivery times for shops- reduces congestion.
  2. Surbiton Neighbourhood committee set up to involve the residents of Surbiton in local decision making. Can decide how to make
    Improvements (traffic) in the area.
  3. Campaign to classify Surbiton as a LDN Travel Zone 5- commuters pay less to travel- encourages more people to use train.
  4. Secure bicycle storage units installed at the station and improved pedestrian access- encourages more people to cycle or walk to station rather than driving.
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6
Q

What are the impacts of counter- urbanisation on St.Ives, Cambridgeshire?

Pop. 3800 —-> 16,400
1961 2010

A
  1. Traffic congestion- especially on main commuter A14- 1/4 of working pop commute to London each day.
  2. Average price of a detached house rose from £130,000 to £291,000 from 2000 to 2010- commuters often earn higher wages so are better able to afford higher prices.
  3. River Great Ouse has history of flood problems- new developments built on south river bank and floodplain- puts more residents at risk of flooding- 1000 properties in St.Ives at risk from a 1 in 100 year event.
  4. More shops and services- now more clothing and antique stores- more restaurants and cafes
  5. Change in population structure- influx of younger people means there are now more people under 16 thanks over 65- pressure on schools and more pre and primary school places needed.
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7
Q

What management strategies have been put in place in St. Ives?

A
  1. Plans approved in 2010 to build 200 new homes- 75 of which will be affordable housing aimed at lower incomes- social rents and low cost ownership.
  2. Plans to expand primary schools in St. Ives to make 240 more places available.
  3. After flooding in 1998 + 2003- flood protection costing £8.8 million were completed along the River Great Ouse in 2007- new embankments and flood walls
  4. £116 million guided busway linking to Cambridge built- reduce congestion as people don’t need to use A14- also plans to extend the busway to a new train station to reduce journey times
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8
Q

What are the + impacts of the UDC- London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)?

EHC TEE

A

ECONOMY- area made into enterprise zone 1982/1992

  • 2700 business trading here
  • area attracted £7.7 billion private investment
  • creates jobs with 85,000 ppl working there

HOUSING- 24,000 new homes built, including 6250 housing association houses

COMMUNITY- new facilities built including sailing and water sports centre and Surry Quays shopping complex

TRANSPORT- dock lands light railway opened in 1987, cutting journey times to central LDN to less than 20 mins- new cycles routes made

EDUCATION- new schools and colleges built and improved with new IT equipment

ENVIRONMENT- docks refurbished with ecology park at Bow Creek and wildfowl sanctuary at East India Dock

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9
Q

What are the negative impacts of the LDDC?

A
  1. Conflict between original residents and newer, more affluent residents- felt LDDC favoured luxury developments rather than affordable housing.
  2. In 1981 36% of people in docklands were unskilled or semi skilled- original residents not qualified for new jobs made at docklands.
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10
Q

How are the impacts of the LDDC being managed?

A
  1. In areas such as Shadwell Basin and Wapping- LDDC asked for 40% of housing to be sold at an affordable price to original residents.
  2. £1.5 million spent on IT Centre opened in 1984- trained unemployed 16-18 year olds in basic electronics- giving WE and a qualification at the end.
  3. LDDC supported Skillnet- job agency providing skills needed to find work in an area.
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11
Q

Pull factors of Islington, London?

A
  1. Increase in jobs in the service sector (law) and decrease in manufacturing- young well paid people want to live close to city centre.
  2. Islington well connected via Angel underground station to city centre
  3. Houses were large Georgian and Victorian- attractive and cheaper than in wealthier areas- people could renovate them to their liking.
  4. Once gentrification began, it continued
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12
Q

What are the positive and negative impacts of gentrification in Islington?

A

POSITIVE

  1. Improved housing- wealthier residents renovated large Georgian and Victorian houses
  2. New businesses opened- wine bars and restaurants- bringing money and jobs.

NEGATIVE

  1. Increased house prices- from £130,000 in 1996 to £430,000 in 2008- poorer people forced out into social housing.
  2. Wealth gap between poorer and wealthier residents- richest 20% earn over £60,000 per yr- poorest 20% earn less than £15,000- in 2007 Islington was most deprived area in England.
  3. Some business close (pubs and stores)
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13
Q

How are impacts in Islington being managed?

A
  1. Businesses are being encouraged to pay all of their staff London Living Wage of £8.50- gives workers a larger income for living cost
  2. Light Project International run practical maths classes for unemployed ppl under 16 and adult classes in languages
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14
Q

How did the Hulme City Challenge Partnership regenerate Hulme, Manchester?

(6)

A
  1. Manchester City council worked with private companies to design a £37.5 million regeneration package to redevelop the area
  2. Tower blocks demolished- new houses built ( council owned and private) for existing and new residents.
  3. Main shopping centre refurbished to include range of shops, market hall and supermarket
  4. Zion centre- arts venue and community centre- runs art projects for locals
  5. Business park at Birley Fields- encourage private investment- high profile businesses such as Colgate Ltd occupy- creates jobs
  6. Hulme Park- safe outdoor green space for residents.
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15
Q

What are the SUCCESSES and FAILURES of Hulme city challenge partnership?

(3 each)

A

SUCCESSES

  1. More attractive- pop. Growth of 3.3% compared to 0.2% across city as a whole between 1992 and 2002
  2. 1997-2002, Hulme and Moss side received £400 million of private and public investment.
  3. Jobs created- unemployment fell from 32% in 1989 to 6% in 2010.

FAILURES

  1. Hulme is still poor- 47.5% of pop live in social housing
  2. Increase in house prices- private housing is unaffordable for locals on low incomes
  3. Unemployment is still high compared to rest of Manchester
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16
Q

How has the property-led regeneration scheme LTGDC tried to promote urban regeneration?

A
  1. Invested £109.6 million up to April 2011 for following projects:
  2. Building new town centres in Canning Town and Custom house- retail, business and leisure space- improved transport
  3. Renovation of education services- east London Uni and Birkbeck establishing new campus in Stratford for 2013
  4. Sustainable housing at Barking Riverside to provide over 10,000 new homes with schools, leisure, green space etc
  5. Barking train station and local roads are being upgraded- bus routes will serve more of the area
17
Q

Evaluate the success of a property-led regeneration scheme. (LTGDC)

A

+
1. Population growth- 12% rise between 2001 and 2011 in barking

  1. Improvements in education- £40 million renovation at St Paul’s Way Trust School has improved science drama and sports- no. Of students getting 5A* to C improved from 29% to 46% in one year

-

  1. LTGDC accused of not listening to residents- gave planning permission for nightclub to be built close to Olympic park in 2012
    - despite objections about noise from locals
  2. Objections to proposed tower block at Virginia Quay/ didn’t provide affordable housing- cause over crowding, parking problems etc
18
Q

Characteristics of Trafford Centre retail?

7

A
  1. Site covers 150 acres of land and cost £600 million
  2. Largest catchment- 5.3 million people live within 45 minutes
  3. Range of activities:
    - 20 screen cinema
    - 1600 seat food court
    - 200 shops
    - bowling
  4. 11,500 free parking spaces- traffic control system
  5. Well connected- M60 for outsiders- M602 for for city centre
  6. Long opening hours - 10pm M- F
  7. Indoors and air conditioned
19
Q

What are the impacts of the Trafford centre?

A

+
1. Supports local charities- Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital through fundraising and donations

  1. Provides WE for people studying Retail Business
  2. 8000 people employed at Trafford/ receive benefits like health and childcare vouchers
  3. Offers wider range/ LEGOLAND Discorver centre opened which attracts more people

-
1. Increase congestion and pollution- especially around Christmas

  1. Fewer people go to the town centres- Altrincham- 37% of shops were vacant in 2010
20
Q

How are the impacts of Trafford centre being managed?

A
  1. New public transport, cycle and pedestrian routes- 40 bus services an hour to and from centre
    - shuttle bus to the metro link system
  2. In 2011- Altrincham forward produced Altrincham Town Centre Action Plan- draws people into the town- establishes annual calendar of events in the town and reduces parking charges
21
Q

How has Manchester City centre been developed?

Aims:
Re design rebuild CBD to create a safe accessible centre
Make sure success of City centre would last and cause long term investment

A
  1. Old buildings renovated e.g. Corn Exchange- rebuilt into upmarket mall selling designer clothing and jewellery
  2. Arndale centre- run down and unattractive buildings were rebuilt and restyled
  3. Upmarket departments e.g. Selfridges opened
  4. Large areas pedestrianised- exchange square so people can socialise
  5. Urbis- exhibition centre that hosts national football museum built
  6. Printworks entertainment complex built on an old printing press- IMAX cinema, gym, restaurants
22
Q

Evaluate success of redevelopment on Manchester City centre

A

2003-2009:
1. Population doubled to over 19,000 people

  1. Manchester became the third most popular tourist destination in UK- tourism £5 billion per year
  2. Retail in city centre made an extra £300 million per year
  3. In 2001, 16% of pop were on low incomes and felt excluded as couldn’t afford new facilities
23
Q

Discuss the ways transport in Freiburg has been made more sustainable.

(Most sustainable city in Germany)

A
  1. Integrated transport system- transport is integrated with walking and cycling routes
  2. Unified ticketing system- passengers buy one ticket even if a journey takes several routes and modes of transport
  3. The stadtbahn- light rail system within 300m of 65% of residents. Runs every 7.5 and fully integrated with city’s 26 bus lines
  4. Buses and light rail trains have priority at traffic signals making it faster
  5. Whole city is a pedestrian zone with vehicles banned- walking is safer
  6. In 177 ‘home zones’ the streets have low speed limits and priority given to pedestrians
24
Q

Evaluate success of Freiburg sustainability.

A
  1. Between 1982 and 2007- proportion of car journeys fell from 38% to 32%
  2. 68% of all journeys are done on foot/ bike/ public transport
  3. Distance between each person travelled by car declined by 7% on all roads and 13% on residential roads between 1990 and 2006
  4. Between 1992 and 2005 CO2 emissions per capita from transport fell by 13%
  5. Requires little financial input from state- passenger fares cover 90% of running costs