World Cities Case Studies Flashcards
What is an example of a world city?
New York
How is NY a world city?
- Used as HQ for many prominent TNCs
- Major financial decisions
- Technological influence: JFK
What are 3 case studies of urbanisation?
China, Mumbai, New Delhi
What is the urbanisation rate in China?
2.6% increase
Why is urbanisation in China encouraged?
- Modernises/strenghtens the economy
- Tackles poverty
- Reduces gap between West and East
How does urbanisation in China strengthen the economy?
- Reliable factory work with stable income
- Will attract business
How does urbanisation in China tackle poverty?
Higher wages in urban than rural
Why does the government encourage urbanisation in China in regards to West/East imbalances?
- Western regions are backwards
- 400 new cities and 10,000 new towns goal
- Encourage investment in Western side too
What are 3 problems with urbanisation in China?
1) Huge rise in air pollution
2) Loss of working age people in rural areas
3) Two-tiered cities, divide between rich and poor
What problems could Chinese two-tier cities ultimately result in?
Civil unrest, with poorer people rebelling against conditions
What is an example of a Chinese city facing rapid urbanisation?
Shanghai
Why has Shanghai urbanised so rapidly?
- Major 1842 prosperity boost
- Over half the Fortune 500 companies now based in S
What is a second case study of Urbanisation?
Mumbai, India
What is some background information regarding Mumbai’s population?
1) 19th century, became main Indian port of British empire. Britain’s main supplier of cotton
2) Since 1947 Indian independence, country financial centre
Why was Mumbai India’s financial centre?
- Manufacturing industries developed around port area
There was a huge volume of migrants into Mumbai in the 1970s. What did these mean?
- Expansion into new areas
- Planning of urban agglomerations, including Navi-Mumbai
What is the main cause of growth in Mumbai since 1961?
Natural increase
20th century saw large scale immigration to Mumbai. What were some push factors?
Rural inequality
Ineffective government
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of implementation of a rural support system
20th century saw large scale immigration to Mumbai. What were some pull?
49% work in product related industries
What is one issue in Mumbai regarding housing?
Growth of illegal housing - 16 million still live in illegal housing and 1 million are homeless. Mainly set up around the park due to more public service jobs
How is the issue of illegal housing in Mumbai being tackled?
Some housing is being legalised and some is being redeveloped
What is an issue in Mumbai regarding employment?
Growth of informal sector, 80% of population work in this sector e.g. rag picking, 35,000 rag pickers
How is the issue of the growing informal sector being tackled?
Allow the informal jobs and supply housing so they can pay rent, which will fund water supplies and other amenities
What is an issue in Mumbai regarding the environment?
-Huge amount of waste stored in landfill sites
How is the environmental damage being tackled in Mumbai?
- Burning landfill to keep amount down
- Building debris must be crushed and used as aggregate
- GPS trackers fitted to vehicles disposing of biomedical waste to ensure it is done so appropriately
What is an issue in Mumbai regarding public transport?
- Overcrowded public transport and congested roads
- Unsafe PT with 3000 deaths on PT
- Loss of business due to traffic
How is Mumbai’s traffic issue being overcome?
- Plans to build monorail with 4 separate lines. Raised stands so reduces road congestions and powered by electric. 146km of track with 1/4 being underground
What are 3 examples of schemes to regenerate cities/CBDs?
- BIDs
- Urban Regeneration Corporations
- City Challenge Schemes
What are 3 examples of schemes to regenerate the inner city?
- Partnership schemes (English Partnership)
- Property Lead Schemes (UDC)
- Gentrification
What are 3 economic causes of Sheffields urban decline?
1) Meadowhall poached CC visitors
2) Global oil crisis in 1974 which inc manu costs
3) Private firms unwilling to invest in city after bad rep from miners strikes in 84/5
What are 3 pieces of evidence for Sheffields urban decline?
1) Rising unemployment levels, inc of 11.5% in 10 years
2) 1/3rd of Sheffs housing in need of renewal
3) Widespread social deprivation
4) Loss of manufacturing jobs in 1971, reduced to 24% from 50% by 1984
Sheffield UDC: How much commercial space was created?
- 5 million sq feet including Meadowhall
Sheffield UDC: How much investment was attracted?
£680 million
Sheffield UDC; How many new jobs were created?
18,000
Sheffield UDC; What was done to the local landscape?
Improved 9 miles of local roads and regenerated the local landscape
Sheffield UDC; What were some unsuccesses of the UDC?
- City airport built but closed due to competition from Robin Hood airport
- Widespread social deprivation continued
- Nothing done for housing, no repairs or developments
What is a case study of counter-urbanisation?
Bastion Hill, Shropshire
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people away from larger urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas
What is some background information regarding Bayston hill?
- Agricultural village 4.8km south of Shrewsbury
- 20th century, ribbon development along Lyth Hill road was seen, which leads directly onto an A road connecting to Shrewsbury
Why did counter-urbanisation occur in Bayston Hill? 2 reasons
1) Close proximity to S and good commuting links while maintaining classic village feel
2) 1520 house development on estates, mainly 3 bed semis
How did counter-U affect the character of the village?
1) Modern materials that contrast original buildings
2) Now 2 primary schools, a shop parade, library, church
3) Extension of memorial hall where 37% of all activities are held
What new developments have been seen in Bayston hill?
1) 3 Chinese takeaways and chip shops
2) Recreation area for younger generation
3) 4th pub added plus accountancy firm, architects practice, dentists etc
In Bayston Hill, do people still use services?
- 99% say they still use local shops
- Main shop is done at Sainsburys in a OOT retail park
In Bayston Hill, how do people now commute?
- 75% now commute outside of village
- New road junction built in 1980s linking BH to the main A road
What are some issues with CU in Bayston Hill? How do residents feel?
- Residents felt dvplts had been too large/sudden
- Breakdown of village community
- 30% of community groups no longer meet in village
Might there be further developments in Bayston Hill? How do people feel about this?
- Retail development around A49 junction, may be prime target for developers
- Planning permission for 14 new homes, may set precedent for more
What is a case study of REURBANISATION?
English Partnership - Park Hill, Sheffield
Private investor in Sheffield Partnership/Prop lead scheme?
Urban Splash
Public investors in Sheff Property lead scheme?
Sheffield CC, Transform South Yorkshire, English Heritage, Gvmt Homes and Communications Agency
Charity investors in Sheff property lead scheme?
Manchester Methodist Housing association
Why did Sheff Property Lead Scheme occur?
Between 1958 and 61: 985 flats were built
90s: classed as failure
mid 90s: council decided to knock buildings down
98: English Heritage gave flats a grade 2 listing
Why were the Park Hill flats classed as failure?
Physical Decay
Ugliness
Social Issues including association w drugs and crime
What was the initial process of improvement of Park Hill flats?
- English Partnership organised a transfer from City Council ownership to urban splash
Why was ownership of Park Hill transferred to Urban Splash?
So it could be redeveloped sustainably while maintaining its classic features
How much money was invested into Park Hill scheme UDC and by who?
Government - 14.8 mil
South Yorkshire - 5.5
English Heritage - 0.5
What were the Urban Splash/UDC plans for Park Hill?
- 800 flats with 200 being social
- Businesses premises on lower three levels
Which businesses joined the Park Hill building?
Uber and Human, with 7 more joining in 2015
When and what was the second phase of Sheffield UDC?
182 more apartments built, many suitable for young couples etc
What was an urban regeneration corporation case study?
Liverpool Vision
What is CC fightback?
Liverpool Vision and Batley
What were the problems in Liverpool prior to Liverpool Vision scheme?
1) Deindustrialisation associated with Lpool Port decline
2) Repetitional damage following appointment of Derek Hatton
3) Competition from other CCs and OOTSCs
What is Liverpool vision?
Urban regeneration company
Work with stakeholders in public and private sectors
Responsible for developing plans for regeneration of CC working on 7 distinct areas
What is the rebranding of Liverpool?
Cities seek to change their image and increase their competitiveness
What did Lpool Vision do to the commercial district?
35,000 sq ft of mixed land use development, incorporating office space/businesses
What did Lpool vision do to Lime Street Gateway?
Office block/ground level shopping units demolished and replaced with public space - steps and gentle slops, seats, trees, feature lighting
What did Lpool vision do to the Knowledge quarter?
- University Square at foot of Brownlow Hill
- 25 mil school of tropical medicine extension
Lpool vision: what developments were seen in the retail core?
- Met Quarter, designer retail
- Liverpool 1, largest retail-led project in Europe
- Refurb of St Johns centre
What was Lpool One?
- Developed by Grovensor Group
- 1.6m sq ft of new shopping space linked with Waterfront
What were the main aims of Liverpool Visions retail developments?
- Strong/seamless links to existing retail area, circuits of continuos retail frontage
- Anchor stores
- Retain existing street pattern, buildings of historical interest, retained views of landmark buildings
What is a BID?
Designated zone in which businesses benefit from wide range of additional services
What were the two separate BIDs in Liverpool?
Commercial District and City Central District
What are the incentives for businesses joining a BID?
- 1-1.2% levy to BID company
- Promotes safe, clean vibrant destination
- £2 mil scheme to upgrade public realm
What was the City Challenge Scheme?
Batley
What were the aims of Batleys City Challenge Scheme?
1) Renewal/redvlpt of housing
2) Improve communication routes
3) Improve local community
4) Attract a goal of £200m in investment
What were the communication/environmental successes of Batleys city challenge scheme?
1) Link road to the M1 for ease of access to city
2) Green Grant Scheme: small scale improvements to city aesthetic
What were the economic/property successes of Batleys city challenge scheme?
1) 500 industrial buildings renewed and 2500 council houses renewed
2) Business and technology centre to provide education, training and support
What were some unsuccesses of Batleys city challenge scheme?
1) Yorkshire Mill Village & White Rose Centre took further business away
2) Still deprivation
3) Little new business attracted
4) New businesses have forced shut down of existing
What is gentrification?
When wealthier people move into a run down area and regenerate it by improving their housing
Where was gentrification seen?
Newington Green
What are 3 positives of Newington Green gentrification?
1) Improvement of community, community that didnt exist before
2) Crime is improving
What does Eric Rousseau, who owns a patisserie, think about NG gentrification?
Crime is improving, area was initially bad for crime with many breakings
What are 2 negatives of NG gentrification?
1) Hostility towards action group. Turkish social club accused of encouraging criminals
2) Division of communities that could result from proposal for block of flats on East side, which would lead to demand for chain stores so local shops wouldnt survive
In terms of location, what are some general characteristics of out of town SCs?
- Rural areas on large extensive sites
- Mixture of brown/greenfield
- Located closely to motorways
What are some general architectural characteristics of OOTCs?
- Undercover so no weather restrictions
- Grand architechtural designs
- Similar appearances and shapes, anchor stores
What are some general communications characteristics of OOTCs?
- Public transport links
- Links to A-Roads
- Extensive free parking conveniently located around different sections
What site is the Trafford Centre on?
150 acre site, 137,000m2 of retail space with 19,000m2 extension
How many parking spaces at Trafford Centre?
10,300
What entertainment facilities at Traf Centre?
20 screen cinema
13 lane bowling alley
Namco arcade
60 restaurants and 1600 seat food court
How many visitors to the Traf C and how much average spend?
5.3 mil within 45 min drive, £100 average spend per person
What is a traffic management scheme in an LEDC?
Curitiba Brazil
How many population in Curitiba?
2 million
What was the most prominent issue regarding traffic in Curitiba?
Road congestion and air pollution
What did developers have to ensure the plan in Curitiba was?
Flexible enough to allow future developments
Why was an express bus system implemented in Curitiba rather than an underground metro system?
- 200,000$/km vs 90-100m/km
- Low costs of operation
- Fast and easy construction process
What did the bus system in Curitiba consist of?
- 4 different types of buses for different functions
- ITN, transit between any points in city for just 1 fare
- Coverage of the city so good no demand for railway
How is the Curitiba bus system made efficient?
- Tickets paid for at bus stops rather than on bus
- Express buses run only on arteries
- Buses can leave once per minute in express hour
- Software for scheduling and routes
How many buses in Curitiba are there making how many trips?
1,100 buses making 15,000 trips daily
What steps have Curitiba made to reduce pollution?
Old, noisy and polluting buses replaced with cleaner and more efficient models
Was the Curitiba traffic management scheme successful? 3 pieces of evidence?
- 7 million gallons of fuel saved per year
- 3/4ths of city relies on PT despite high rates of car ownership
- Money saved has been invested in social causes
What were the aims of Nottinghams transport management scheme?
1) Improve accessibility to CC services
2) Improve road safety
3) Reduce air pollution
Why might improved connections in Nottingham help regenerate less well-off areas?
Young gentrifiers may be attracted if they can get to work easier from suburbs, increasing local spending and tax revenue
Nottingham: what improvements were made to bus services?
- CCTV on all buses, at least 8 on large
- 25km of bus lanes
- Free intercampus bus service, transporting 500k per year
Notts: what improvements were made to tram services?
- £200km tram route with 9 miles of track
- Smart Ticketing - discount on all public transport
- Every 5 mins between 8-6
Notts: what improvements to cycle paths?
- 30 miles of cycle lanes
- Free cycle training offered
- 23% owns a bike
Notts: what improvements to park and rides?
- Seven free park and ride schemes
Was Nottinghams transport management scheme effective? 3 pieces of evidence pls
1) 85% have access to regular daytime services
2) 3% increase since 2001 of bus/tram travel into city
3) Satisfaction rates of 90%
