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A2 Geography > World Cities > Flashcards

World Cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Million(aire) city

A

Urban area with over 1 million living there.

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2
Q

Mega city

A

Urban area with over 10 million living there.

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3
Q

World city

A

A city that has an influence on the whole world.
Centres of trade and business.
Cultural and science hubs.

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4
Q

Urbanisation

A

Growth in proportion of a country’s population that lives in urban areas.

Dharavi, Mumbai
Delhi, India

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5
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Movement of people from the city centre to the outskirts/suburbs.

E.g. LA

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6
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

Movement of people from cities to rural areas.

East Keswick

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7
Q

Re-urbanisation

A

Movement of people back to the city centre.

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8
Q

Main causes of urbanisation

A

Rural-urban migration

Natural increase

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9
Q

Why does rural-urban migration occur

A

Push and pull factors

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10
Q

Push factors

A 
Conflict/war
Natural disasters 
Mechanisation 
Desertification 
Changes in land use
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11
Q

Pull factors

A

More jobs and better paid
Health and education services
Perceived better quality of life
Landscape

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12
Q

Rapid urbanisation in Mumbai

Impacts

A 
Slums - poor living conditions 
Poor health care
Inconsistent supply of water
Traffic congestion and air pollution
More waste produced as larger population
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13
Q

Rapid urbanisation in Mumbai

Management/solutions

A

Redevelopment project in Dharavi:
New housing, better water and sewage system, better healthcare, recycling
Better public transport - metro system

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14
Q

Decentralisation

A

Moving from the centre to the outskirts of town

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15
Q

Reasons for the growth of out-of-town retailing

A

Increased car ownership
High parking prices in centre
Cheaper to build out of town, more space

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16
Q

Negative impacts of Decentralisation on city centres

A

Fewer people shop in centre - close - lose jobs.
Services decline as less people in centre.
Decline in business and retail can lad to general decline in whole area, investment decreases, more vandalism.

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17
Q

Positive impacts of Decentralisation on city centres

A

Local council invest money to improve centre e.g. Pedestrian zones, renovate buildings, organise events.
Congestion and pollution decrease.

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18
Q

Negative impacts of Decentralisation on rural-urban fringe (where out of town retailing is located)

A

Lots of construction- pollution, congestion.

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19
Q

Positive impacts of Decentralisation on rural-urban fringe (where out of town retailing is located)

A

Creates jobs
Built on brownfield sites that are often left empty.
Houses with easy access may increase in value.

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20
Q

Trafford Centre

Large Out of town Retail Park

A 
Over 200 shops
20 screen cinema
Accessible-M60 and M602
12000 parking spaces + traffic control system 
Indoors, air conditioned
Long opening hours
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21
Q

Declined Central Area - characteristics

A

Closed/empty shops - unattractive, vandalism.
Higher crime rates - low perception of safety
Investment decreases

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22
Q

Strategies to redevelop central areas

A 
Make more attractive- pedestrian zones, beautification (trees, benches, new paving).
New malls/renovate old ones
Better public transport
CCTV and security - street lighting 
Increase opening hours
Conserve historic buildings
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23
Q

Strategies to redevelop entertainment in central areas

A

More cafes and bars - brings people=reduce crime
Promote cultural entertainment
More residential properties

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24
Q

Leeds central area

Reasons for decline

A
  • competition from White Rose, Meadowhall
  • changes in shopping habits (bulk buying)
  • loss of traditional industry
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25
Q

Leeds central area

Strategies to revitalise

A
  1. All weather shopping: >120 shops.
  2. Beautification: hanging baskets, Briggate
  3. Crime prevention: CCTV, security guards
  4. Car and cycle parking with 630 spaces
  5. Litter prevention: bins, new paving, furniture
  6. High order shops: M&S, Harvey Nichols, John Lewis
  7. Future development: Victoria Quarter
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26
Q

Leeds central area

Evaluation

A

+ development of brownfield sites
+ increased residential population
+ improved physical appearance

  • 31 stores closed in first 6 months of Trinity opening
  • retailers moving: vacant buildings: vandalism

Pedestrianised areas: Briggate

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27
Q

Case study for Out of Town Retail Park affecting the centre

A 
Merry Hill (retail park), in solihull
Touchwood is the centre affected
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28
Q

Impacts of suburbanisation on city centre

A
  • more abandoned buildings (derelict)
  • businesses leave-unemployment-poverty
  • wealthier middle class leave and poor (immigrants) = economic and ethnic segregation.
  • commute to work-pollution and congestion
29
Q

Impacts of suburbanisation on suburbs

A
  • new housing-wildlife habits
  • urban areas-more concrete-inc surface runoff-inc risk of flooding
  • inc car ownership in suburbs-inc air pollution and congestion
30
Q

Urbanisation- Brown Agenda

A

A mix of social and environmental problems brought about by rapid growth and industrialisation associated with economic development. Occurs in the LEDW.

31
Q

Brown Agenda Elements

A
  1. Traditional issues- limited availability of good quality land, shelter and services e.g. clean water.
  2. Problems from rapid industrialisation e.g. hazardous waste, water, air, noise pollution and industrial accidents owing to poor standard owing to poor standards of health and saftey.
32
Q

Characteristics of suburbanisation

A
  • ribbon development
  • rural urban fringe e.g. woodlands, parks, cemeteries, golf courses
  • well established housing areas that are highly sought put for in property market
33
Q

Suburbanisation causes

A
  • growth of public transport, railway, arterial roads, inc use of private cars
  • few planning controls
  • building of council (social) housing
  • home ownership in 70s led to private housing estates built on urban fringe
  • inc car ownership
34
Q

Suburbanisation effects

A
  • outward growth of urban development that has engulfed surrounding villages and rural areas.
  • urban sprawl
  • green belts established
  • shopping, office parks built on outskirts (green belt ignored) due to the inc car ownership
35
Q

Brownfield sites

A
  • Derelict in urban areas
  • Land costly to reclaim if polluted by industrial use.
  • Higher density housing to reflect cost of land (less demand in unfashionable areas)
  • Infrastructure present
  • Small patches of land
  • Environment improved
36
Q

Greenfield sites

A
  • New sites on agricultural land
  • Land not available unless planning permission approved (more costly)
  • Low density housing-great demand as fashionable areas
  • Infrastructure costs high for new sewage, water, gas, electricity, schools and health facilities
  • Larger sites
  • Environment changes from rural to urban use
37
Q

Counter urbanisation causes

A
  • escape air pollution, dirt, crime
  • car ownership, greater affluence
  • many employers moved out of cities
  • improvements in technology (work from home)
  • inc demand for second homes
  • rural areas need money -farmers sell old buildings
38
Q

Counter urbanisation: Rural Turnaround

A

Social and demographic change in rural areas.

Main changes:

  • Outmigration of young
  • Decline of elderly village-born pop
  • In-migration of young to middle-aged married couples or families with children
  • In-migration of younger more affluent people = inc house prices
39
Q

Counter urbanisation:

Rural turnaround effects

A

Community:

  • tension between newcomers and locals
  • local services close (bus service, schools)
  • newcomers have wealth a d mobility to use urban services

Layout of rural settlements:

  • modern housing built on edges of small settlements
  • former green areas built on
  • agricultural buildings converted
  • small industrial estates built on main roads leading into settlement
40
Q

Gentrification

A

Process by which individuals move into an area of older housing that was in a state of disrepair and improvement of that housing.

Physical environment improves and social composition changes, making area desirable again.

Not carried out by local authorities/council.

Notting Hill, London

41
Q

Reurbanisation causes

A

Gentrification
Property-led regeneration schemes
Sustainable communities

42
Q

Reurbanisation:

Property-led regeneration schemes

A

Urban development corporations take responsibility for physical, economic and social regeneration of selected inner city areas that had large amounts of derelict and vacant land.
Planning powers over local authority, encouraged to spend public money on purchase of land, building of infrastructure and on marketing to private investment.

Criticisms:

  • too dependent on property speculation (lost money)
  • democratic accountability removed
43
Q

Reurbanisation:

Sustainable communities

A

Aims:

  1. Decent homes for sale at affordable prices
  2. Safeguard green space that are well designed
  3. Effectively governed with a strong sense of community.
44
Q

The Burgess Model

A

Circles working outwards:
Central areas (M+S, small supermarkets, chain stores)
Inner city (corner shops)
Suburbs (shopping parade)
Rural urban fringe with sub-urbanised villages and out of town shopping areas

45
Q

3 waves of decentralisation

A
  1. Supermarkets, superstores in residential areas (Morrisons, York).
  2. Electrical goods, DIY retail parks expanded on edge of towns (Clifton Moor, York).
  3. High order, comparison goods in large, out of town centres on edges of towns/near motorway junctions (Trafford Centre).
46
Q

Changes in retailing

A
  • e-commerce
  • farmers markets (local food sourcing)
  • small food outlets in central area (tesco metro)
  • petrol stations now have food retail function
47
Q

Out of town retailing centres characteristics

A 
Large sites
Large car parks
Other entertainment facilities 
Links to motorway/ring road
Access to other transport (bus)
48
Q

Causes of growth of out of town retailing

A

Cheaper land and room for expansion
Increased car ownership/roads
Different shopping habits (monthly), so need access by car
Different expectations (shopping now for leisure)

49
Q

Core of central area definition

A

Middle of central area, where high order shops/services are

50
Q

Frame of central area definition

A

Outskirts of the core of the central area

51
Q

Zone of discard

A

Usually the area in the frame where there is decline

52
Q

Zone of assimilation

A

Area where there is growth

53
Q

Urban decline

A

The process whereby a city falls into disrepair with depopulation or changing population, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime and a desolate, inhospitable city landscape.

54
Q

Social segregation

A

Rich and poor concentrated in different areas.

55
Q

Multiple deprivation

A

Combination of social, environmental and economical deprivation.

56
Q

Urban social exclusion

A

Problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation.
Excluded from full participation in society.
(Poor education = no decent job/ poverty = no decent housing/ poor health/ high crime/ unattractive physical environment)

57
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region/economy.

Loss of jobs in manufacturing sector.

58
Q

Reasons for social segregation

A
  1. Housing
  2. Changing environment (gentrification, big houses into flats)
  3. The ethnic dimension (migrants in poor areas, suffer discrimination in jobs - low pay - poor housing/ ethnic groupings + persist into next generation)
59
Q

Measuring deprivation

Social Factors

A 
Incidence of crime
Fear of crime
Standards/access to health
Standards of education
% on state benefits
60
Q

Measuring deprivation

Economic factors

A

Level of income
Access to employment
Access to leisure services, open spaces
% of lone parent families

61
Q

Measuring deprivation

Environment factors

A 
Quality of housing
Level of pollution 
Graffiti
Vandalism
Incidence of litter
62
Q

Measuring deprivation

Political Factors

A

Opportunities to participate in community life and influence decisions

63
Q

Inner city decline

Characteristics

A
  • High population out migration figures
  • Many boarded up shops
  • Many empty/derelict properties
  • Schools closing - esp primary- low levels education
  • High unemployment
  • High crime, graffiti, vandalism
  • Low level participation in local democracy
64
Q

Inner city decline

Causes

A
  1. Economic decline- deindustrialisation, technology, globalisation of production
  2. Population loss and social decline - out-migration of skilled leaves poor, old, less skilled
  3. Poor physical environment - poor housing, no parks, graffiti, wasteland, empty derelict properties, concrete jungle
  4. Political problems - inner cities= lowest turnout in elections (reflect feeling of rejection), urban regen policies done little= poverty
65
Q

Inner city high rise developments

Problems

A 
Lacked community feel
Poorly ventilated- damp 
Open spaces unowned- vandalised
Poor design- hidden spaces crime and hooliganism 
Expensive to heat
66
Q

Peripheral council estates

Reasons for decline

A
  • fabric- environmental quality deteriorated
  • high maintenance costs
  • rented by above average proportions of vulnerable groups (unemployed, elderly in poverty, low income households)
67
Q

Urban development corporation case study

A

London Docklands

68
Q

City Challenge Partnerships case study

A

Hulme Manchester

Partnership between local and national governments and the private sector

69
Q

21st century sustainable communities

A

Greenwich Millennium Village, London

Partnership

A2 Geography (4 decks)

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