World Cities Flashcards
History of london docklands?
Were the busiest docks in the world, surrounded by high density low quality housing and industry
Decline of London docklands?
1950’s- bigger ships couldn’t fit
1970’s- move from secondary to tertiary- globalisation- people moved out for employment
High unemployment
Poor hospitals and schools- cycle of deprivation
What and when was set up?
1981 LDDC
London docklands development corporation
Social task? Of LDDC
Create new housing, recreational and shopping facilities
Economic task? Of LDDC
Create new jobs and improve transport links
Environmental tasks? Of LDDC
Make use of derelict land
Planting trees
Green open space
Social impacts of regeneration?
22,000 new homes built
10,000 refurbished
Population doubled in 20 years following the development
New services of the development?
Several shopping malls Post 16 college University of East London campus Leisure facilities: water sports arena National indoor sports centre
Economic improvements?
No. Jobs tripled in 20 years
Many new firms- Stock exchange, ITV Studios, newspaper offices
Transport improvements?
Docklands light railway links with city centre
Jubilee line underground extension
City airport
Many new roads- M11
Environmental improvements?
200,000 trees planted
130 hectares of gos
Negative effects of the development?
New jobs went to skilled new comers
Housing price increases
Breakdown of community
Prices in the area increased- restaurants, bars
More money spent on infrastructure less on services
What is the prediction of the percentage of people living in cities by 2020?
53%- United Nations prediction
What is the prediction for 2025?
Just two of the largest 10 metropolitan areas will be located in the developed world.
What is a megacity?
Population larger than 10 million
What is a millionaire city?
Population more than 1 million
Example of an agglomeration?
Tokyo which now includes the religion of Yokohama
Definition of a world city?
A World City is a city that is a major centre for finance, trade, business, politics, culture, science information gathering and mass media
Give the Alpha ++ cities?
New Look, London
Give an Alpha + city?
Tokyo
Give an Alpha city?
Mumbai
What are 3 of the largest cities?
Mexico City
New York
Tokyo
What are the 4 characteristics of world cities?
Hubs of business, transport and trade
Production hubs
Political hubs
Migration hubs
How is London a transport hub?
London’s Heathrow airport airport has the worlds largest international passenger traffic
Why is Tokyo a major hub trade?
Dominated global trade and consumer activity
Corporate headquarters for TNC’s, industrial giants - BP
Stock exchange
Clear identifiers of personal wealth- no. Billionaires
Give an example of a production hub world city?
Hong Kong
Example of migration hubs?
Sydney and Melbourne
-regularly feature in the worlds top 10 cities offering the highest quality of life
Example of large city economies?
Londons GDP is greater than that of Sweden and Switzerland
London generates 40% of the UK’s GDP
How do London and New York dominate
Economically- influence global interest rates and share prices
Culturally- “theatre capitals”
What are the upcoming world cities?
2025 Dehli’s GDP will exceed that of Indonesia’s and Belgium’s in 2011
History of the urban balance?
1975- 6 of the largest metropolitan areas were located in EDC’s. e.g. UK was the first country to reach 50% urban pop in 1861.
Present urban balance?
By 2025 2/10 largest metropolitan areas will be located in the developed world.
What is the rate of urban population growth?
- 3% annually in developing world
0. 5% developed world
What are many cities in Africa and Asia experiencing?
Hyper-urbanisation
Their rates of growth exceed the cities ability to cope in terms of housing, employment and services
What is the main cause for growth in developing cities?
Rural- urban migration
Who came up with the Core and Periphery theory?
Wallerstein
Describe the core areas?
Dominate production, investment and decision making. Profits are concentrated in these regions leading to higher incomes and capital investment.
Turn raw materials into profit
Describe the multiplier effect?
Investment in an area Creates jobs and industry This requires a workforce The workforce need houses and services More workers to build and provide these Higher demand for shops and more services
Describe peripheral areas?
Lack resources, lack wealth, high inequalities
Often supply raw materials
People here are drafted in as cheap labour in mines or on plantations
On low wages, rely on remittance payments from core
Background info on Mumbai?
Heart of India’s growing economy
Located on the western coast, lies within the richest state
Population and migration figures on Mumbai?
Population of over 20 million people.
Approx receives 1000 migrants a day.
By 2025 over 26 million population
Could become largest city by 2050
What is the problem with investment in Mumbai?
Low corporate tax- to attract companies
Low wages
Low income tax- vast inequality
City has low revenue- little public spending on health, housing and services
Which sectors have grown Mumbai?
Services Manufacturing Construction Entertainment Tourism
Examples of jobs in Mumbai?
BT- call centres- who outsource English speaking University graduates in Mumbai. Low wage on average $5000 a year
Has the worlds largest film industry- Bollywood
Half of Mumbai’s factory workers in the textile industry
Impacts of Mumbai’s wealth?
Provides 33% of India’s tax revenue
40% of India’s international flights land there
Property demand has pushed rents higher than those in London or New York
Negative effects in Mumbai?
Expensive rents lead to cramped housing
60% of Mumbai’s population in slums
Long and overcrowded commutes
High inequalities between the emerging middles class and poverty
What is the name of the slum in Mumbai?
Dharavi
Background info on Dharavi?
One million population
One of the worlds largest slums
Average income- £40 month
Average rent- £12 month
Work in Dharavi?
Informal sector- irregular, little security- e.g. street trading
“Cottage industry” e.g.- A family making shirts
Recycling industry employs 10,000 including children
What are Mumbai’s aims?
Vision Mumbai
To create over a million affordable homes
To reduce slum populations
To improve safety, pollution, education and healthcare
Suburbanisation case study?
LA, California
How did LA develop?
Transport
Employment
Image
Transport in LA?
Arrival of the transcontinental railway in 1876. Half a million people arrived within 40 years.
The LAX airport in 2010 was the 6th busiest airport in the world
What employment is there in LA?
Early 20th century:
Oil discovery
Ford car plane
Large Aircraft industry- civil and military test sites and production
What is the LA image?
Film industry- Hollywood
Theme parks- Disneyland and Universal
Fact about LA growth?
In the 70’s was USA’s fastest growing city
What facilitates suburbanisation in LA?
Electric tramways in the 20’s
Freeways- pre 1980’s petrol was cheap
Few planning restrictions- huge land mass
Background info to Counter- Urbanisation
St Ives- Cambridgeshire
100km North London
Just off A14 and East coast railway
Pull factors to St Ives?
15th Century Georgian and Victorian housing Lots of Greenland Affordable housing variety of housing Good accessibility Plenty of space Historical and picturesque
Commuting from St Ives?
25% of St Ives pop commute into London daily
Station of Huntington to Kings Cross is 50 minutes
Annual train pass is just under £4,000
Define gentrification?
Renewal of a deteriorated neighbourhood by new residents who are wealthier than locals. It is small scale and done by individuals.
House prices in Islington?
Doubled in 12 years
Average- 580,000
Residents would need to earn 90,000 to afford rent
When did gentrification begin in Islington?
1970’s middle class earners- occupied Georgian town houses
Problems caused by commuting?
Stress caused by travel
Little time for social gathering
Creation of dormitory settlements
Car ownership and public transport in LA?
10 million car ownership
Just over 10% of commuters use public transport- 2005- 40% London
Describe urban smog?
Layers of warm and cool air trap smog and concentrated pollutants in cities atmosphere- can lead to asthma
Causes of donut cities?
Car and aircraft factories closed
Businesses followed people to the suburbs- malls
Industries that remained wanted larger sites
What was LA named?
The city that turned itself inside out
What were edge cities?
Increasingly large suburbs which developed along freeways. Self contained and cut off from central LA.
Example of an Edge city?
Anaheim- 2 hours to central LA by bus
Statistics on London and Waste?
London needs an area 125 times its own surface area to supply the resources it consumes. In 2010 management of London’s rubbish cost £600m
Examples of inputs London has?
6.9 million tonnes of food- 81% outside the U.K.
Less than 1% of energy used in London is renewable
The best seller of water is sourced at the French alps
Outputs of londons waste?
Just under 50 million tonnes of CO2
53% recycled or reused
What is the issue with recycling?
Paper and plastics are sent to other countries.
Paper- Malaysia, Indonesia, China and India
Why is recycling bad in London?
80% of waste could be recycled
Many flats/ apartments do not have recycling facilities
For landfills?
Makes use of old quarries
Easily managed and safe
Against landfills?
Attracts birds and pests Use of space Generates traffic Air pollution Waste can seep into soil and contaminate Loose material blows around
For incineration?
Cost effective
Safe disposal of toxic substances
Can generate energy from burning waste
Ability to reclaim metals such as aluminium
Against incineration?
Releases toxic gases
Particulates can enter food chains
CO2 is emitted
Merryhill info?
Developed in 1980’s- enterprise zone- former steelworks
Parking for 10,000- M5
185 shops, 21 million annual visitors with 3 million catchment
4000 jobs
Curitiba background info?
South East Brazil
99% of residents happy
Population of 2 million
Was suffering of effects of rapid urbanisation
Curitiba transport system?
5 main roads in and out of the city- bus lanes separate Busses consisted of 3 carriages Simple colour scheme Boarding tube- with ticket machines Wide bus doors
Effectivity of buses?
Arrive every minute
Over 1000 passengers everyday
Can move more people that a subway but is cheaper
Low pollution
Other positives in Curitiba?
Parks to interconnect the city- also flood management
Recycle 2/3 of waste- children’s library from recycled paper
Slum dwellers are paid by council to collect rubbish from inaccessible areas
Quote from Curitiba Mayor?
Jamie Learner
“Mobility, sustainability and identity”
Why did the bull ring fail?
Poor architecture- boxy concrete design
Deterred retailers due to high rents
Isolated from ring roads
Disliked by public due to Birmingham “concrete jungle” image
New bull ring?
Over 250,000 on first day of opening
36.5 million in first year- most visited outside of London
Total cost- £350 million
160 shops
Facts on Selfridges?
Cost 60 million
Has won 8 awards for architecture and retail services
