World Cities Flashcards

Question

How did counter-urbanisation impact on services in St. Ives?

Answer 1

- Standard shops like supermarkets, butchers, bakers and greengrocers - High status restaurants, antique dealers, designer clothes shops and knick-knack shops - Bank and building societies - Secondary school role is increasing - Pressure on housing - Resistance to new housing from residents - New developments must make a positive contribution to the areas character.

Answer 2

- John Lewis and the Forum - UK landscape award - CCTV

Answer 3

- Immigrants first arriving face discrimination in jobs meaning they are generally either unemployed or are on low-wages. - They concentrate in poorer areas as they can only afford cheap housing or private rent.

Answer 4

- Result of higher population and rapid urbanisation

Answer 5

- Inner city high rise developments | - Peripheral council estates

Answer 6

- Membership - Roadshow - Smart phone - Full/empty docks - Helmest

Answer 7

- Supermarkets/stores built in residential areas and town centre selling a variety of food and non-food items. - car parking in cities is expensive and restricted compared to places built outside the CBD.

Answer 8

- Expensive house prices in London - London considered polluted and unsafe for children - Suburbs have become too city-like - Not getting value for money in suburbs - Decentralisation

Answer 9

- Access to leisure services - Number in household - Employment and income.

Answer 10

- Well connected - Architecture - Retailing areas alongside commerce - Unique and interesting shops.

Answer 11

- Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) is a non governmental organisation that supports local people in improving their housing. - Ideas from local people - An example is the addition of an extra floor so families are accommodated in the same building. - Windows are added so the houses are better ventilated, brighter and less dependent on electric fans. - There are also more spaces for bathing and at each of the building floors there is a toilet kept clean by the 2 or 3 families who use them.

Answer 12

- 94 awards for architecture, conservation and landscaping- 200,000 trees planted - Network of pedestrian and cycle routes - Conversion and gentrification of old warehouses.

Answer 13

- Affordable buses with one ticket and one price regardless of journey. - Buses 500x cheaper than subway

Answer 14

1) Rural to urban migration | 2) Natural increase

Answer 15

- Their improvements only work when water is running in Dharavi.

Answer 16

- People who could afford to, moved away because of the decline experienced after the collapse of the steel industry. - Since 2000, it has regenerated with many professionals having graduated from the cities two universities. - As a result, house prices are increasing and developers have become interested in the area. Historic England have repaired The Green lane Works Clock Tower and Eagle Works, and they are now being converted into studio spaces and apartments.

Answer 17

- Percentage voting in election

Answer 18

- Mumbai has some good schools and universities e.g the University of Mumbai as well as decent hospitals and dentists. - In Mumbai homes are more likely to have services like water, electricity and sewage. - Many migrants know people who have left the country to go to the city and hope these contacts will help them to find work and housing etc

Answer 19

- New employment inadequate. - Too dependent on property speculation - Undemocratic, no consideration of local people and social exclusion

Answer 20

- High street with several small shops - Toxic sludge runs through streets - Water rationing- 5:30am for 2hrs and 1 tap shared between 12 families - Illegal electricity

Answer 21

- Increased concrete= localised 2007 flooding - Part time and female dominated jobs- not for steel workers - Congestion and pollution

Answer 22

- Mumbai, India

Answer 23

- 40% household rubbish is recycled in the UK - progress is slowing - Dependent on local governments - In Europe, the goal is for 50% of waste to be recycled by 2020 and 70% by 2030.

Answer 24

- Opened in 1994 at a cost of £240 million with the aim of improving the economy, transport, social, living and the environment.

Answer 25

- The natural increase in the population - Cities have a low DR due to better health care, sanitation and diet. - High BR due to limited contraception usage - High BR + Low DR= population increase

Answer 26

- Shops units restricted by size - Traffic jams - Unpedestrianised - higher crime rates

Answer 27

- Rooms multi-functional - Poor quality - Communal spaces and strong sense of community - 21 in a house 11 sqm - Poor ventilation=fire and disease - No room to grow food

Answer 28

- 2 million people - Jamie Leaner designed current system - Green spaces - Highly educated workforce - Heavy industry- Volvo - Lowest air pollution

Answer 29

- Contaminated water supply - Built on garbage pile - Very close contact - Poor sanitation- 500 people per toilet, 4000 sickness cases a day.

Answer 30

- Mumbai, India

Answer 31

- Employment - Perceived as a better quality of life - Better quality social provisions

Answer 32

Tokyo, NY and London

Answer 33

- World class universities like LSE and UCL | - Attracts people from all over the world.

Answer 34

- John Lewis Recycling Partnership

Answer 35

- Takings down in Sheffield by 25% - Foot fall down 60% - Vulnerable groups find the CBD intimidating - Cost of travel

Answer 36

- Up to 50mph - No traffic - Longest guide route in world - £100 million

Answer 37

- Developers build to a particular market | - Wealthier groups choose where they prefer to live, paying a premium for housing away from poorer areas.

Answer 38

- Most polluted air in the world. - 5 million cars- spend 1/3 of waking life in queues. - Helicopter monitoring for traffic problems

Answer 39

- Number of motor vehicles will exceed 800 million by 2010. - Most will be concentrated in developing countries - In the Uk, more than 30% of households own two or more cars. - Defra has estimated that in a century in the UK, 39 million years of life are lost due to pollution.

Answer 40

- 11 million people - Considered a link to Rotherham - Improved social conditions - Danger of roads

Answer 41

- Limited funding from national government.

Answer 42

- 1950-1980 largest conurbations lost 35% of population - 1970s out migration from inner areas of around 25% - Growth in small towns (counter-urbanisation e.g. Penistone) - Young skilled and affluent workers leaving led to economic and social decline.

Answer 43

- A huge pace with lots of restrictions on immigration

Answer 44

1) Decentralisation, suburbanisation and improved infrastructure means people no longer live in the same place that they work. 2) Decentralisation of retail and industry means more business vehicles are on the road 3) Average income increases mean people can afford luxury items like cars which have decreased in price due to mass production 4) people have more time for recreation, so they drive in order to pursue hobbies and visit friends and family.

Answer 45

- St. Ives, Cambridgeshire

Answer 46

- Anticipation of decline resulted in reduction of graffiti, litter and the refurbishment of pedestrian areas and more parking. - 'City watch' was introduced - Wide catchment area- combine shopping with leisure and recreation- convenience shoppers - Generated other developments like Sheffield Arena.

Answer 47

- £240 million - Expansions would be much cheaper than in London or Sheffield. - Economic benefits. - Less traffic

Answer 48

- Lowest election turnouts in inner-city areas which can result in extremism like BNP and urban regeneration has done little to relieve poverty. - 2007- demolition of 4000 Victorian houses a year to meet target of 3 million new homes.

Answer 49

- Where major retailers and services have moved their premises from central locations in the CBD to the edge of the city. This causes the doughnut or Polo effect where there is an economic, social, retailing and services hole in the middle of the city.

Answer 50

- Home to more than 1 million people - Many 2nd and 3rd generation - US $900 million a year through informal industries like recycling, pottery and leather tanning. - Just North of Mumbai's CBD restricting its growth as it lies across the narrow part of a peninsula. - The land is worth huge amounts of money and is prime for redevelopment leading to conflict between residents and redevelopers.

Answer 51

1) Air pollution- increase in ground level ozone, dust particles and CO2 2) Photochemical smog- LA 3) Respiratory diseases- 3.3. million die annually across world 4) Slower transport times from A to B 5) Decline in the efficiency of the economy. 6) Increased stress of commuters

Answer 52

- 85% have a job in the slum - Cheap labour - Recycling of e-waster and pottery - Informal and unregulated - 15,000 factories - No age restrictions

Answer 53

- Investment of £44 million has generated £225. million - See public private partnership developments - Staged World Snooker Championship - Increase in number of hotels - Wide ramifications- commercial investment, other regeneration

Answer 54

- Have power to acquire, reclaim and service land. - London, Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester and Cardiff. - Account for 40% of urban regeneration expenditure. - Attracted £12 billion in private investment and £4 billion in public. - Nearly 200,000 jobs.

Answer 55

- Due to lack of development

Answer 56

- Recycling and composting rate is around 70% - Service estimated to have saved around £350,000 of tax payers money annually and generated up to £850,000 in recycling credits. - New scheme featured alternate week collection of single stream commingled dry recyclables and residual waste from wheeled bins, weekly collection of food waste and an already established. subscription based garden waste collection service. - Range of recyclables extended to include glass, food and drinks cartons, aerosols and foil and commingling was chosen as a proven easy way for residents to recycle more.

Answer 57

1) New retail quarter 2) The Gold route (city events) 3) The Moor 4) Heart of the city

Answer 58

- Dock and charge themselves - Sensors - iPad - Safer and more efficient - e.g. Heathrow

Answer 59

- Family size - Health e.g. smoking - Time spent watching TV

Answer 60

- Often a goof quality of life to current residents but doesn't reduce opportunities for future residents to enjoy.

Answer 61

- Urban Splash, Creative Sheffield and Yorkshire Forward- YF granted 200,000. - Grade 2 listed - 100 flats sold - Second phase completed - Artist Luke Prest

Answer 62

- Underground allowed population explosion - 2.5 million people use the underground everyday. - Has reached its maximum capacity- 'Painful squeeze' - 'Nothing lasts forever'

Answer 63

- 5 arterial roads, 60km in total - 6 lanes: 2 for express buses, 2 for local buses and 2 for cars. - 5 concentric roads of 185km and 300km of feeder roads, producing a spiders web.

Answer 64

- Access to leisure services - Number in household - Employment and income

Answer 65

- Educational and health standards are much lower in rural areas because its hard to get teachers and doctors to work in the countryside. - Young people see farming as hard work with long hours and low pay providing few prospects of a better life in the future.

Answer 66

- Poor area of Manchester - Partnership between Bellway homes and the government. - Construction of 3000 new homes - £37.5 million - Worked with local people and created houses with interesting architecture as well as parks and facilities.

Answer 67

- In the late 19th century Sheffield was an established steel making city, an area which drove the economy and caused a boom in the population. Meadowhall was opened in 1990 and became a huge success due to its transport links and accessibility to car users

Answer 68

- Set up in the 1980s and 90s | - Encouraged to spend public money on land, infrastructure and marketing for private investment.

Answer 69

1) Gentrification 2) Public Private Partnerships 3) property led regeneration

Answer 70

1) Reduction 2) Re-use 3) Recycling

Answer 71

- Quality, density and conditions of housing - Amount of green spaces - Pollution - Graffiti and vandalism

Answer 72

- UK has rapidly improved in recycling. - However, the EEA has cautioned that its growth has slowed considerably in the last decade. - The UK is expected to meet the EU target of recycling 50% of waste by 2017. - wales is outperforming the rest of the UK with recycling averages of 54%. - The plastic bag tax introduced in October 2015 has resulted in a 80% reduction and all proceeds go to charity.

Answer 73

- These houses are no longer affordable so are converted into smaller apartments for private renters on low incomes, or conversely the area is gentrified by the wealthy.

Answer 74

- The process by which an urban area grows outward due to the decentralisation of industry, services and people sometimes leading to urban sprawl.

Answer 75

- Contributions to 5 new health centres - Funding towards 11 new primary schools, 2 secondary schools, 3 post 16 colleges and 9 vocational training centres. - Docklands sailing and water sports centre.

Answer 76

- A lot of these countries have experienced rapid population growth and rural to urban migration from push and pull factors.

Answer 77

- Long history - Northwards direction along major transport routes e.g. road and rails - Eastwards after 1970 - Growth of residential areas but also the relocation and growth of new industrial areas.

Answer 78

- 2 tramlines, 1 high way with the same pop. as London. - Rickshaw capital of the world- 500,000, 1 for every 20 people - 'Better the transport, the bigger the city'

Answer 79

- 220 stores unrestricted by the weather of time of day - Bright and modern space with different facilities and special events. - 13000 free parking spaces, passenger transport interchange - CCTV and security guards can prevent entry of 'undesirables' - Designer and high street shops. - £55 million renovation with £300 million extension.

Answer 80

Deforestation- in order to gain land and resources CO2 and pollution are increased Unstable land- Added weight leads to landslides impacting on animals and humans. High pollution- Leads to respiratory and health problems

Answer 81

- Curitiba, Brazil

Answer 82

PROGRESSIVE LA NETWORK - Increase urban parks - Clean up brownfield sites - Promote clean vehicles and green energy - Public transport- clean buses and rapid bus lines - Safe, walkable and bike able - Ban developments which undermine local retailers and steer developments to locations near public transport. WASTE- 25% refund on any liquid container... increases recycling

Answer 83

1) Slum redevelopment through Public Private Partnership (Slum Rehabilitation Authority SRA). The Bandra Kurla Complex 2) Assisted self-help (ASH) schemes in Dharavi 3) Site and service schemes in Dharavi- Public sanitation project PSP

Answer 84

- Vital airports like Heathrow and Gatwick Connections to France and Belgium via Eurostar - 200 million passengers per year at Waterloo- most used in Europe

Answer 85

- Ethnic groups remain in these areas in later generations but have become more educated resulted in better pay and bigger houses.

Answer 86

- Growing number of e-commerce and e-tailors and use of home shopping. - Shopping locations remain as people want to see before they buy. - Farmers markets are also increasing due to no. of customers willing to pay more for healthier food with fewer travel miles.

Answer 87

- When a customer is convinced that they need the updated product even though their existing product still works.

Answer 88

- Sheffield loses £70 million annually due to its limited retail development - It cannot compete with Trinity or Trafford - SCC had to take out a £10 million loan to kick-start development - John Lewis doesn't want to be the anchor store - Master plan began in 2000 but the retail quarter is yet to be constructed. - Attempts have been made to regenerate it with a long term strategy for the unification of the Moor and Fargate through a major retail development.

Answer 89

- Partnerships between local and national governments and the private sector with the collective aim of regeneration.

Answer 90

- Bath and North East Council | - South Oxfordshire

Answer 91

Los Angeles, USA

Answer 92

1) Northward creep along rail corridors was accompanied by development of dormitory settlements. 2) Construction of motorways developed the East side and is now the home of the wealthier middle classes. 3) On this lower quality land, there has been further development of shanty towns. 4) The hills of Salsette were developed and the railway stations have developed into shopping areas. 5) Towns and villages have been swallowed up. 6) Thane and Vashi have become extended suburbs as opposed to individual towns.

Answer 93

Poor quality housing- decreases quality of life and encourages crime and poverty Shanty towns grow- No running water/electricity so disease spreads and income is lost. Illegal construction- Causes fear and worry of demolition

Answer 94

- Green revolution means increased use of machinery. - Farm jobs hard to find, poorly paid and casual hours - Population growth has led to land division, over farming and soil erosion. - Small farms cannot compete with high yield seed varieties which involve more expense.

Answer 95

1) House building 2) Changing environments 3) Ethnic dimension

Answer 96

- In 2003, the government sold annual contracts reaching US $50 million to international companies to collect waste. - FCC, Urbaser, Enser and AMA and the Egyptian company for garbage collection - Government paid $446 million to Onyx for the treatment of one million tonnes of waste per year for 15 years.

Answer 97

1) Traffic 2) House prices 3) Flood problems 4) Shops and services 5) Population structure

Answer 98

- Public transport used by 75% commuters - 25% less congestion and 30% lower fuel consumption than other Brazilian cities. - Each bus stop holds 270 people - Bus stops have doors at same level as bus, tickets are bought in advance and there are separate doors for entering and exiting. - Passengers save up to an hr a day and operation costs are reduced by 18%

Answer 99

- Tesco's bag for life - 5p plastic bag tax - Thinner plastic bottles- 20% reduction- lightweighting - Less material means savings - Less carbon emissions and energy - No impact on plastic bottles

Answer 100

- 75% of household waste goes to recycling and treatment - Mechanical biological treatment involves sifting black sacks to separate plastics, metals and food waste. - People go round and knock on student doors to talk about recycling. - Like many cities, Bath works with Love Food Hate Waste and its own dedicated communications teams to reduce what is thrown away, with give take days where unwanted items can be swapped.

Answer 101

- Until the 1970s, Sheffield had boasted virtually full employment - The global oil shock of 1974 and increasing globalisation of trade and manufacturing dealt a major blow to British industry. - Sheffield was heavily reliant on manufacturing where as Manchester and Leeds were more diversified. - Steel firms failed to adapt to changes in the market in the late 70s when deindustrialisation first began. - Conservative government elected in 1979 and privatised industry including Coal and Steel. - In 1981, unemployment exceeded the national and in the previous 4 years trebled.

Answer 102

- Form a central part of a walk which takes visitors from the railway station through a series of new developments - Historical monuments including the Goodwin fountain, the Holberry Cascades and the Bochum Bell. - Area of Sandstone, grass and water after being redeveloped several times since the 1930s

Answer 103

- Reduced pollution | - Congestion still an issue at rush hour

Answer 104

ECONOMIC POLARISATION- between those who can afford better housing and those who cannot. INDUSTRIALISATION OF SUBURBS- Decentralisation has changed commuter traffic- both N and S POPULATION SHIFT- Less than 1/3 of population lives in 'island city'- Salsette. Southern schools are concerned about falling number of students. SELF-SUPPORTIVE SUBURBS- Shopping, education, medical amenities and entertainment. LAGGING BEHIND- Political class and infrastructure funding

Answer 105

- Radical routes - Congestion charge - M25 - Bus lanes

Answer 106

- These houses are no longer affordable, so are converted into smaller apartments for private rentees on low incomes, or conversely the area is gentrified by the wealthy.

Answer 107

- Village becomes more suburban in appearance ORIGINAL VILLAGE CORE- Older buildings e.g. Church and village green INFILLS- Places where older buildings have been demolished RIBBON DEVELOPMENTS (ACCRETIONS)- Developed in 20s as cars and roads developed. RECENT ESTATES (ADJUNCTS)- Estates were built on edge of village and commuter villages emerge.

Answer 108

- Only those living on the first floor and since 1995 will receive free housing. - Underhand tactics to make tenants sign agreements. - Fears that residential housing will be replaced by commercial and office space. - Increase residential density often means a loss of community.

Answer 109

- The preoccupation of society with the acquisition of consumer goods.

Answer 110

- Ethnic groups remain in these areas in later generations but have become more educated resulting in better pay and bigger houses.

Answer 111

- Huge out-of-town shopping centres developed. - Close to major motorways - Development of the internet

Answer 112

- Won awards from the UN for its recycling and has higher rates of recycling than MDCs such as the Uk and the USA despite becoming more industrial. - Created jobs which has reduced unemployment - 2/3 rubbish is recycled. - 500 tonnes of rubbish recycled every month. - Poor residents can gain access to food and transport by using the green exchange whereby they give their rubbish to be separated. - Recycling and garbage system is divided into organic and nonorganic, with two different trucks for each one.

Answer 113

- Most children attend school | - School fees are $6.25 per month

Answer 114

- Industrialisation=unemployment - Mechanisation - Limited education and prospects - Natural disasters - War

Answer 115

- Census data indicates income levels, health status, education level and level of possessions. - Areas can suffer from multiple deprivation. Areas that suffer from this can lead to urban social exclusion.

Answer 116

- Expensive parking - Pedestrian areas - Traffic calming e.g. one way - Park and ride schemes

Answer 117

- Suburbanisation is the outward growth of urban development which has engulfed surrounding villages and rural areas. - It was facilitated by the improvement in public transport systems and the car, enabling wealthier people to commute. - The effects of past suburbanisation can be seen in the towns and cities of the UK.

Answer 118

- Both have huge populations and have experienced rapid urbanisation due to industialisation

Answer 119

- Due to high levels of economic development

Answer 120

- City slums in Cairo - Home to 6500 families collectively known as the Zabaleen or Cairo's garbage collectors. - 4500 tonnes of rubbish recycled everyday from Cairo. - Specialities such as leather, electrics, tin cars or plastic bags. - Certain shampoo bottles carry premium value e.g. Head and Shoulders, Pantene - Zabaleen recycle up to 85% of cities waste.

Answer 121

- Mumbai has a variety of industries including textiles, shipping and freight brought by TNCs. As India's financial capital many Indian companies have their headquarters there e.g. the State Bank of India. These jobs offer higher pay than farm work but the reality is some skills are required which the majority do not have. The 'Bollywood' film industry is also located here. - Investment by the Mumbai Metropolitan Authority, the Indian government and international agencies e.g. the UN in public works. Improving water supplies offers the potential of employment in public services.

Answer 122

- 70m N of London - 400% pop. increase in 50yrs - 1/4 working pop. commute to London - 15th century central chapel, corn exchange and all saints church - Georgian and Victorian houses on Broadway/Bridge st. - Interesting building styles - Six arch bridge - Exclusive apartments on S of Great Ouse - Large amount of farmland - Housing developments

Answer 123

- Re-use of milk bottles, glass drinks bottles and even jam jars. - 'Bags for life' - One man has a bag from 1981 which he has used 2000 times - 8.5 billion bags in Britain - tesco bag usage down by 80%

Answer 124

- Government is planning wholesale redevelopment of the slum. - Families moved to from 2 storey slum housing to 14 story flats. - Redevelopment is set to cost $3.4 billion but will create a 900% profit for investors. - Underhand tactics and fears of the development of commercial and office space.

Answer 125

- Parkwood Landfill is the largest landfill in the UK and generates power by methane. However, there are several worries about health implications. - Landfill taxes mean less rubbish is going to landfill but council taxes and fly tipping have increased.

Answer 126

- Involves UDCs who are given planning approval powers and take responsibility for regeneration.

Answer 127

1) Peace Gardens 2) Winter Gardens 3) Sheffield Railway Station 4) Sheffield gateway 5) Gold route 6) Devonshire Green

Answer 128

1) DOUGHNUT CITY- deindustrialisation/centralisation. Hole of 'undesirables' 2) URBAN SMOG- 10 million car owners, only 10% commuters use public transport, trapped pollution. 3) SOCIAL SEGREGATION- 'White flight', spiral of decline 4) WATER- 350km to transport, 50% evaporates, supply-demand problem. 5) WASTE- 50,000 tonnes everyday 6) ENERGY- 2010- heatwaves caused black outs when factories couldn't cope with air conditioning demands. 7) SUBURBS- Urban sprawl, loss of farmland, congestion, ghostly in day time, loss of leisure time in commute.

Answer 129

- Retired people moving to the area have increased demand for bungalows and small riverside apartments. - Commuting to London increased in the 90s when the main line was electrified and journey times decreased meaning 25% of St. Ives commutes to London. - Increasing gap between commuters and those on lower wages like farm workers who cannot afford the rising house prices.

Answer 130

1930s... Limited planning controls meant urban growth occurred alongside main roads- Ribbon development 1940s... Growth between the 'ribbons' became a concern leading to the creation of green belts. 1950s... Suburbanisation increased but was better planned. Large-scale construction of council housing took place on the suburban fringe. 1970s... A move towards home ownership which lead to housing estates being constructed with larger gardens and more open spaces. Car ownership continued to grow and the town edge became the favoured location for offices, factories and shopping centres. Recently... Detached and semi-detached houses and bungalows along with shopping centres and schools have been built. These areas resemble the rural-urban fringe like woodlands, parks, cemeteries and golf courses. They are now sought after in the property market.

Answer 131

- Largest underground in the world - 22 billion tonnes of soil removed - £1 billion over ground train- magnetic levitation - Possible 100 million person city - 1000 new cars everyday

Answer 132

- Over 20 million inhabitants, 4 in LEDCs and 2 in MEDCs

Answer 133

- £18 million market hall to replace the castle markets including 200 stalls and 8 shops. - New paving lights and benches. - First 3 months a huge success- beer central - Multi-storey car park and excellent transport links - 9 screen cinema, restaurants and shops including Primark - Stunning glass and canopied roof similar to the Winter gardens and has attracted a mix of traditional and artisan stalls. - Change in the type of shoppers. - 85% stalls are let and 15% empty as of 2014.

Answer 134

``` Services Health Housing Employment Education ```

Answer 135

- All around the world these veins and arteries are getting clogged up and congested.

Answer 136

- Poorer groups have no choice where they live and are placed in welfare housing or where rent is cheap.

Answer 137

1) Road schemes and restricted access 2) Road traffic management schemes. 3) Streamlining of public transport 4) New mass transport links

Answer 138

- Quality, density and condition of housing - Amount of green spaces - Pollution - Graffiti and vandalism

Answer 139

- Means 'working together'. Synergy is when the sum of the whole city is greater than the sum of its parts e.g. 1+1=3

Answer 140

- Designing and producing products in order for them to be used up within a specific time period.

Answer 141

- Several thousand pounds provided by Yorkshire Forward and opened in 2009. - Fountain - Sheffield Gateway - Square

Answer 142

- meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future.

Answer 143

- Most European countries urbanised a long time ago when populations were smaller. - The countryside is considered the most desirable place to live due to developed transportation.

Answer 144

- Urban Splash, John Lewis, the Forum... Park Hill Flats and also in places like Liverpool.

Answer 145

1) Government policies in many rich nations favoured edge of city sites and made retailing in the city centre very expensive. 2) Increased use and ownership of cars in many families and technology such as the internet and fridges. 3) Improvements to road networks, development of motorways and ring roads, making out of town sites more accessible. 4) Land prices are much cheaper at the edge of cities as shown by the Bid-rent model. 5) Retailers have also changed their business models and store plans, and prefer and American style of retailing with very large stores with lots of square metres of retail space, plus space for parking.

Answer 146

- Poorer groups have no choice where they live and are placed in welfare housing of where rent is cheap.

Answer 147

- Decline in urbanisation - Increase in unemployment - Shops and services decline - Physical environment declines

Answer 148

``` Pollution Poor sanitation Lack of green spaces High density Poor quality Urban decline ```

Answer 149

- Local needs met by corner shops or terraced housing and suburban shopping parades - Higher value goods were purchased in the town centre. - Construction of supermarkets and increased ownership of cars - people don't want to shop as often because increasingly both males and females work. - The development of the freezer also means food is fresher for longer.

Answer 150

- Poor empty derelict housing, vacant factories and overgrown wasteland, bleak concrete landscape.

Answer 151

Employment Infrastructure Efficient, convenient concentration of resources

Answer 152

- Free parking - Increased profile of the region - All weather - Increased employment - Decrease in land prices

Answer 153

- 24 million people - 'Donut city' - Economic growth means a better quality of life - Footloose= greenfield construction - Decentralisation- tertiary and quaternary sectors - Manufacturing history e.g. car, style and tyres

Answer 154

- A process of housing improvements caused by a change in neighbourhood composition.

Answer 155

- Water only available for 2 hrs a day. - Each tap is shared by 120 families. - Still only 1 toilet for 200 people. - PSP is funded by tax payers. - Creates a new pull factor for people living in the countryside.

Answer 156

- people who could afford to, moved away because of rcae riots and an influx of WW2 immigrants. - people were then attracted to the area because it is only a 20 minute commute and the properties were cheap. It was also well-known (Carnival now 1 million people, film starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts) and real estate agencies encouraged its gentrification. - As a result, house prices are now more expensive than Mayfair. It provides employment and Portobello road has become one of the world's most famous markets is considered an attractive place to live. - However, there is a conflict between the 'newcomers' and original residents. Original low income residents have been pushed out.

Answer 157

- Immigrants first arriving face discrimination in the workplace meaning they are generally either unemployed or on low wages. - They concentrate in poorer areas as they can only afford cheap housing or private rent.

Answer 158

- A major centre for finance, trade, politics, culture, research and media. Exclusively, MEDCs with a global reach e.g. London.

Answer 159

- Good trade links and resources with something to appeal to tourists.

Answer 160

1) By the late 19th century Sheffield was established as a powerful steel city. Terraced housing was built along the Lower Don Valley while the wealthier lived on the west side of the city. 2) Oil shock and deindustrialisation led to nearly 50,000 jobs lost between 1979 and 1989. 3) 1988- SDC formed. Budget of £50 million- demolished abandoned steel mills. 4) Major road created a link to the M1 and opened and airport in 1997. 5) In 1987, Meadowhall was constructed on the site of the old Hadfield's steelworks. 6) Sheffield and SY navigation-canals and tramline in 1994. 7) Since 1997, valley Centertainment, Sheffield Ice, Next and IKEA.

Answer 161

- The Lower Don Valley | - Park Hill (Park Hill flats)

Answer 162

- The 'Right to buy' legislation (80s) transformed many council estates as houses were bought by their occupants and improved.

Answer 163

- £8 billon invested - 2700 businesses trading - 85,000 jobs - 144km new and improved road and construction of Docklands Light Railway- 35,000 passengers per week. - City airport- 500,000 passengers per year - Canary Wharf

Answer 164

- Christmas market running for over 5 years and has resulted in an increase in footfall. - Award winning tramlines festival- 175,000 people in 2014. - Sheffield by the seaside- artificial beach - One of the largest continental markets in the UK- April to May - Christmas struggled to develop due to limited space on Fargate restricting the no. of cabins to 22. Cannot compete with Leeds and Manchester which have 300 stalls.

Answer 165

- Health- smoking - Family size - Time spent watching TV

Answer 166

1) TRANSPORT- Transcontinental railway built in 19th century stimulated rapid pop growth. This increased in the 1920s with the development of electric tramways allowing people to live further away from work. This continued with the construction of freeways. 2) EMPLOYMENT In the 20th century oil and Ford as well as other manufacturing industries further stimulated growth- footloose. 3) IMAGE- The development of the film industry in Hollywood further fuelled the movement of people to the suburbs and its affluence brought tourists to the film parks creating further employment. 4) GREATER AFFLUENCE- people had greater choice about where to live and the sun-belt of California grew rapidly in the 60s and 70s.

Answer 167

- 1.5 hectares and £1.5 million - Grassed and landscaped to create an amphitheatre area which can be used for a variety of activities and events e.g. Music City Festival - The central area is bordered by grass terracing for seating and bordered by sculptural walls and planting beds. To the lower end of the green is a concrete skate park.

Answer 168

- Increased reliance on cars - Mobility of old and lower incomes - Decline of town centres - Female and part time employment - Sterile and boring

Answer 169

Social- Creation of the Don Valley Stadium led to increased awareness of sport and health- 2012 Olympics and Jessica Ennis. Political- Move away from Thatcherism and anti local government stance. Economic- Contains a variety of major business. Environmental- Lower Don Valley has been regenerated and is a huge improvement on what have been there otherwise

Answer 170

- The partnership generates over 60,000 tonnes of waste and places over 130,000 tonnes of packaging on the market every year. - They aim to divert 95% of operational waste from landfill by 2017 and 100% of waitrose food waste to recycling centres. - waitrose shops also offer customer recycling facilities in their car parks for materials such as paper, glass, metal and clothing. - In 2010, John Lewis and waitrose shops offered waste recycling for batteries.